‫ﺑﺴﻢ ﷲ اﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ اﻟﺮﺣﯿﻢ‬

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN-I

(CE 370)

LECTURE #6
Flexural Behavior of RC Beams in Cracked Stage

By

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Contents
2

 Objectives of the present lecture

 Elastic stresses when concrete is cracked
 Modular ratio and Transformed area
 Problem
 Further reading

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Objectives of the Present lecture
3

 To provide an overview of flexural behavior of cracked

(Elastic Stresses) RC beams

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Elastics Stresses when Concrete is Cracked
4

 When the bending moment is sufficiently

large to cause the tensile stress in the extreme
fibers to be greater than the modulus of
rupture, it is assumed that all of the concrete
on the tensile side of the beam is cracked.
 The reinforcing bars on the tension side
begin to pick up the tension caused by the
applied moment.
 In this stage the compressive stresses vary
linearly with the distance from the neutral
axis or as a straight line.
 The straight-line stress-strain variation
occurs under normal service-load conditions
because at these loads the concrete stresses
are generally less than 0.5fc’.

CE 471: Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui 28-May-17

 Contd.
5

 Moment-Curvature: When the moment is

increased beyond the cracking moment,
the slope of the curve decreases a little
because the beam is not quite stiff as was
in the initial stage before the concrete
cracked. The diagram will follow almost a
straight line from Mcr to the point where
the reinforcing is stressed to its yield
point.
Moment

Failure
Rebars yield
M yield

M service Service or working

The section curvature at yield,  y : load range
s   y M cr
Concrete cracks
y in tension
 y   Yield curvature
dx
Curvature , 
.
CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017
 Modular Ratio (n) and Transformed Area
6
fc
 When the steel bars are replaced
with an equivalent area of fictitious N.A.
concrete (nAs), which supposedly
can resist tension, the area is
As
referred to as the transformed area.
 As transformed area is of concrete fs
only it can be handled by the usual n
methods for elastic homogeneous
beams. Tensile stress in the fictitious concrete :
 Tensile side is shown by dashed line f tc f E f  E 
because the diagram is c  s   s  f tc  c f s  f tc  s  n  s 
Ec E s Es n  Ec 
discontinuous.
 Except the transformed area of
concrete, rest of the concrete in If force F resisted by steel is to be resisted by fictitious concrete,
tension has been cracked and unable F F A
to resist tension. f s  nf tc   n  c  n  Ac  nAs
As Ac As
 when n= 10, 500 mm2 of steel will
carry the same total force as 5000  Area of required concrete will be n times that of steel.
mm2 of concrete.

CE 471: Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui 28-May-17

 Steps followed in Transformed Area Problems
7

1. Locate the neutral axis:

 Assume it is located a distance x from the compression surface of the
beam.
 Equate the first moment of the compression area of the beam cross
section about the neutral axis to the first moment of the tensile area
about the neutral axis.
 Solve the resulting quadratic equation by completing the squares or by
using the quadratic formula.
2. Calculate the moment of inertia of the transformed section.
3. Compute the stresses in the concrete and the steel with the flexure
formula (f =My/I).

CE 471: Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui 28-May-17

 Problem-1
8

a) Calculate the bending stresses in the beam shown in Figure below

using the transformed are method; fc’ = 20 MPa, n = 9 and M= 95
kN.m.
b) Determine the allowable resisting moment of the beam, if the
allowable stresses are fc = 10 MPa and fs = 140 MPa

425
500
3  28

All dimensions in mm
300

CE 471: Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui 28-May-17

 300
Solution:
x

425 425
500
3  28
( 425  x )
( As  1846 )
nAs  16614 mm 2
All dimensions in mm
300
Taking moments about neutral axis :
 x
(300 x)   nAs (425  x)  150 x 2  16614(425  x)  150 x 2  7060950  16614 x
2
Solving by completing the square :
150 x 2  16614 x  7060950  x 2  110.76 x  47073  x 2  2  55.38 x  55.382  47073  55.382
 ( x  55.38) 2  50139.94  ( x  55.38)   50139.94  ( x  55.38)   50139.94
 ( x  55.38)  223.91  x  168.5 mm;-279.3 mm
Moment of Inertia
1 1
I   300  168.53  (nAs )  (425  x) 2   300 168.53  (16614)  (425  168.5) 2
3 3
 I  1.571109 mm 2
CE 471: Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui 9 28-May-17
 My
Bending Stresses : f 
I
My (95  106 )  168.5
At extreme compression fiber ( y  168.5 mm) : f c   9
 10.2 MPa
I 1.571  10
 f  My
At the steel level ( y  425 - 168.5  256.5 mm) : f c   s   fc
 n I
N.A.
My (95  106 )  256.5
 fs  n  9  139.6 MPa
I 1.571  109
As

fs
n
M allowable y f I
(b) Allowable resisting moment : f allowable   M allowable  allowable
I y
Allowable reisting moment corresponding to allowable compression in cocrete :
f c I 10  1.571  109
Mc    93.2  106 N.mm  93.2 kN.m
y 168.5
Allowable reisting moment corresponding to allowable tension in steel :
At the steel level : y  425 - 168.5  256.5 mm
( f s / n) I f s I 140  1.571  109
Ms     95.2  106 N.mm  95.2 kN.m
y ny 9  256.5

CE 471: Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui 10 28-May-17

Allowable resisting moments :
M c  93.2 kN.m
Concrete and steel will reach to their permissible stresses at these moments respectively.
M s  95.2 kN.m

Discussion:
• For a given beam , the concrete and steel will not reach their maximum
allowable stresses at exactly the same bending moments.

• Such is the case here, where the concrete reaches its maximum permissible
stress at 93.2 kNm, while the steel does not reach its maximum value until 95.2
kN.m is applied.

• The resisting moment of the section is 93.2 kNm because if that value is
exceeded, the concrete becomes overstressed even though the steel stress is less
than its allowable stress.

CE 471: Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui 11 28-May-17

 Further Reading
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Read more about the Flexural behavior stages in an

RC beam from:
1. Reinforced concrete, Mechanics and Design by
James K. Wight and James G. Macgregor, Fifth
Edition, Pearson Prentice Hall, USA.
2. Design of Reinforced Concrete by Jack C.
McCormac and Russell H. Brown, Eighth Edition,
John Wiley & Sons.

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017

 Thank You
13

CE 370 (RC Design- I) : Dr. Nadeem A. Siddiqui May 28, 2017