SOCIALIZATION THEORY and PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

SOCIALIZATION is the process that makes humans as social being – whereby they learn the
attitudes, values, beliefs and actions expected from members of a particular culture (Schaeffer
2000)
PERSONALITY is defined as the typical pattern of attitude, needs, characteristics and behavior of
an individual.
SELF is the level of one’s awareness of and ideas and attitudes about one’s own personal and
social identity (LANDIS, 2003)
SEVERAL THEORIES THAT EXPLAIN IN DETAIL HOW THE SELF IS DEVELOPED:
CHARLES HORTON COOLEY
“The Looking Glass Self”
As a person looking at a mirror…
(1) The person’s reflection of his appearance to other persons
(2) The person’s judgment of his appearance
(3) And the person’s felling of himself
GEORGE H. MEAD
“The Social Self”
The self, according to Mead, is made of two components: the “I” and the “me.”
The “me” represents the expectations and attitudes of others (the "generalized other")
organized into a social self.
The individual defines his or her own behavior with reference to the generalized attitude of the
social group(s) they occupy.
The “I” is the response to the “me,” or the person’s individuality. It is the essence of agency in
human action.
So, in effect, the "me" is the self as object, while the "I" is the self as subject.
ERVING GOFFMAN
“Dramaturgical Approach”
Goffman uses the metaphor of theatrical production to offer a way of understanding human
interaction and behavior.
Within this perspective, social life is a "performance" carried out by "teams" of participants in
three places: "front stage," "back stage," and "off stage."
LAWRENCE KOHLBERG
MORAL DEVELOPMENT
 STATE, NATION, NATION-STATE and GLOBALIZATION
STATE- It is a political community. It occupies a definite territory. It has an organized
government. The government has the authority and enforce laws without the approval of any
higher authority | a political and legal entity
STATE as a POLITICAL SYSTEM
STATE- refers to the community of persons permanently occupying a definite portion of
territory, independent from external control, and possessing an organized government to which
the great body of inhabitants renders habitual obedience.
A state is an icon, which represents a system, paradigm or concept.
CLASSIFICATION OF STATE
A state may be classified as UNITARY OR COMPOSITE STATES.
UNITARY STATE is one that is not divided into smaller political unit, being in itself more or less
sovereign.
COMPOSITE STATE is one which is composed of a number of political units, each unit enjoying
some degree of internal sovereignty but recognizing the central organization as the seat of
ultimate sovereignty.
COMPOSITE STATE is either CONFEDERATION OR FEDERAL.
CONFEDERATION OF STATE when a state is joining a number of states in an agreement
to act in common concerning certain specified matters. (European Union, UAE)
 UNITED ARAB EMIRATES- The constituent emirates are Abu Dhabi (which serves
as the capital), Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah, Ras al-Khaimah, Sharjah and Umm al-
Quwain. 
EUROPEAN UNION (EU)- is a political and economic union of 28-member
states that are located primarily in Europe
FEDERAL STATE is the actual union of several states which surrender full sovereignty to a
central government regarding matters of common interest. (United States of America)
A state may be categorized into INDEPENDENT STATE or DEPENDENT STATE.
And, NEUTRAL or NEUTRALIZED STATE.
INDEPENDENT STATE are those sovereign political entities, which are free to control, manage
and direct all their affairs internally or externally without intervention of interference from
other states.
DEPENDENT STATE are those which are subject to the authority of one state in the exercise and
control of their external politics.
NEUTRALIZED STATE is one whose independence and integrity are guaranteed by a treaty or
condition that is shall not take up arms against any other state except for self defense.
NEUTRAL STATE is one which through unilateral declaration of its own proclaims not to take
side during war.
Distinction between NEUTRALIZATION and NEUTRALITY.
FIRST, Neutrality is obtained only during war, while Neutralization is obtained during peace or
war times.
SECOND, Neutrality is acquired under international law by means of impartial stand toward
war, while Neutralization is a status created by means of treaty.
THIRD, Neutrality is brought about by a declaration of a state and it does not need to be
recognized by other states, whereas Neutralization needs to be recognized by other states
DUTIES and OBLIGATIONS OF STATE
The PHILIPPINES became part of the UNITED NATIONS during the American period, and later
became a member of the FAMILY OF NATIONS.
FAMILY OF NATIONS refers to the unorganized group of independent states regardless of
whatever form of government a state may possess during membership.
UNITED NATIONS refers to an organization of independent which are admitted as members in
accordance with its duly recognized charter of international law.
Hence, the PHILIPPINES as member of both have the following RIGHTS and OBLIGATIONS
with other member states:
RIGHT TO INDEPENDENCE- Means the right of the state to manage its affairs without
intervention. A state can do anything it wants to do as long as it is not contrary to the rule or to
the law of nature.
RIGHT TO SELF PRESERVATION - Whenever a state is endangered or threatened by another
state is shall be its duty to use force or repel such danger. But, the use of force must result from
a necessity of self-defense.
RIGHT TO DIPLOMATIC LEGATION -The Philippines has a right of intercourse with other states
for mutual assistance, cooperation and welfare. The right of intercourse or diplomatic relation
means “the right of a state to deal with other states.”
RIGHT TO TERRITORIAL JURISDICTION -The right of the state to exercise authority over all
persons and things within its boundaries. It covers jurisdiction over persons, over land and
property, maritime jurisdiction and aerial jurisdiction.
RIGHT TO PROPERTY AND DOMAIN- The Philippines enjoys the right over all its properties
including its domain (terrestrial, fluvial, maritime and aerial domains. Consequently, the
Philippines must likewise respect the right of other nations.
THEORIES OF THE ORIGIN OF STATES
THE DIVINE RIGHT THEORY-This attributes to the aid of Divine creation in the formation of state
with a ruler clothed and ordained by God.
The SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY -The belief that the formation of a state was a product of
voluntary and collective act of the people to organize themselves into one state mechanism for
their general welfare.
THE NECESSITY OR FORCE THEORY-This theory holds that the formation of a state was a result
of men’s desire for common protection by a stronger, powerful and influential ruler. Hence, the
state came to being as a product of conquest and coercion.
The INSTINCTIVE THEORY -This theory explains the creation of state from men’s natural desire
to live and stay together under a system of government and organization. Aristotle once noted,
that man by nature a political animal intended to live in a polis.The early Greeks, they regarded
man to live in an organization not only for the survival of human but also means to attain good
life
The PATRIARCHAL THEORY -It decrees the origin of states from the growth and sustained
existence of the family under a father-like control and leadership.A leader is always seen as
potential provider for the needs of the people and guide them toward prosperity and peace.
PURPOSE and FUNCTION OF A STATE
ESSENTIAL FUNCTION
The state must perform or accomplish in order to uphold and promote its power and authority
so as to affirm its existence of a state.
(1) The maintenance of armed forces for defense
(2) The maintenance of police forces for suppression and apprehension of criminals.
(3) The maintenance of the courts for the prosecution and punishment of crimes and to
settle legal disputes.
(4) The maintenance of Foreign service for the conduct of international relations.
(5) The maintenance of tax collection and record keeping agencies.
SERVICE FUNCTION -Those are regular or natural undertaking of government to perform that
promotes the welfare of the people and interest of everyone.Services like health, education,
medicare, housing, infrastracture, recreational facilities.
BUSINESS FUNCTION -The state may engage in not only for the purpose of providing services
but also to derive certain profits. Some examples of business functions are ownership and
operation by the government of railroad, telegraph and telephone lines, gas and water,
electricity, power plants. Establishment and maintenance of placement services, granting of
old-age pensions, the regulation of labors.
FUNDAMENTAL POWERS OF THE STATE
POLICE POWER-is defined as the right of a state to enact laws or regulations for promoting the
common good in relation to the right and enjoyment of persons to life and property.
POWER OF TAXATION-Is the power to levy or impose charges upon persons, property,
occupation to defray the expenses of the government to discharge its functions.
POWER OF EMINENT DOMAIN-Is the power of the state to acquire, confiscate or take private
properties for public use upon payment of just compensation.
NATION-Emergence from a feeling of belonging. Nation is the people. Nation expresses soul of
the people | Is an imagined political community
The word nation came to English from the Old French word nacion – meaning "birth"
(naissance), "place of origin" -, which in turn originates from the Latin word natio (nātĭō)
literally meaning "birth".

THEORIES OF CHILD DEVELOPMENT

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT | EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT | PSYCHO ANALYTIC THEORY
(Psychosexual Theory) | HIERARCHY OF NEEDS (Maslow) | TRIPARTITE THEORY OF
PERSONALITY
FOUR STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
The Sensory-Motor Stage -extends from birth until approximately the age of two. During this
stage senses, reflexes, and motor abilities develop rapidly. Intelligence is first displayed when
reflex movements become more refined, such as when an infant will reach for a preferred toy,
and will suck on a nipple and not a pacifier when hungry.
Understanding of the world involves only perceptions and objects with which the infant has
directly experienced. Actions discovered first by accident are repeated and applied to new
situations to obtain the same results.
Preoperational Stage: Ages Two through Seven
The child in the preoperational stage is not yet able to think logically. With the acquisition of
language, the child is able to represent the world through mental images and symbols, but in
this stage, these symbols depend on his own perception and his intuition.
This stage may be the age of curiosity; preschoolers are always questioning and investigating
new things. Since they know the world only from their limited experience, they make up
explanations when they don’t have one.
The stage of concrete operations
begins when the child is able to perform mental operations. Piaget defines a mental operation
as an interiorized action, an action performed in the mind. Mental operations permit the child
to think about physical actions that he or she previously performed. The preoperational child
could count from one to ten, but the actual understanding that one stands for one object only
appears in the stage of concrete operations.
A child knows that something that he can add, he can also subtract. He or she can trace her
route to school and then follow it back home, or picture where she has left a toy without a
haphazard exploration of the entire house. A child at this stage is able to do simple
mathematical operations. Operations are labeled “concrete” because they apply only to those
objects that are physically present.
The FORMAL operational stage
Piaget’s final stage coincides with the beginning of adolescence, and marks the start of abstract
thought and deductive reasoning. Thought is more flexible, rational, and systematic. The
individual can now conceive all the possible ways they can solve a problem, and can approach a
problem from several points of view.

EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth Mother love in infancy and childhood is as important for
mental health as vitamins and proteins for physical health.
Prior to Bowlby the prevailing belief, stemming from behaviorism, is that the attachment of
infants to their caregivers was a secondary drive, that is, because the mother (or primary
caregiver) satisfies the baby’s primary drives (these include hunger, thirst, and the need for
warmth), she acquires secondary reinforcing properties. However, Bowlby pointed out that the
need for attachment was itself a primary drive
Freud's Theory
Personality involves several factors:
– Instinctual drives – food, sex, aggression
– Unconscious processes
– Early childhood influences (re: psychosexual stages) – especially the parents
Personality development depends on the interplay of instinct and environment during the first
five years of life.
Parental behavior is crucial to normal and abnormal development. Personality and mental
health problems in adulthood can usually be traced back to the first five years.
PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
People – including children – are basically hedonistic – they are driven to seek pleasure by
gratifying the Id’s desires (Freud, 1920). Sources of pleasure are determined by the location of
the libido (life-force). As a child moves through different developmental stages, the location of
the libido, and hence sources of pleasure, change (Freud, 1905).
Tripartite Theory of Personality
Freud (1923) saw the personality structured into three parts (i.e. tripartite), the id, ego
and superego (also known as the psyche), all developing at different stages in our lives. These
are systems, not parts of the brain, or in any way physical.
ABRAHAM MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS

This five-stage model can be divided into deficiency needs and growth needs. The first four
levels are often referred to as deficiency needs
(D-needs), and the top level is known as growth or being needs (B-needs).
Deficiency needs arise due to deprivation, and are said to motivate people when they are
unmet. Also, the need to fulfill such needs will become stronger the longer the duration they
are denied. For example, the longer a person goes without food, the hungrier they will become.

The original hierarchy of needs five-stage model includes:

1. Biological and physiological needs - air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sex, sleep.
2. Safety needs - protection from elements, security, order, law, stability, freedom from fear.
3. Love and belongingness needs - friendship, intimacy, trust and acceptance, receiving and
giving affection and love. Affiliating, being part of a group (family, friends, work).
4. Esteem needs - which Maslow classified into two categories: (i) esteem for oneself (dignity,
achievement, mastery, independence) and (ii) the desire for reputation or respect from others
(e.g. status, prestige). Maslow indicated that the need for respect or reputation is most
important for children and adolescents and precedes real self-esteem or dignity.
5. Self-actualization needs - realizing personal potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal
growth and peak experiences. A desire “to become someone”.