EARLY CHRISTIAN

Saturday, August 26, 2023 5:34 PM

CHRISTIANITY started in JUDEA (eastern province in Roman Empire)

spread by St. Peter and St. Paul to Rome

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE, utilized abandoned roman buildings as places for worship

Influenced by Roman Art

Buildings are developed Roman in character but with simpler and coarse execution

ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES
In church design, they contributed ribbed vaults, arcades and timber truss roofs

Use of CAMPANILE, exterior bell tower detached from the building

3-4 aisles covered by a simple trussed roof (usually timber)

BASILICAN CHURCH

Built over burial place of a saint the church was dedicated

DIFFERENCES OF THE TERMS
CRYPT, above the burial place a high altar covered by a ciborium; tabernacle/ baldachino CHAPEL - place of worship without a permanent congregation and without permanent pastor/priest

PARTS: CHURCH - any place of worship with a permanent pastor/priest

ATRIUM - open rectangular forecourt, surrounded by arcades, an approach to the church
(usually with a fountain) used as abulotion
NARTHEX - covered area between atrium & church, assigned to penitent(church visitors)
SANCTUARY - preceded by "arch or triumph" with a high altar, upheld by marble columns
APSE - facing east (entrance at west), terminal of the church where sanctuary is located
PURPOSE: to shelter the worshippers
CATHEDRAL - CATHEDRA; special chair of the bishop
principal church in a diocese, built within bishop's land.
BASILICA - for the POPE; given special designation by the Pope (chosen by their history/ relevance to Christianity)
Major Basilicas - papal basilica (all 4 found around Rome)
Archbasilica of St John - mother church, oldest and highest ranking
Papal Basilica of St. Peter - built over burial of St. Peter
Papal Basilica of St. Paul Outside the Walls - built over burial of St. Paul
Papal Basilica of St. Mary Major - largest church in Rome dedicated to the Virgin Mary

EXAMPLES: Minor Basilicas - anywhere else

St. Paolo Fuori le Mura (Rome)
Burial of St. Paul
Aka 'Papal Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls'

Church of Nativity (Bethlehem)

TERMS
AMBULATORY - long rectangular hall, used as public meeting places

BEMA - stage reserved for the clergy

CLERESTORY - upper stage in church, windows above the adjacent roof

Church of the Holy Sepulcher (Jerusalem)

Sepulcher - a small room or monument, cut in rock/ built in stone as burial place

*MOST ARE RECTANGULAR IN PLAN

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BYZANTINE
Thursday, August 31, 2023 2:06 PM

Occurred during the split of the Roman Empire: Western(Rome) and Eastern(Constantinople)

EDICT OF MILAN - the recognition of Christianity as a religion

*Byzantine - derived from BYZANTIUM,
CONSTANTINE THE GREAT - transferred the capital of Rome to CONSTANTINOPLE (Byzantine)
original name of the city
Rome(West) collapsed soon after

ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES
DOMICAL DOME STRUCTURAL DESIGN
SIMPLE - external design (clay and rubble)
RICHNESS - internal treatment (marble) Characterized by large pendentives supported domes

ORNAMENTS - religious in character DOME TYPES PENDENTIVES - construction element (triangular

Symbolic figures SIMPLE - dome and pendentives are part of the same sphere segments of a sphere) that allows a dome to be
Group of saints EX: GALLA PLACIDIA placed over a square/rectangular space
Peacock SQUINCHES were used in ISLAM
Endless knot COMPOUND - dome rises independently from pendentives ARCHITECTURE
Sacred monograms of 'Christ' EX: HAGIA SOPHIA

(special domes) MELON - SHAPED - consists of curved flutings which avoid pendentives
EX: KATHOLIKON HOSIOS LUKAS

ARCHITECTURAL EXAMPLES

HAGIA SOPHIA - "Holy Wisdom"

Built as a Greek orthodox Christian church
Became a mosque in modern time (minarets were added)

UNESCO WHS, 1985

MONASTERY OF THE PANTOCRATOR

Second largest religious building in Istanbul
Melon-shaped

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ROMANESQUE
Thursday, August 31, 2023 2:06 PM

ROMANESQUE - dark ages, a combination of ROMAN & BYZANTINE

Period where religion(Papacy) has great power, it has now spread in WEST Roman Empire

As Christianity grew more churches were erected - through CRUSADES (series of religious wars to secure holy sites)

ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES
Norman Architecture - term used in England

Heavy articulated masonry construction with narrow openings, round arches, BARREL VAULTS, and
sparse (little to no) ornaments

"Sober and Dignified" - formal and simple, NO POINTED ELEMENTS IN ROMANESQUE (it's in GOTHIC)

Developed in ITALY, FRANCE, GERMANY, and ENGLAND

ARCHITECTURAL EXAMPLES

THE CATHEDRAL COMPLEX IN PISA (ITALY)

Before where BASILICAS were the only building types, in ROMANESQUE many has emerged, where
they were put in a COMPLEX

Building types in PISA COMPLEX:

 CATHEDRAL - church
 BAPTISTERY - separate building for baptism
 CAMPANILE - bell tower that is freestanding/detached from church, since EARLY CHRISTIAN
 CAMPOSANTO - cemetery surrounded by a colonnade

THE CATHEDRAL COMPLEX IN PISA

CEFALU CATHERDRAL (ITALY)

UENSCO WHS, 2015

S.MADELEINEM VEZELAY (FRANCE)

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GOTHIC
Thursday, August 31, 2023 2:06 PM

STYLE OGIVALE - ogiva: a pointed arch, characterized by use of POINTED ARCHES in

windows, doorways, arcades, and vaults.

Opus Francigenum - FRENCH STYLE, before it was termed GOTHIC

Progressive LIGHTENING and HEIGHTENING of structure (VERTICALITY) -

by corporation of FLYING BUTTRESS

Use of POINTED ARCH and RIBBED VAULT

Richly decorated fenestration (windows)

ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES
HEIGHT

LIGHT, AIRY INTERIOR

FLYING BUTTRESS

VAULTED CEILING

RIBBED VAULT

DIFFERENCE OF BARREL-RIBBED VAULT

BARREL VAULT (Romanesque)

Semi-circular arches

RIBBED VAULT (Gothic)

Pointed arches

Lierne - ornament, tertiary rib

Tierceron - structural, connects a keystone/boss with one of the main supports

POINTED ARCH

GARGOYLES

COMPOUND PIER
Colonnettes facing the nave continue upward to reach all the way to the vault
This omits the use of beams

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ENGLISH AND FRENCH GOTHIC NOTABLE ARCHITECTURAL EXAMPLES

ENGLISH ABBEY CHURCH OF SAINT DENIS / BASILICA CHURCH OF SAINT DENIS

3 Phases:
EARLY ENGLISH - aka Lancet, First Pointed or Early Plantagenet CHATRES CATHEDRAL
- Use of lancet-shaped arches and plate tracery (tracery using masonry into shapes)
- EX: WORCESTER CATHEDRAL AMIENS CATHEDRAL

DECORATED STYLE - aka Geometrical and Curvilinear, Middle Pointed, Edwardian, Later Plantagenet REIMS CATHEDRAL
- Rich tracery, elaborate ornamental vaulting
- Refined stone-cutting techniques ROUEN CATHEDRAL
- EX: WESTMINSTER ABBEY
NOTRE DAME DE PARIS
PERPENDICULAR - aka Rectilinear, Late Pointed, or Lancastrian
- Perpendicular tracery (use of lacework of vertical glazing bars)
- Fine intricate stonework
- Elaborate FAN VAULTS

- EX: GLOUCESTER CATHEDRAL

FRENCH
3 Phases: can be identified by looking at the windows
LANCETTE
- Pointed arches and geometric traceried windows

RAYONNANT
- Circular windows, wheel tracery, ROSE WINDOW

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 - Circular windows, wheel tracery, ROSE WINDOW

FLAMBOYANT
- Flowing and flame-like tracery

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