SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Understanding Culture,
Society and Politics
Quarter 4 - Week 1
Forms and Functions of State and
Non-state Institution
Learning Task Mode of
Competencies Delivery
By the end of Do the following Have the
this module, you activities: parent
are expected to: 1. JUMPSTART hand-in
2. EXPLORE the output
Explain the 3. GAUGE to the
forms and assigned
functions of area.
state and non-
state
institutions

1
 Target

Society consists of social structures and social

institutions that are governed by norms and values. Each
individual in a society has specific roles and functions that are
meant to achieve balance in the society. However, the pursuit of
interests generates various conflicts in the society. Competition
over resources is often the source of conflict.

By the end of World War II, various humanitarian issues

and crises took place. More than 6 million was displaced at the
end of war. Faced with this large-scale of humanitarian crisis,
international community responded with various measures
including the establishment of the Office of the United Nations
High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in 1950.

The large-scale of human predicament show how human

rights are being violated by the institutional actors such as
government. This incidence leads to the creation of state and
nonstate institutions. These institutions became relevant in the
advent of globalization and urbanization.

After going through this module, you are expected to explain the
different form and functions of state and non-state institutions.

Specific Objectives:
a. identify the different forms and functions of state and non-state
institutions;
b. describe each form of state and non-state institutions;
c. explain how state and non-state institutions function.

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 Jumpstart
Activity 1: Unscramble the Letters
Direction: Unscramble the letters to identity the concepts being
described.
Scramble
Description Answer
Letters
An organized
ATEST political
community acting
under a
government and
united by common
set of laws
A form of
business
operation that
RANIOTRO declares the
C business as a
separate entity
guided by a group
of officers known
as the
Board of Directors.

The governing
RNVEGOTE
body of the state or
NM
nation

A financial
institution
SKABN licensed to provide
several financial
services to

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 different types of
customers.

Organizations
formed by workers
D E T R A O N from related fields
UNI that work for
common interest
of its members
Businesses
T I V E S O O C P governed on the
ERA principle of one
member, one vote

Discover

State
At the time of the initial development of the modern
human rights system, States were the dominant actors in the
international arena.
A state is an organized political community acting under a
government and united by common set of laws. It uses absolute
power in directing the path of a society. It also uses complete
political coerciveness, which may come in the form of armed forces
personnel, stricter laws, and rigid government policies in order to
attain its societal goals and objectives.
Market exchange is the primary form of economic subsistence of a
state wherein standardized currencies are being used to exchange
commodities.
States differ in sovereignty, governance, geography, and
interests. It may be classified as sovereign if they are not
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dependent on, or subject to, any other power or state. Other states
are subject to external sovereignty where ultimate sovereignty lies
another state.
The concept of the state is different from the concept of
government. A government is the particular group of people that
controls the state at a given time. In other words, governments are
the means through which the state power us employed like
applying the rule of law.
The concept of the state is also different from the concept of a
nation, which refers to a large geographical area and the people
therein who perceives themselves as having a common identity.
The state is a political geopolitical entity; the nation is a cultural
or ethnic entity.
As a state, it consists of actors with varying interests and
assertions, social rules are implemented in the forms of laws.
These laws are created to manage the interaction among
individuals and between the individuals and the state. As a citizen
of a country, an individual is subjected to the legal norms in the
territory. These norms may include paying taxes, rendering
military services, and contributing to the political life in the
society.
The State intends to be a strong actor in the performance
of the three important political functions. The state, in full form,
1.maintains control over violence in its domain
2.allocates resources and rewards at its discretion, and
3.stands as the major focus of identity for the large majority of the
people under its authority.

Elements of the States

1. Population
It is the people who make the state. Population is essential for
the state. Without population there can be no State.

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2. Territory
There can be no state without a fixed territory. People need
territory to live and organize themselves socially and politically.
It may be remembered that the territory of the states includes
land, water and airspace.
3. Government
It is the organization or machinery or agency of the State which
makes, implements, enforces, and adjudicates the laws of the
state.
4. Sovereignty
It is the most exclusive elements of State. Without sovereignty
no state can exist. State has the exclusive title and prerogative
to exercise supreme power over all its people and territory. It is
the basis which the State regulates all aspects of the life of the
people living in its territory.

Forms of States
States come in a variety of forms that vary on who holds
power, how positions of leadership are obtained, and how
authority is maintained. These are:

a. Authoritarian Government
Authoritarian governments differ in who holds power and in
how control they assume over those who govern. An example of
this type is Monarchy.
Monarchy is a form of government in which supreme power is
absolutely lodged with an individual, who is the head of the state,
often for life or until abdication. The person who heads a
monarchy is called a monarch. Some monarchs hold unlimited
political powers while many constitutional monarchies, such as
the United Kingdom and Thailand.
Currently, 44 nations in the world have monarchs as head of state.

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 Totalitarianism is a political system that strives to regulate
nearly every aspect of public and private life. It theoretically
permits no individual freedom and that seeks to subordinate all
aspects of individual life to the authority of the state. Modern
examples of totalitarian states include the Soviet Union under
Joseph Stalin, Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler, the People’s
Republic of China under Mao Zedong, and North Korea under the
Kim Dynasty.

b. Oligarchic Government
An oligarchy is a form of government in which power effectively
rests with a small-elite segment of society distinguished by
royalty, wealth, family, military, or religious hegemony. An
oligarchy does not have one clear ruler, but several powerful
people who rule. One common example is theocracy.
Theocracy is a government by divine guidance or by official
who are regarded as divinely guided. Leaders are members of the
clergy, and the state’s legal system is based on religious law.
Contemporary examples of theocracies include Saudi Arabia, Iran,
and the Vatican.

c. Democratic Government
Democracy is a form of government in which the right to
governs is held by the majority of citizens within a country or a
state. The two principles of democracy are that all citizens have
equal access to power and that all citizens enjoy universally
recognized freedoms and liberties. People can either become
country leaders through electoral process or elect leaders who
represent the core values and beliefs. There are 99 democratic
nations globally. Examples of democratic nations are Philippines,
Norway, New Zealand, United States of America, Canada,
Columbia, Italy, and South Africa.

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Roles of the States
1. State provides security against external aggressions and war.
For this purpose, the state maintains an army.
2. State ensures security against internal disturbances disorders
and crimes.
For this purpose, the state maintains police.
3. State legally grants and guarantees the rights of the people.
4. The state issues and regulates currency and coinage.
5. State undertakes steps for the creation of necessary conditions
for the socio-economic-politico-cultural development of the people.
6. State grants citizenship and protects their interests and rights.
7. State conducts foreign relations, foreign trade and economic
relations.
8. State secures the goals of national interest in international
relations

Nonstate Institutions
Nonstate institutions are people and/ or organization that
participate in international affairs and relations but are not
affiliated with any state or nation.
These nonstate institutions include the following: bank and
corporations, cooperatives and trade unions, transnational
advocacy groups, and development agencies and international
organizations. These nonstate institutions are equally capable of
influencing policy formation and implementation.

a. Banks
Bank is a financial institution licensed to provide several
financial services to different types of customers. Banks are in
operation mainly for their deposits and lending functions.
Customers are allowed to deposit their money to banks which
grow through an interest rate. Banks also provide loans, with
an interest to customers who need money either for personal
consumption or for investment and businesses. Banks may be
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 categorized into major forms such as commercial banks and
investment banks.

Table 1. Major forms of banks and their description

Forms of Description
Bank
Commercial ▪ Financial deposit with security and
Banks convenience which could be in the
form of credit cards, debit cards, and
check
▪ Provide business, individual, and
personal loans, enabling commercial
banks to earn interest
▪ Serve as payment agents within and
outside the country through wire
transfer
▪ Subjected to more regulations

Investment ▪ Financial intermediaries that performs

Banks a variety of services for businesses and
some government
▪ Issues securities to the investing public

▪ Make markets, facilities, mergers, and

other corporate reorganizations
▪ Acts as brokers for institutional clients

▪ Under the supervision of regulatory

bodies such as the Securities and
Exchange Commission
(SEC), FINRA, and the US Treasury
▪ Subjected to fewer regulations
Source: https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/061615/what-are-majorcategories-
financial-institutions-and-what-are-their-primary-roles.asp

The two most well-known financial institutions that are

actively shaping the socioeconomic development of the Philippines
are the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank. They have
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 been providing financial aid to the Philippine government and
various non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to facilitate their
development objectives.

b. Corporations
It is a form of business operation that declares the business
as a separate entity guided by a group of officers known as the
Board of Directors. They were created by individuals, stockholders
or shareholders, with the purpose of operating for profit. They
have all legal rights of an individual, except for the right to vote
and certain limitations. They are given the right to exist by the
state that issues their charter. Corporation example includes
General Motors Corporation an icon of American craftmanship,
Apple Corporation as one of the famous tech companies, Amazon
Corporation founded by Jeff Bezos is the world’s leading
eCommerce and innovation company, Domino’s Pizza is a global
food chain company delivering quality food worldwide.

Common Types of Corporations

A corporation can be created by a single shareholder or by
multiple shareholders who come together to pursue common goal.
A corporate can be formed as a for-profit or a non-for-profit entity.
• For-profit entities form most corporations, and they are
formed to generate revenues and provide a return to their
shareholders, according to their percentage of ownership
in the corporation. Examples: HBO in partnership with
International Rescue Committee, Ford Motors and
Lynda.com.
• Not-for-profit entities operate under the category of
charitable organizations, which are dedicated to a
particular social cause such as educational, religious,
scientific, or research purposes. Rather than distribute
revenues to shareholders, not-for-profit organizations use
their revenues to further their objectives. Human Rights
Campaign is a very impressive example of using Facebook
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 profile photos to spread the word far and wide about
campaign. Greenpeace the environmental non-profit that
used GPS technology to inform the public about their
cause.

Multinational Corporations (MNCs) are business

organization that extends ownership, management, production,
and sales activities into several or more countries. MNCs are
boon to the economic growth and development of the states.

Table 1. The Good and bad Effects of MNCs

Good Effects Bad Effects

Introduce technology Offer ill-suited technology
Encourage economic growth Retard economic growth
Encourage interdependently Cause dependency
Elites learn to regulate Elites become compradors
Promotes human rights Harms human rights
Protect the environment Hurt the environment
Economic actors Political actors
Promote a cosmopolitan Damage national Culture
world
Source: Conway Henderson (1998)
Checks out the big names of MNCs that are already exist in the
Philippines:

▪ Google ▪ HSBC
▪ Viber ▪ Citibank
▪ Palo Alto Networks ▪ Maersk
▪ Procter and Gamble ▪ Hewlett Packard
▪ Thomson Reuters ▪ Coca Cola Far East
▪ Accenture ▪ Deutsche Bank

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 c. Cooperatives
Cooperatives are people-centers enterprises owned,
controlled and run by and for their members to realize their
common economic, social, and cultural needs and aspirations.
Cooperatives are businesses governed on the principle of
one member, one vote. There are several common types of co-
ops, including cooperatives owned and operated by:
a. The people working there (worker cooperatives);
b. The people buying the co-op’s goods or services
(consumer cooperatives)
c. The people collaborating to process and market their
products
(producer cooperatives); and
d. Groups uniting to enhance their purchasing power
(purchasing cooperatives)

Cooperatives play a critical role in building community

wealth for several key reasons:

a. They often provide quality goods and services to

areas that have been shunned by traditional
businesses because they are deemed less profitable
b. They typically invest in local communities
c. Since most cooperative members are local residents,
business profits remain and circulate in the
community
d. Cooperative membership builds social networks and
strengthens social cohesion which are essential
elements of a strong, healthy communities by
connecting diverse community residents
e. Purchasing cooperatives help small, local businesses
remains competitive within markets dominated by
large, national retailers

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 f. Worker cooperatives create quality, empowering jobs
for community members

d. Trade Unions/Labor Unions

Trade Unions are organizations formed by workers from
related fields that work for common interest of its members.
They help workers in issues like fairness of pay, good working
environment, hours of work and benefits. They represent a cluster
of workers and provide a link between the management and
workers.
The purpose of these unions is to look into the grievances
of wagers and present a collective voice in front of the
management. It acts as the medium of communication between
the workers and management. Among these trade unions that
exist in the Philippines are the Federation of Free Workers (FFW),
Kilusang Mayo Uno (KMU) and the Trade Union Congress of the
Philippines (TUCP).

Functions of Trade Unions:

1. Advocating for fairness and equality for workers’ compensations
2. Securing better working conditions for workers
3. Trade Unions will organize strikes and demonstrations on
behalf of worker demands
4. Fight for social welfare for workers
5. Promote and advocate for education and proper training for
workers
6. Advocate and fight the government for legislative protections of
the workers
7. Promote and advocate for organizational growth and stability
8. Trade Unions acts as representatives of workers in national and
international forums
9. Involved in collective bargaining agreements and disputes with
management to settle any conditions on employment

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10. Advising management on correct personnel policies and
procedures
11. Involved in collective and personal collective grievances
between management and workers.

e. Transnational Advocacy Groups

Transnational Advocacy Groups (TAGs) play an
increasingly important role in international and regional politics
and have contributed to changing policies of multilateral
organizations and states. They are particularly visible in
contentious areas as human rights, environmental issues,
international peace, and women’s rights. They have specific roles
to partake that can be achieved through effective measures, case-
specific methods, and activities.
TAGs serve as international catalysts for change, aiming
to achieve international changes towards policies and practices.
The very essence of TAGS is the formation and development of their
advocacies and campaigns that represent causes, ideas, values,
and beliefs.
Human Rights Watch and Amnesty are active in the
human rights field. Oxfam and Save children deal with
humanitarian issues. Greenpeace and Friends of the Earth
represent environmental concerns.

f. Development Agencies
Development Agencies have been established to develop
the cooperation between the public sector, private sector, and civil
society. These are organizations with specific aims and goals. The
common denominator among these organizations is the term
development. These agencies concentrate on the growth,
progression, and advancement of specific concerns, which can be
infrastructure or social institutions.

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 Types of Development Agencies:
International Organization is an institution with
membership drawn from two or more countries. Its activities
transcend national boundaries as it facilitates cooperation
among its members in the performance of one or more tasks.
The international organization can be public or private. A
public organization is an international government
organization (IGO) with states as its members. Prominent
examples of IGOs are United
Nations, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO),
International Monetary Fund (IMF), European Union (EU),
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), and World
Health Organization (WHO). A private organization has a
membership of individuals or groups and is an international
nongovernment organization (INGO) that originate for
reasons other than politics such as International Criminal
Police Organization (Interpol). INGOs may lobby or work
regularly with the government and IGOs.
Non-government Organization is a non-profit
group that functions independently of any government. It
serves the social or political goals such as humanitarian and
environmental causes. Most NGOs aim to promote the
practice of democracy among societies and social change
through their initiatives and organizational methods. Many
NGOs have targeted their efforts toward population groups
that tend to be underserved by governmental programs,
including women, the aged, physically and mentally
disabled persons, the poor, and various social groups that
have been marginalized by virtue of race, religion, ethnicity,
caste, and social class.

Interrelationship of Government and Non-state Institutions

Government rules society. This reflects how powerful
government institution can be. If nonstate institutions interfere
with the governing body, two possible things can happen:
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 1. Integration among these two institutions may take place
to achieve precise solution towards development
2. Conflict and tension may also arise because one could
exceed the other in terms of societal control and influences
(Penninx, 2013)

Explore
Directions: Complete the table. Identify the non-state institutions
and describe its structure and functions.

Nonstate Structure Functions

Institutions

Gauge Gauge

I. Multiple Choice.
Directions: Carefully read each item. Write the letter of the best
answer. Use separate sheets for your answers.
1. What is the primary form of economic subsistence of a state?
A. Agriculture C. Foraging
B. Banking D. Market Exchange
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2. What political term refers as a sovereign actor with a central
government ruling over population and territory?
A. Banks C. State
B. Government D. Trade Unions
3. What is the institution that membership is drawn from two or
more countries?
A. Cooperatives
B. International Organization
C. International Government
D. Trade Unions
4.Which of the following organizations is NOT an example of IGOs?
A. International Monetary Fund
B. INTERPOL
C. North Atlantic Treaty Association
D. World Health Organization
5. What form of business operation declares the business as
separate entity guided by a group of officers known as the Board
of Directors?
A. Cooperatives C. International Government
B. Corporation D. Trade Unions
6.What are the members of a public international organization?
A. Board of Directors C. Society
B. Private Business Owners D. States
7. What happens if the nonstate institutions interfere with the
government?
A. Conflict and tensions may arise
B. Equal context of political and economic development
C. Equitable health and social development will be
distributed
D. Nonstate Organization provides support and assistance
through organized frameworks

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8. What licensed institution provides several financial services to
different type of customers to earn profits?
A. Banks C. State
B. Government D. Trade Unions
9. Which of the following functions is NOT a function of Trade
Unions?
A. Fights for Social welfare for workers
B. Advocation for fairness and equality for workers’
compensations
C. Trade unions will organize strikes and demonstrations on
behalf of worker demands
D. Support local and international groups to localize the
implementation of international policies
10. Which of the following statements is NOT a good effect of MNCs
in a state?
A. Cause dependency
B. Introduce technology
C. Encourage interdependently
D. Encourage economic growth

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 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Understanding Culture,
Society and Politics
Quarter 4 - Week 2
Functions and Importance of
Education in the Society
Learning Task Mode of
Competencies Delivery
By the end of Do the following Have the
this module, you activities: parent
are expected to: 1. EXPLORE hand-in
2. GAUGE the output
Examine the 3. SUMMATIVE to the
functions and assigned
importance of area.
education in the
society

1
 Target

Education cultivates a country’s economy and society;

therefore, it is the milestone of a nation’s progress. Education
provides knowledge and skills to the population, as well as shaping
the personality of the youth of a nation. Nevertheless, can education
really shape the nation’s advancement? What can it do and what is
its role in the society?
In the previous lesson, you were able to explain the forms
and functions of state and non-state institution wherein in gives a
leeway in providing our society the necessary needs and support to
be able to cope with this vast changing world that we are living. It
also employs how state and non-state institutions are put to work
to further human security, state and non-state institutions help
people cope with and reduce the multiple insecurities in our lives.
In this module, you are going also to look into how education
functions in our society, thus, after going through this module you
are expected to examine the functions and importance of education
in the society.

Specific learning Objectives:

1. define education;
2. trace and describe the educational system of the Philippines; 3.
give the functions and importance of education in the society; and
4. evaluate how education functions and affects society.

2
 Discover

Definition of Education
Education is the social institution through which society
provides its members with important knowledge, including basic
facts, job skills, and cultural norms and values (Macionis, 2012).
Education is the acquisition of knowledge, habits, skills, and
abilities through instruction and training or through self-activity.
It is systematic training of the moral and intellectual
faculties of the mind. It is the process of transmitting to the
young, the vital cultural heritage of a group.

Education in the Philippines

Education in the Philippines is managed and regulated by
the Department of Education, commonly referred to as the DepEd.
It controls the Philippine educational system, including the
creation and implementation of the curriculum and the utilization
of funds allotted by the national government. It also manages the
construction of schools, acquisition of books and other school
materials, and the recruitment of teachers and staff.
Before the Philippines attained independence in 1946, the
country’s education system was patterned after the educational
systems of Spain and the United States. The Philippines, with
exemption to other parts of the country, were under Spanish rule
for more than three hundred years while the Americans stayed for
twenty-two years.
Spanish and the United States brought educational
practices, which reflected their culture and ideologies. During the
Spanish time, the function of education was inculcated moral and
religious values. Religion was the core curriculum, and the schools
were used to spread Christianity. It mainly served the upper classes;
thus, education symbolized “social standing and prestige.” The
educated class consisted mostly of ilustrados. When the Americans
came, education was focused on the development of new social
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patterns that would prepare the nation for a self-governing
democracy. Public institution was institutionalized to give every
person the education needed to participate in a self-governing
democracy. The medium of instruction was English. However, after
independence, the country’s educational system changed radically.
Today, the government of the Philippines has been very
active in tapping the educational system for the country’s
development efforts. With the adaptation of the K to 12 programs,
it is hoped that Philippine Educational System is now responding
to the demands of the economy for national development.

Types of Education
In general, there are three types of education, these are:
1. Formal education
This refers to the hierarchically structured, chronologically
graded educational system from primary school to the university,
including programs and institutions for full time technical and
vocational training. At the end of each level, the learners must
obtain certification in order to enter or advance to the next level.
Formal education shall correspond to the following levels in basic
education:
a. Elementary Education
Elementary education involves compulsory, formal
education primarily concerned with providing basic education, and
usually corresponds to a traditional six grades or seven grades,
and in addition, to preschool programs. Such preschool education
normally consists of kindergarten schooling but may cover other
preparatory courses as well.
At the basic education level, the Department of Education
(DepEd) sets overall educational standards and mandates
standardized tests for the K to 12 basic education system, although
private schools are generally free to determine their own
curriculum in accordance with existing laws and Department
regulations.
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 b. Secondary Education
Secondary education, public schools and private schools, is
concerned primarily with continuing basic education of the
elementary level and expanding it to include the learning of
employable, gainful skills, usually corresponding to four years of
junior high school and two years of senior high school.

c. Tertiary Education
Institutions of higher education may be classified as either
public or private college or university, and public institutions of
higher education may further be subdivided into two types: state
universities and colleges and local colleges and universities.
Most institutions of higher learning are regulated by the
Commission of Higher Education (CHED). Colleges typically offer 1
or more specialized programs while universities must offer at least
8 or more different undergraduate degree programs in a wide array
of subjects and at least 2 or more graduate programs.
Public universities are all non-sectarian and offer a wide-
range of programs, with English as medium of instruction. Public
universities are government funded, with the largest, the
University of the Philippines, receiving a substantial amount from
the annual budget. There are also several private tertiary
institutions, sectarian or non-sectarian as well as for profit or not-
for-profit.

2. Non-formal education
It refers to any organized educational activity outside the
established formal system to provide selected types of learning to
a segment of the population.
As a concept, non-formal education emerged in response to
the world crisis in education identified by Philip H. Coombs in
1967, who argued that the formal education system have failed to
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address the changing dynamics of the environment and the
societies. The skills that are needed to foster economic
development are lacking due to untrained labor force that is not
able to access formal education. Non-formal education enables a
student to learn skills and knowledge through structured learning
experiences. A student learns his/her values, principles, and
beliefs and undergoes lifelong learning.
Example: Vocational Education
Accredited private institutions offer technical and vocational
education. Programs offered vary in duration from a few weeks to
two years. On completion students may take centrally-
administered examinations to obtain their diploma or certificate.
Vocational colleges do not usually require an entrance
examination. Only a record of high school educational and an
enrolment fee are required.

3. Informal education
It is a lifelong process whereby every individual acquires
from daily experiences, attitudes, values, facts, skills, and
knowledge or motor skill from resources in his or her higher
environment.
It offers alternative learning opportunities for the out of
school youth and adults specifically those who are 15 years old and
above and unable to avail themselves of the educational services
and programs of formal education. It reaches out to citizens of
varied interests, demographic characteristics, and socioeconomic
origins and status. Its primary objective is to provide literacy
programs to eradicate illiteracy.

*Special Education
Special Education refers to the education of persons who are
physically, mentally, emotionally, socially, or culturally different
from socalled “normal” individuals, such that they require
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 modification of school practices to develop their potential. Special
education provides distinct services, curricula, and instructional
materials geared to pupils or students who are significantly higher
or lower than the average or norm.
SPED aims to develop the maximums potential of the child
with the special needs to enable him/her to become self-reliant and
take advantage of the opportunities for a full and happy life.

Functions of Education in the Society

As British sociologist Herbert Spencer explains, functions
are important to be performed as they make the society whole. If
each function is working well, society attains progress. He lays
down the functions of education as follows:

1. Productive Citizenry
Education systems enable citizens to be productive
members of a society, as they are equipped with knowledge and
skills that could contribute to the development of their society’s
systems and institutions. This highlights the importance of formal
and non-formal education in the development of oneself and the
society. Consequentially, it is crucial for educational systems to
adapt to the changing demands of the environment to efficiently
capacitate individuals.
Being a productive citizen requires critical thinking. One
must have the ability to understand his or her duties and be able
to respond to them by making decisions. Through education,
individuals are introduced to concepts concerning democracy,
power, inequality, and the like. This promotes greater awareness
in his or her society. It encourages vigilance and participation.
Educational attainment does not only contribute to the individual’s
success but also to the betterment of his or her environment.

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 2. Self-actualization
Education develops one’s sense of self. As a huge part of the
discovery process of oneself, education encourages having the
vision to become self-actualized. Moreover, it enables one to see
your strengths and maintain them. It enables one to determine
weakness and adjust to them. This helps one reach full potential
and establish oneself as a whole.
According to Abraham Maslow, self-actualization is the
highest form of human need. It was defined as “to become more
and more what one is, to become everything that one is capable of
becoming.”
The concept of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is once that level
is fulfilled the next level up is what motivates us, and so on.

Figure 1: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

1. Physiological needs - these are biological requirements

for human survival, e.g. air, food, drink, shelter, clothing,
warmth, sex, sleep. If these needs are not satisfied the
human body cannot function optimally.
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 2. Safety needs - protection from elements, security, order,
law, stability, freedom from fear.
3. Love and belongingness needs -the need for
interpersonal relationships motivates behaviour
Examples include friendship, intimacy, trust, and
acceptance, receiving and giving affection and love.
Affiliating, being part of a group (family, friends, work).
4. Esteem needs - which Maslow classified into two
categories: (i) esteem for oneself (dignity, achievement,
mastery, and independence) and (ii) the desire for
reputation or respect from others (e.g., status, prestige).
Maslow indicated that the need for respect or reputation
is most important for children and adolescents and
precedes real selfesteem or dignity.
5. Self-actualization needs - realizing personal potential,
selffulfillment, seeking personal growth and peak
experiences.

However, through education, humans are empowered to

experience and learn their true capacities that lead to self-
actualization. Humans also tend to find boundless enthusiasm in
learning outside the classroom, which is basically through
experience. With this, it becomes easier for them to socialize, to
identify a career path, to create self-identity, and the like. They
will tend to have the ability to analyze, evaluate, and decide on
their own.
To others, education takes place both in and outside
schools. It functions to preserve and transmit the culture. It is, as
Durkheim wrote: “the means by which society perpetually
recreates the conditions of its very existence.” Defined in the most
general sense, education can occur anywhere, in any setting,
through any experience. Thus broadly conceived, education has
the same meaning as socialization, the internalization of culture,
and learning human behavior.
Whether it takes place in or outside of the school system,
education is of two kinds, formal and informal. Formal education
is imparted by direct instruction. Informal education comes about
indirectly, the learner often unaware that he is having a learning
experience.
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 The primary function of education is the socialization of the
new members of the society. The late president Ramon Magsaysay
aptly observed that “education is the greatest equalizer of
opportunities” for everybody. Other most important objectives of
education are:
1) Teaching basic skills, such as reading, writing, and
arithmetic.
2) Helping children develop skills in abstracting thinking
and problem solving.
3) Transmitting the cultural heritage, from which individual
may develop an appreciation of their society.
4) Communicating to children the basic value of the society.
5) Teaching the special aspects of the culture, such as art,
music, literature, drama, science, technology, and sports.
6) Teaching vocational skills that help individuals enter the
job market.
7) Training citizens for life within the political system of their
society.
8) Preparing children to live long and form meaningful
relationship with other human beings.

Primary Education as a Human Right

Primary education is essential in the early stages of human
life. Humans need education to enable them to adapt to the dictates
of their society. The United Nations Educational Scientific and
Cultural Organization (UNESCO) declare that education is a
fundamental human right and essential for the exercise of all other
human rights. It promotes individual freedom and empowerment
and yields important development benefits. Yet millions of children
and adults remain deprived of educational opportunities, many as
a result of poverty.”
Normative instruments of the United Nations and UNESCO
lay down international legal obligations for the right to education.
These instruments promote and develop the right of every person
to enjoy access to education of good quality, without discrimination
or exclusion. These instruments bear witness to the great
importance that Member States and the international community
attach to normative action for realizing the right to education. It is
for government to fulfil their obligations both legal and political in

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regard to providing education for all of good quality and to
implement and monitor more effectively strategies.
Education is a powerful tool by which economically and
socially marginalized adults and children can lift themselves out of
poverty and participate fully as citizens.
Although the UN is such powerful global actor that can
mandate its member to follow its structure, education deprivation
still persists in most societies. This exclusion is socially
constructed in unequal settings.
Formal education suggests studying in a school or university
where everything is systematic. A teacher or professor explains,
while a student listens and understands. For that, the student pays
the teacher. The last relates primarily to the struggles between
social classes. Formal education, in particular tries to keep pace
with the changes in the economy, as can be observed in the
constant tuition fee increases in institutions of higher learning.
The issue on education taps economical aspect of the society,
as classism stands as a barrier to the social development of
humans. This also digs on the impact of social inequality, as a
systematic oppression lies especially on the lower class. They
experience discrepancies in educational opportunities due to
financial problems.

Explore

Enrichment Activity 1. Focusing on the roles or functions of

education in the national development, give at least 5 specific
ways on how education can provide quality life to an individual
and to the society as a whole.

INDIVIDUAL SOCIETY
1

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 3

Gauge

A. Multiple Choice: Carefully read every question below and

choose the letter that corresponds to your answer. Write your
answers in a separate sheet of paper.

For items 1-4

A. Family B. Education C. Government D. Religion

1. The institution that administers the regulatory functions of law

and order, and maintains security in society.
2. The process of socialization, which begins informally at home
and then formally in educational institutions.
3. The most basic social institution and is a system of organized
relationship involving workable and dependable ways of meeting
basic social needs.
4. Constitutes a set of beliefs regarding the ultimate power in the
universe, the ideal and proper pattern of behavior, and
ceremonial ways to expressing these beliefs.

For Items 5-8

A. Formal Education C. Non-Formal Education
B. Informal Education D. Special Education

5. It provides distinct services, facilities, curricula, and

instructional materials geared to pupils or students who are
significantly higher or lower than the average or norm.
6. Refers to the systematic and deliberate process of hierarchically
structured and sequential learning.

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7. They are organized systematic education that provides selected
types of learning to a segment of the population.
8. It is a lifelong process of learning. What other function or purpose
of education it is referring to?

For Items 9-12

A. Education is Self-Empowerment
B. Fosters Participant Democracy
C. Financial stability
D. To complete the socialization process

9. Education helps you gain sufficient academic qualification,

knowledge and skills to get a suitable employment with proper
remuneration or salary.
10.Literacy, which is the product of education, allows full
participation of the people in democratic process and effective
voting.
11. Receiving a good education helps empower you, thus making
you strong enough to look after yourself in any given situation or
conditions.
12. The main social objective of education which involves the family
and school as agents of socialization.

B. Define the following important terms.

1. School
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
2. Education
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

3. Citizens
_________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

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