ARCH 252 -HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 11

ROMANESQUE
ARCHITECTURE IN
BRITISH ISLE AND
SCANDINAVIAN
ARCHITECTURE
BY JHON MICHEAL M. BELINARIO
 ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE

BRISH ISLE AND

SPANISH , HOLY LAND,
ITALIAN PORTUGAL SCANDINAVIAN
ARCHITECTURE ARCHITECTURE ARCHITECTURE

FRENCH ARCHITECTURE CENTRAL EUROPE

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 GEOGRAPHICAL

✣ IN NORTHERN EUROPE, REMOTE FROM ROME,

✣ DEVELOPMENT DEPENDED LARGELY UPON A COMMON
CONCERN WITH SEA AND RIVER ROUTES. .
✣ SKILL IN NAVIGATION DURING THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES
LED TO THE NORDIC COLONIZATION OF ICELAND AND
GREENLAND AND TO CULTURAL AND COMMERCIAL
CONTACT WITH IRELAND AND BRITAIN.
✣ NATURAL RESOURCES IN SCANDINAVIA PROVIDED FOR
PRINCIPALLY AGRARIAN PRODUCTS IN THE SOUTH AND
EAST AND FOR FORESTRY AND FUR-TRADING IN THE
NORTH.

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Maps

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GEOGRAPHY OF BRITISH
ARCHITECTURE

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GEOGRAPHY OF SCANDINAVIAN
ARCHITECTURE

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 GEOLOGICAL
✣ THE GEOLOGICAL FORMATION OF THE GREAT BRITAIN WAS VARIED. THE
ENGLISH HARDWOOD FORESTS, PARTICULARLY IN THE NORTH-WESTERN AND
SOUTH-EASTERN COUNTRIES, PROVIDED ROOF FRAMING MATERIAL FOR THE
MORE IMPORTANT BUILDINGS, AND FOR LESSER BUILDING WHICH WERE
ENTIRELY TIMBER FRAMED. MOST OF THE INDIGENOUS BUILDINGS AND LOCAL
CHARACTERISTICS IN MASONRY DEVELOPED AT AN EARLY STAGE

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 CLIMATIC

THE GENERALLY LOW NORTHERN LIGHT TENDED TO

ENCOURAGE THE DEVELOPMENT OF WAYS PRODUCING
LARGER OR MULTIPLE OPENINGS IN THE WALLS.
MASSIVE MASONRY CONSTRUCTION AND STEEPLY-
PITCHED ROOFS WERE CUSTOMARY DEVICES FOR DEALING
WITH THE MORE SEVERE NORTHERN EUROPEAN CLIMATE,
THOUGH IN THOSE PARTS OF SCANDINAVIA WHERE SNOW
COULD NORMALLY BE EXPECTED TO PERSIST FOR SOMETIME,
ROOF PITCHES WERE OFTEN REDUCED IN ORDER THAT IT
SHOULD ASSIST IN RETAINING HEAT WITHIN BUILDINGS.

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ARCHITECTURAL
CHARACTER
THE BRITISH ISLE

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 A. ROMAN PERIOD

THE FORM OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH IN BRITAIN BEFORE THE END OF THE ROMAN OCCUPATION IS
EXEMPLIFIED AT SILCHESTER. THIS WAS A SMALL CHURCH, WITH A BASILICAN PLAN, BUILT EARLY IN
THE 4TH CENTURY. IT HAD A WESTERN APSE, FOR THE RITUAL AT THIS TIME REQUIRED THAT THE
CELEBRANT FACE EAST.FROM BEYOND THE ALTAR.

THE FORUM AND BASILICA SLICHISTER: PLAN

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 B. ANGLO-SAXON PERIOD

✣ A PERIOD IN THE HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE IN ENGLAND, AND

PARTS OF WALES, FROM MID-5TH CENTURY UNTIL THE NORMAN
CONQUEST OF 1066.
✣ ANGLO-SAXON SECULAR BUILDINGS IN BRITAIN WERE
GENERALLY SIMPLE, CONSTRUCTED MAINLY USING TIMBER WITH
THATCH FOR ROOFING.
✣ ROUND-TOWER AND TOWER-NAVE CHURCH ARE DISTINCTIVE
ANGLO-SAXON TYPES.

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TRIANGULAR-HEADED OPENINGS TURNED BALUSTERS AND MID-WALL SHAFTS

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 C. NORMAN PERIOD

 THE TERM NORMAN ARCHITECTURE IS USED TO

CATEGORIES STYLES OF ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE
DEVELOPED BY THE NORMANS IN THE VARIOUS LANDS
UNDER THEIR DOMINION OR IN INFLUENCE IN THE 11TH AND
12TH CENTURIES. PARTICULAR IN ENGLISH ROMANESQUE
ARCHITECTURE.
 INTRODUCED LARGE NUMBERS OF CASTLES AND
FORTIFICATIONS INCLUDING NORMAN KEEPS, AND AT THE
SAME TIME MONASTERIES, ABBEYS, CHURCH AND
CATHEDRALS, IN STYLE CHARACTERISED BY THE USUAL
ROMANESUQE ROUNDED ARCHES

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✣ DURING THE LAST THREE DECADES OF THE 11TH CENTURY THERE WAS AN
ENORMOUS SURGE OF MILITARY AND CHURCH BUILDING CENTRED
PARTICULARLY UPON THE GREAT BENEDICTINE ABBEYS. IN GREATER CHURCH
ARCHITECTURE, THE CHARACTERISTICS DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY INHERITED
FROM CLUNY WERE THE LONG NAVE EXEMPLIFIED IN NORWICH (14 BAYS).

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 BRITISH ARCHITECTURE
ARCHETYPE
CATHEDRALS
✣ A. THE OLD FOUNDATION
-SERVED BY SECULAR CLERGY.
✣ B. MONASTIC FOUNDATION
- ORIGINALLY SERVED BY REGULAR CLERGY OR
MONKS, AND WERE RECONSTITUTED AT THE DISSOLUTION OF
THE MONASTERIES AS CHAPTERS OF SECULAR CANONS.
✣ C. NEW FOUNDATION
- THE CATHEDRAL OF THE NEW FOUNDATION ARE
THOSE TO WHICH BISHOPS HAVE BEEN MORE RECENTLY
APPOINTED

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 BRITISH ARCHITECTURE
ARCHETYPE
MONASTIC BUILDINGS

✣ A MONASTERY IS A COMPLEX OF BUILDINGS WHERE A

RELIGIOUS COMMUNITY OF CITEZENS
✣ SINCE THE MIDDLE-AGES, MONASTERY IS A BUILDING
WHERE A COMMUNITY OF MONSK OR NUNS LIVE UNDER
THE AUTHORITY OF AN ABBOT OR AN ABBESS.
MONASTRIES DO NOT CONSTITUTE A RELIGIOUS ORDER:
EACH OF THEM CAN BE A SEPARATE COMMUNITY
✣ CHRISTIAN MONASTRIES BEGAN TO RISE AND GROW AFTER
THE AGE OF PERSECUTION, ALTHOUGH TESTIMONIES OF
COMMON ASCETIC LIFE ARE ATTESTED FROM THE
EARLIEST CENTURIES OF CHRISTIANITY IN THE EAST

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FOUNTAINS ABBEY,
YORKSHIRE

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 BRITISH ARCHITECTURE
ARCHETYPE
CASTLES

✣ ANGLO-SAXON PERIOD
HERE WERE NO CASTLES, AS THE FORTS OR 'BURHS' BUILT AT
THIS TIME WERE FOR COMMUNITY USE; PRIVATELY SPEAKING CASTLES
WERE PRIVATE STRONGHOLDS FOR KIND OR LORD, AND WERE AN
OUTCOME OF THE FEUDAL SYSTEM, WHICH DID NOT APPLY IN ENGLAND
UNTIL THE CONQUEST.

✣ NORMAN PERIOD
HERE WERE 1,500 CASTLES IN ENGLAND AND 1,200 WERE
FOUNDED IN THE 11TH TO 12TH CENTURIES. ONLY A FEW OF THE MOST
IMPORTANT HAD STONE KEEPS FROM THE OUTSET, THE MAJORITY
BEGAN AS 'MOTTE AND BAILEY' EARTHWORKS.

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 A MOTTE-AND-BAILEY CASTLE IS A FORTIFICATION WITH A
WOODEN OR STONE KEEP SITUATED ON A RAISED
EARTHWORK CALLED A MOTTE, ACCOMPANIED BY AN ENCLOSED
COURTYARD, OR BAILEY, SURROUNDED Y PROTECTIVE DITCH AND
PALISADE.
*MOTTE- A STEEP MOUND OF EARTH SURROUNDED BY A DITCH AND
SURMOUNTED BY A TIMBER STOCKADE AND TOWER; THE MAIN FEATURE OF A NORMAN
CASTLE.
*BAILEY- THE OPEN AREA WITHIN A MEDIAEVAL FORTIFICATION; THE OUTER
WALL OF A FEUDAL CASTLE.

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 THE DWELLING AND ANCILLARY BUILDINGS THEN WERE SITED IN THE
BAILEY, THIS BEING A ZONE WHICH LOOPED FROM THE FOOT OF THE MOTTE, DEFINED
BY DITCHES AND EARTHEN RAMPARTS, AND WHICH WAS SPACIOUS ENOUGH ALSO TO
PROVIDE REFUGE FOR DEPENDANTS, PEASANTRY AND STOCK IN TIME OF NEED. AN
INCLINED WOODEN BRIDGE CONNECTED THE BAILEY WITH THE MOTTE. THE FRINGE
OF THE MOTTE CREST AND THE SUMMITS OF THE EARTH RAMPARTS WERE LINED BY
PALISADES OF CLOSE-SET TIMBER BAULKS, OR OCCASIONALLY BY ROUGH STONE
WALLS.

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 *palisade - a series of stout poles, pointed
*rampart - earthen or masonry defence wall on top and driven into the earth, used as a
of a fortified site. Fence or fortification.

* baulks - a squared timber used in building construction or a low

ridge of earth that marks a boundary line.

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 BRISTISH ISLE STRUCTURES
TOWER OF ORDFORD,
LONDON SUFFOLK

CONISBOROUGH,
WINDSOR CASTLE YORKSHIRE

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 BRITISH ARCHITECTURE
ARCHETYPE
MANOR HOUSES

✣ ONE OF THE EARLIEST TYPES OF DWELLING IN ENGLAND WAS THE AISLED HALL,
KNOWN WELL BEFORE ROMAN TIMES. IN ANGLO-SAXON TIMES IT COULD BE ON THE
ONE HAND A PALACE OR MANSION OR ON THE OTHER A HUSBANDMAN'S STEADING,
ACCOMMODATING CORN AND FODDER IN THE 'NAVE', OXEN AND HORSES IN THE
'AISLES' AND LIVING QUARTERS IN THE END OPPOSITE THE ENTRANCE
✣ IN THE NORMAN PERIOD THE AISLED TIMBER BUILDING DEFINITELY EMERGED AS A
MANORIAL TYPE OF RESIDENTIAL HALL, IN EACH CASE FORMING ALMOST THE SOLE
ACCOMMODATION FOR LIVING, EATING AND SLEEPING, PRIVACY NOT BEING
CONSIDERED IMPORTANT. SUPPLEMENTARY ACCOMMODATION FOR COOKING,
STABLING AND THE LIKE WAS SEPARATE AND RELATIVELY LIGHTLY BUILT. THE MANOR
WAS A NORMAN FEUDAL INSTITUTION SERVING FOR LOCAL RURAL· GOVERNANCE,
AND CARRYING RIGHTS OVER AN EXTENT OF LAND AND ITS TENANTS. THOUGH THE
MANOR HOUSE WAS NON-MILITARY IN PURPOSE, IT FOR LONG NEEDED DEFENCES
AGAINST FORAYS, DISTURBANCES AND ROBBERS, AND THUS WAS OFTEN MOATED
AND LIGHTLY PROTECTED

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27
ARCHITECTURAL
CHARACTER
THE SCANDINAVIAN
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 MEDIEVAL SCANDINAVIAN
ARCHITECTURE

✣ TRULY ROMANESQUE CHARACTERISTICS DID ·NOT APPEAR

IN THE ARCHITECTURE OF SCANDINAVIA UNTIL BOTH
BRITISH AND CONTINENTAL EUROPEAN INFLUENCES UPON
CHURCH BUILDING IN STONE BECAME EFFECTIVE TOWARD
THE MIDDLE OF THE ELEVENTH CENTURY.

⨳ RELIGIOUS BUILDING
● Burgand Church
● Lund Cathedral
⨳ SECULAR BUILDING
● House Tannylso

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• STAVE CHURCH HAS AN INNER TIMBER COLONNADE WHICH CONTRIBUTES
TO A BASILICAN SECTION WITH A (BLIND) CLEAR-STOREY, AND A STEEP
SCISSORS-TRUSSED ROOF.

• IN THE NES CHURCH, HALLINGDAL, THE STRUCTURAL DESIGN DEPENDED

UPON A SINGLE CENTRAL TIMBER COLUMN RISING TO THE ROOF RIDGE,
WITH HORIZONTAL SUPPORTS EXTENDING TO THE UPPER SILLS OF THE
OUTER WALLS.

• THE CONTRAST BETWEEN INTERNAL DECORATIVE SIMPLICITY AND THE

EXTRAORDINARY VIGOUR OF EXTERNAL CARVED DECORATION,
PARTICULARLY OF THE WEST FONT AND ENTRANCE DOORWAY, IS VERY
MARKED.

• IT MAY WELL BE DUE TO THE FACT THAT, IN A LOW NORTHERN LIGHT,

EXTERNAL CARVING WAS MORE FITTING ALTHOUGH EXPOSED TO
EFFECTS OF THE WEATHER WHICH MUST HAVE BEEN MARKED IN A
MATERIAL SO SHORT-LIVED AS SOFTWOOD TIMBER.
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• MEDIEVAL DWELLINGS IN SCANDINAVIA SHOW A CONTINUOUS TRADITION
OF TIMBER BUILDING, PARTICULARLY IN NORWAY.

• THE CUSTOMARY TECHNIQUE WAS A FORM OF 'LAFTING' MAKING USE OF

LOGS LAPPED AT THEIR ENDS. IN SOME TWO-STOREY VERSIONS, THE
UPPER STOREY, AND OCCASIONALLY THE OUTER WALLS AT GROUND
LEVEL, WERE CONSTRUCTED IN PALISADE FASHION VERY MUCH IN THE
FORM OF A CELL OF A STAVE CHURCH.

• THE SWEDISH VERSION OF THIS COMBINED STRUCTURE, WHICH WAS

COMMON THROUGHOUT SOUTH SCANDINAVIA, IS KNOWN AS
'RAMFOFTSTUGA'. DOMESTIC BUILDING IN STONE FOLLOWED A PATTERN
OF CONSTRUCTION AND PLANNING DERIVED FROM SOUTHERN CUSTOM.

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 SCANDINAVIAN ARCHITECTURE
ARCHETYPE
RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS

✣ THE STAVE CHURCHES REPRESENT A MOST DISTINCTIVE

INDEGENOUS ARCHITECTURAL PHENOMENON OF THE
EARLY MIDDLE AGES IN SCANDINAVIA.

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 SCANDINAVIAN ARCHITECTURE
ARCHETYPE
RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS
✣ THE LUND CATHEDRAL, WAS BUILT AFTER 1103 TO AN ENLARGED DESIGN BY DONATUS,
PROBABLY A LOMBARD ARCHITECT. THE PLAN IS ORGANIZED ON A DOUBLE-BAY
SYSTEM: POSSIBLY MODELLED UPON THAT OF SPEYER AND INCORPORATES A
WESTERN TRIBUNE AND TOWERS BUT COMPLETED IN LOMBARDIC STYLE. RICHLY
DECORATED CAPITALS, ARCHES AND TYMPANA REFLECT A CONTINUING NORDIC
TRADITION.

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 SCANDINAVIAN ARCHITECTURE
ARCHETYPE
SECULAR BUILDINGS

✣ EARLY MEDIAEVAL MINOR DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE IN SCANDINAVIA

GENERALLY CONFORMED TO THE STRONG TRADITION OF TIMBER
CONSTRUCTION, AND LITTLE ORIGINAL WORK SURVIVES.
✣ THE TRADITIONAL FORMS THEMSELVES ARE FAIRLY READILY DISCERNED. AND
THE CONSTRUCTIONAL TECHNIQUES WERE APPARENTLY SIMILAR IN MANY
RESPECTS.
✣ STONE-BUILT DWELLINGS FOLLOWED THE CONTINENTAL CUSTOM AND MUST
HAVE HAD MUCH IN COMMON WITH THE NORMAN MANOR HOUSE IN ENGLAND. AN
EXAMPlE IS AT TYNNEISO. THE LOWER STOREY IS A CROSS-VAULTED
UNDERCROFT PROBABLY USED FOR STORAGE AND OCCASIONAL
ACCOMODATION OF LIVESTOCK, WITH A HALL AND CHAMBER AT FIRST- FLOOR
LEVEL.

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SCANDINAVIAN ARCHITECTURE
ARCHETYPE
SECULAR BUILDINGS

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 *STAVE CHURCH- A SCANDINAVIAN WOODEN CHURCH WITH VERTICAL
PLANKS FORMING THE WALLS.
*HELM ROOF - A ROOF HAVING FOUR FACES, EACH OF WHICH IS
STEEPLY PITCHED SO THAT THEY FORM A SPIRE, THE FOUR RIDGES RISE TO THE
POINT OF THE SPIRE FROM A BASE OF FOUR GABLES.
PILASTER STRIPS DERIVED FROM THE 'UESENEN' OF THE CAROLINGIAN
RHINELAND. AND BLIND ARCADING
*UNDERCROFT - A VAULTED BASEMENT OF A CH£IR.CH OR SECRET
PASSAGE, OFTEN WHOLLY OR PARTLY BELOW GROUND LEVEL. ALSO A CRYPT.
*CELLAR - A STOREY HAVING HALF OR MORE OF ITS CLEAR HEIGHT
BELOW GRADE.

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 ANY!
FUCKING!
QUESTION!? ′ 4′′ 𝑁 125°0′ 54′′ 𝐸
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