Understanding Culture Society and Politics
Forms and Function of State and
Non-State Institutions
State - an organized political community acting under a
government and united by common set of laws.
Corporation - a form of business operation that declares
the business as a separate entity guided by a group of
officers known as the Board of Directors.
Government - the governing body of the state or nation.
Banks - a financial institution licensed to provide several
financial services to different types of customer
Trade Union - organizations formed by workers from
related fields that work for common interest of its
members
Cooperatives - businesses governed on the principle of
one member, one vote
State
❖ Is an organized political community acting under a
government and united by common set of laws. It
uses absolute power in directing the path of a
society.
❖ It also uses complete political coerciveness, which
may come in the form of Armed Forces, Stricter
laws, and rigid Government policies.
❖ Market exchange is the primary form of economic
subsistence of a state wherein standardized
currencies are being used to exchange
commodities.
❖ The concept of the state is different from the
concept of government.
❖ The concept of the state is also different from the
concept of a nation, which refers to a large
geographical area and the people therein who
perceives themselves as having a common identity
⤷ The state is a political geopolitical entity
⤷ The nation is a cultural or ethnic entity
❖ As a state, it consists of actors with varying interests
and assertions, social rules are implemented in the
forms of laws.
⤷ These laws are created to manage the interaction
among individuals and between the individuals and
the state.
⤷ As a citizen of a country, an individual is subjected
to the legal norms in the territory.
1. Paying Taxes
2. Military Services
3. Contribute in Political Life in the Society
❖ The state intends to be a strong actor in the
performance of the three important political
functions. The state, in full form,
1. Maintains control over violence in its domain
2. Allocates resources and rewards at its
discretion,
3. Stands as the major focus of identity for the
large majority ofthe people under its authority
Elements of State
1. Population
- It is the people who make the state. Population is
essential for the state. Without population there
can be no State.
2. Territory
- There can be no state without a fixed territory.
People need territory to live and organize
themselves socially and politically. It may be
remembered that the territory of the states
includes land, water and airspace
3. Government
- It is the organization or machinery or agency of the
State which makes, implements, enforces, and
adjudicates the laws of the state.
4. Sovereignity
- It is the most exclusive elements of State. Without
sovereignty no state can exist. State has the
exclusive title and prerogative to exercise supreme
power over all its people and territory. It is the basis
which the State regulates all aspects of the life of
the people living in its territory.
Authoritarian Governance
❖ Authoritarian governments differ in who holds
power and in how control they assume over those
who govern. An example of this type is Monarchy.
Monarchy - is a form of government in which supreme
power is absolutely lodged with an individual, who is
the head of the state, often for life or until abdication.
The person who heads a monarchy is called a monarch.
44 nations in the world have monarchs as head of state.
Totalitarianism - is a political system that strives to
regulate nearly every aspect of public and private life. It
theoretically permits no individual freedom and that
seeks to subordinate all aspects of individual life to the
authority of the state.
Oligarchic Governance
❖ An oligarchy is a form of government in which
power effectively rests with a small- elite segment
of society distinguished by royalty, wealth, family,
military, or religious hegemony. An oligarchy does
not have one clear ruler, but several powerful
people who rule. One common example is
theocracy
Theocracy - is a government by divine guidance or by
official who are regarded as divinely guided. Leaders are
members of the clergy, and the state’s legal system is
based on religious law.
Democratic Governance
❖ Democracy is a form of government in which the
right to governs is held by the majority of citizens
within a country or a state. The two principles of
democracy are that all citizens have equal access to
power and that all citizens enjoy universally
recognized freedoms and liberties. People can
either become country leaders through electoral
process or elect leaders who represent the core
values and beliefs.
Understanding Culture Society and Politics
Forms and Function of State and
Non-State Institutions 2.0
Roles of the States
1. State provides security against external aggressions
and war. For this purpose, the state maintains an
army.
2. State ensures security against internal disturbances
disorders and crimes. For this purpose, the state
maintains police.
3. State legally grants and guarantees the rights of the
people.
4. The state issues and regulates currency and
coinage.
5. State undertakes steps for the creation of necessary
conditions for the socio-economic- politico-cultural
development of the people.
6. State grants citizenship and protects their interests
and rights.
7. State conducts foreign relations, foreign trade and
economic relations
8. State secures the goals of national interest in
international relations
Nonstate Institution
❖ Are people and/ or organization that participate in
international affairs and relations but are not
affiliated with any state or nation.
❖ These nonstate institutions include the following:
bank and corporations, cooperatives and trade
unions, transnational advocacy groups, and
development agencies and international
organizations. These nonstate institutions are
equally capable of influencing policy formation and
implementation.
Banks
❖ is a financial institution licensed to provide several
financial services to different types of customers.
Banks are in operation mainly for their deposits and
lending functions. Customers are allowed to deposit
their money to banks which grow through an
interest rate. Banks also provide loans, with an
interest to customers who need money either for
personal consumption or for investment and
businesses. Banks may be categorized into major
forms such as commercial banks and investment
banks.
Major Form of Banks
❖ Commercial Banks
- Financial deposit with security and convenience
which could be in the form of credit cards, debit
cards, and check
- Provide business, individual, and personal loans,
enabling commercial banks to earn interest
- Serve as payment agents within and outside the
country through wire transfer
- Subjected to more regulations
❖ Investment Banks
- Financial intermediaries that performs a variety of
services for businesses and some government
-Issues securities to the investing public
- Make markets, facilities, mergers, and other
corporate reorganizations
- Acts as brokers for institutional clients
- Under the supervision of regulatory bodies such as
the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC),
FINRA, and the US Treasury
- Subjected to fewer regulations
Corporation
❖ It is a form of business operation that declares the
business as a separate entity guided by a group of
officers known as the Board of Directors. They were
created by individuals, stockholders or
shareholders, with the purpose of operating for
profit. They have all legal rights of an individual,
except for the right to vote and certain limitations.
They are given the right to exist by the state that
issues their charter. Corporation example includes
General Motors Corporation an icon of American
craftmanship, Apple Corporation as one of the
famous tech companies, Amazon Corporation
founded by Jeff Bezos is the world’s leading
eCommerce and innovation company, Domino’s
Pizza is a global food chain company delivering
quality food worldwide.
❖ A corporation can be created by a single
shareholder or by multiple shareholders who come
together to pursue common goal. A corporate can
be formed as a for-profit or a non-for-profit entity
Common Type of Corporation
❖ For-profit
- entities form most corporations, and they are
formed to generate revenues and provide a return
to their shareholders, according to their percentage
of ownership in the corporation. Examples: HBO in
partnership with International Rescue Committee,
Ford Motors and Lynda.com.
❖ Not-for-profit
- entities operate under the category of charitable
organizations, which are dedicated to a particular
social cause such as educational, religious, scientific,
or research purposes. Rather than distribute
revenues to shareholders, not-for-profit
organizations use their revenues to further their
objectives. Human Rights Campaign is a very
impressive example of using Facebook profile
photos to spread the word far and wide about
campaign. Greenpeace the environmental non-
profit that used GPS technology to inform the public
about their cause.
Understanding Culture Society and Politics
Forms and Function of State and
Non-State Institutions 3.0
Multinational Corporation (MNCs)
❖ are business organization that extends ownership,
management, production, and sales activities into
several or more countries. MNCs are boon to the
economic growth and development of the states.
❖ Checks out the big names of MNCs that are already
exist in the Philippines:
Cooperative
❖ Cooperatives are people-centers enterprises
owned, controlled and run by and for their
members to realize their common economic, social,
and cultural needs and aspirations.
❖ Cooperatives are businesses governed on the
principle of one member, one vote. There are
several common types of co-ops, including
cooperatives owned and operated by:
a) The people working there (worker
cooperatives);
b) The people buying the co-op’s goods or services
(consumer cooperatives)
c) The people collaborating to process and market
their products (producer cooperatives); and
d) Groups uniting to enhance their purchasing
power (purchasing cooperatives)
Trade Unions/Labor Unions
❖ Trade Unions are organizations formed by workers
from related fields that work for common interest
of its members. They help workers in issues like
fairness of pay, good working environment, hours of
work and benefits. They represent a cluster of
workers and provide a link between the
management and workers.
❖ The purpose of these unions is to look into the
grievances of wagers and present a collective voice
in front of the management. It acts as the medium
of communication between the workers and
management. Among these trade unions that exist
in the Philippines are the Federation of Free
Workers (FFW), Kilusang Mayo Uno (KMU) and the
Trade Union Congress of the Philippines (TUCP).
Functions of Trade Unions
• Advocating for fairness and equality for workers’
compensations
• Securing better working conditions for workers
• Trade Unions will organize strikes and
demonstrations on behalf of worker demands
• Fight for social welfare for workers
• Promote and advocate for education and proper
training for workers
• Advocate and fight the government for legislative
protections of the workers
• Promote and advocate for organizational growth
and stability
• Involved in collective bargaining agreements and
disputes with management to settle any conditions
on employment
• Advising management on correct personnel policies
and procedures
Development Agencies
❖ Development Agencies have been established to
develop the cooperation between the public sector,
private sector, and civil society. These are
organizations with specific aims and goals. The
common denominator among these organizations is
the term development. These agencies concentrate
on the growth, progression, and advancement of
specific concerns, which can be infrastructure or
social institutions.
Types of Development Agencies
❖ International Organization
- is an institution with membership drawn from two
or more countries. Its activities transcend national
boundaries as it facilitates cooperation among its
members in the performance of one or more tasks.
The international organization can be public or
private. A public organization is an international
government organization (IGO) with states as its
members. Prominent examples of IGOs are
United Nations(UN), North Atlantic Treaty
Organization(NATO), International Monetary Fund
(IMF), European Union (EU), Association of
Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), World Health
Organization (WHO)
- A private organization has a membership of
individuals or groups and is an international
nongovernment organization (INGO) that originate
for reasons other than politics such as International
Criminal Police Organization (Interpol). INGOs may
lobby or work regularly with the government and
IGOs.
❖ Non-government Organization
- is a non-profit group that functions independently
of any government. It serves the social or political
goals such as humanitarian and environmental
causes. Most NGOs aim to promote the practice of
democracy among societies and social change
through their initiatives and organizational
methods.
Understanding Culture Society and Politics
Forms and Function of State and
Functions and Importance of Education in the Society
Definition of Education
❖ Education is the social institution through which
society provides its members with important
knowledge. Including basic facts, job skills, and
cultural norms and values (Macionis, 2012).
❖ Education is the acquisition of knowledge, habit,
skills, and abilities through instruction and training
or through self-activity.
Education in the Philippines
❖ Is manage and regulate by the Department of
Education (DepEd)
❖ Before the Philippines attained independence in
1946, the country educational system patterned
after the educational system of the Spain and
United States.
❖ Spain and United States brought educational
practices, which reflected to their culture ideologies
❖ Today the government of the Philippines has been
vary active in tapping the educational system of the
country`s development efforts.
Type of Education
❖ Formal Education
- This refers to the hierarchically structured,
chronologically graded educational system from
primary school to the university, including programs
and institutions for full time technical and
vocational training. At the end of each level, the
learners must obtain certification in order to enter
or advance to the next level. Formal education shall
correspond to the following levels in basic
education:
a) Elementary - Elementary education involves
compulsory, formal education primarily
concerned with providing basic education, and
usually corresponds to a traditional six grades
or seven grades, and in addition, to preschool
programs.
b) Secondary - public schools and private schools,
is concerned primarily with continuing basic
education of the elementary level and
expanding it to include the learning of
employable, gainful skills, usually corresponding
to four years of junior high school and two years
of senior high school.
c) Tertiary - CHED manage higher education, it can
be subdivided in two type: State Universities or
Colleges and Local Colleges and Universities
- Colleges offer 1 or more Speciallized Program
while Universities offer atleast 8 or more
undergraduate degree programs and at least 2
or more Graduate Degree
- Public universities are all non-secretarian and
offer wide range of program. And funded by the
government
❖ Non-formal Education
- It refers to any organized educational activity
outside the established formal system to provide
selected types of learning to a segment of the
population
- The skills that are needed to foster economic
development are lacking due to untrained labor
force that is not able to access formal education.
Non-formal education enables a student to learn
skills and knowledge through structured learning
experiences. A student learns his/her values,
principles, and beliefs and undergoes lifelong
learning.
- It is a lifelong process whereby every individual
acquires from daily experiences, attitudes, values,
facts, skills, and knowledge or motor skill from
resources in his or her higher environment.
- SPED aims to develop the maximums potential of
the child with the special needs to enable him/her
to become self-reliant and take advantage of the
opportunities for a full and happy life
Function of Education in the Society
As British sociologist Herbert Spencer explains,
functions are important to be performed as they
make the society whole. If each function is working
well, society attains progress. He lays down the
functions of education as follows:
1. Productive Citezenry
- Education systems enable citizens to be
productive members of a society, as they are
equipped with knowledge and skills that could
contribute to the development of their society’s
systems and institutions.
- This promotes greater awareness in his or her
society. It encourages vigilance and
participation. Educational attainment does not
only contribute to the individual’s success but
also to the betterment of his or her
environment.
2. Self Actualization
- Education develops one’s sense of self. As a
huge part of the discovery process of oneself,
education encourages having the vision to
become self-actualized. Moreover, it enables
one to see your strengths and maintain them. It
enables one to determine weakness and adjust
to them. This helps one reach full potential and
establish oneself as a whole.
- The concept of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is
once that level is fulfilled the next level up is
what motivates us, and so on.
Understanding Culture Society and Politics
Forms and Function of State and
Functions and Importance of Education
in the Society 2.0
Physiological Needs
❖ these are biological requirements for human
survival, e.g. air, food, drink, shelter, clothing,
warmth, sex, sleep. If these needs are not satisfied
the human body cannot function optimally.
Safety Needs
❖ protection from elements, security, order, law,
stability, freedom from fear.
Love and Belongingness Needs
❖ the need for interpersonal relationships motivates
behaviour Examples include friendship, intimacy,
trust, and acceptance, receiving and giving affection
and love. Affiliating, being part of a group (family,
friends, work).
Esteem Needs
❖ which Maslow classified into two categories: (i)
esteem for oneself (dignity, achievement, mastery,
and independence) and (ii) the desire for reputation
or respect from others (e.g., status, prestige).
Maslow indicated that the need for respect or
reputation is most important for children and
adolescents and precedes real self-esteem or
dignity.
Self-actualization Needs
❖ realizing personal potential, self- fulfillment, seeking
personal growth and peak experiences.
Understanding Culture Society and Politics
Concept, Characteristics and Forms of Social
Stratification
Meaning and Nature of Social Stratification
According to Ariola 2012:
❖ It refers to what sociologists call it as “
institutionalized inequality” of individual or “social
injustice” due to social categoriesIt refers to what
sociologists call it as “ institutionalized inequality” of
individual or “social injustice” due to social
categories
Meaning and Nature of Social Stratification
According to Cole 2019:
❖ It is the way people are ranked and ordered in
society
Meaning and Nature of Social Stratification
According to Hebding and Glick 1992:
❖ It is a system whereby people rank and evaluate
each other as superior or inferior and, on the basis
of such evaluation, unequally reward one another
with wealth, authority, power, and prestige. One
result of each differentiation is the creation of a
number of levels within the society.
Meaning and Nature of Social Stratification
According to Sorokin 1927:
❖ It is the differentiation of a given population into
hierarchically superposed classes. It is manifested in
the existence of upper and lower social layers. Its
basis and very essence consist in an unequal
distribution of rights and privileges, duties and
responsibilities, social values and privations, social
power and influences among the members of a
society
Social Stratification is Distinguished from Social
Differentiation
- Social differentiation refers to how people can be
distinguished from one another. People in a group
may differ in skin color, hair color, race, mental and
physical ability, and the like
- Social stratification refers to the ranking of people
in a society. In closed stratification, people cannot
change their ranks while those in open social
stratification, people can change their ranks. In
short social stratification is the separation of people
into social categories and these categories are
ranked as higher or lower.
Understanding Culture Society and Politics Social Stratification and Social Mobility
Concept, Characteristics and Forms of Social
- Social mobility refers to the movement within the
Stratification 2.0
social structure, from one social position to another.
Indicators of Social Stratification It means a change in social status. All societies
provide some opportunity for social mobility. But
1. Statuses
the societies differ from each other to extent in
- the higher or lower positions that come about
which individuals can move from one class or status
through social stratifications
level to another.
2. Ascribe Statuses
- are assigned or given by the society or group on
1. Horizontal Mobility
the basis of some fixed category, without regard to
- occurs when a person changes their profession,
a person’s abilities or performance.
but their social status remains unchanged
3. Achieved statuses
2. Intergenerational Mobility
- are earned by the individual because of his or her
- happens when social position changes from one
talent, skills, occupation and perseverance
generation to another, the change can be upward
4. Prestige
or downward
- refers to the evaluation of status. You have
3. Role Mobility
prestige according to your status.
- is a job change where individuals move from one
position to another with little change in their salary
4. Vertical Mobility
Types of Social Stratification and their Characteristics - any changes in status whether its moving up to the
highest or to the lowest
1. Upper Class
- The people in this class have great wealth and
sources of income
2. Middle Class
- are the “sandwich” class. These white collar
workers have more money than those below them
on the “social ladder,” but less than those above
3. Lower Class
- is typified by poverty, homelessness, and
unemployment. The people in this class belong to
the bottom of socio-economic ladder

Open System

- The class structure is an open system. It encourages

people to strive and achieve something. People
belonging to one social class have similar
opportunities, similar lifestyles, attitudes, behavior
and possibly similar socio- economic positions. It is
based on achievement, allow movement and
interaction between layers and classes. One person
can move up or down to class through
intermarriages, opportunities, or achievement.
People have equal chance to succeed. Whether
people do something to improve their lives or not
this greatly depends on them.

Close System

- Closed system accommodates little change in social

position. They do not allow people to shift levels
and do not permit social relationships between
levels.
Understanding Culture Society and Politics
Government Program to Address Social Inequalities
Social Inequality
- is the difference in the distribution of social
desirable such as wealth, power, and prestige
- it also refers to the unequal opportunities of
individual based on their social class status.
- this explanation is mostly inspired by karl marx’s
analysis of industrialization.
Inequality in the access of Social, Political, and symbolic
Capital
• Social Capital
- is the ability of a collective to act together to
pursue a common goal. It refers to the connection
of individuals within the society
• Political Capital
- refers to the trust, good will, and influence
possessed by a political actor, such as politician, to
mobilize support toward a preferred policy outcome
• Symbolic Capital
- refers to the resources that one possesses which is
a function of honor, prestige or recognition, or any
other traits that one values within a culture
Government Program Addressing this Inequalities
1. Conditional Cash Transfer Program
- locally known as Pantawid Pamilya Pilipino
Program, or 4Ps, is a government program that
provides conditional cash grants to the poorest of
the poor in the Philippines.
2. Agrarian Reform in the Philippines
- seeks to solve the centuries old problem of
landlessness in rural areas.
3. SK Reform Act of 2015
- has the provisions that prohibits political dynasty.
4. Universal Access of Tertiary Education Act
- is a law that institutionalizes free tuition and
exemption from other fees in state universities and
colleges (SUCs), local universities and colleges
(LUCs) in the Philippines.
Minority Group
- are groups composed of less-dominant
classifications in society that experience
disproportionately lower opportunities than their
dominant counterparts.
1. Gender Inequality
- In some countries women are paid relatively lower
than men due to their sexuality and biological
differences.
- The LGBT community has always been treated
indifferently and discriminatively because they do
not fall within a biologically defined gender group.
2. Ethnic Minorities
- Because some minorities live traditionalistic lives
far away from the city and technology, and some
may appear differently than usual, they have been
consistently labeled and treated as people with
minimal knowledge and capabilities.
- Lack of resources easily available for many are not
utilized within their group, and thus receive
negative attention from the dominant public.
3. Other Minorities
- This may include people with disabilities or people
with religions that are less prevalent in society.
- These minorities experience discrimination in
work, especially when the disabled have physical
limitations, while the religious have practices and
beliefs that are greatly disagreed upon by the
majority.
The Goals and targets will stimulate action over the next
fifteen years in areas of critical importance for humanity
and the planet:
1. People
- We are determined to end poverty and hunger, in
all their forms and dimensions, and to ensure that
all human beings can fulfil their potential in dignity
and equality and in a healthy environment.
2. Planet
- We are determined to protect the planet from
degradation, including through sustainable
consumption and production, sustainably managing
its natural resources and taking urgent action on
climate change, so that it can support the needs of
the present and future generations.
3. Prosperity
- We are determined to ensure that all human
beings can enjoy prosperous and fulfilling lives and
that economic, social and technological progress
occurs in harmony with nature.
4. Peace
- We are determined to foster peaceful, just and
inclusive societies which are free from fear and
violence. There can be no sustainable development
without peace and no peace without sustainable
development.
5. Partnership
- We are determined to mobilize the means
required to implement this Agenda through a
revitalized Global Partnership for Sustainable
Development, based on a spirit of strengthened
global solidarity, focused in particular on the needs
of the poorest and most vulnerable and with the
participation of all countries, all stakeholders and all
people.