STATE AND

EDUCATION IN
THE SOCIETY
FORMS AND FUNCTIONS OF
STATE
• “A state is a community of persons more or
less numerous, permanently occupying a
definite portion of territory, independent of
external control and possessing an
organized government to which the great
body of inhabitants render habitual
obedience(Garner 1935, p52).
In this lesson, you will:

1. Define what is state;

2. Define non-state institutions and its functions;
3. Identify the four elements of state; and
4. Classify the different political theories concerning
the function of the state in society.
PRE- TEST
TRUE OR FALSE. Write T if the statement is correct and F if it is
wrong. Write your answer in your notebook.
_____1. A sovereign state is a political organization with a centralized
government that has supreme independent authority over a geographic
area.
_____2. People cannot constitute a state unless they inhabit in a definite territory.
_____3. The four essential elements of the state are the following: Population,
territory, government, and sovereignty.
_____4. A community of persons does not form a state unless a stable
government organizes it.
_____5. Liberal and conservative theories of the state tend to see the state as a
neutral entity separated from society and the economy.
What is a State?
• State, a political organization of society, the body
politic, the institutions of government. The country is a
form of human association distinguished from other
social groups by its purpose, the establishment of order
and security; its methods, the laws and their
enforcement; its territory, the area of jurisdiction or
geographic boundaries; and its sovereignty.
The state consists, of the agreement
of the individuals on the means
whereby disputes are settled in the
form of laws.
 EXAMPLES OF STATE AGENCIES
• These are some government agencies in the Philippines:
1. DTI- Department of Trade and Industry
2. PNTC- Philippines National Telecommunications Commission
3. PhilHealth-Philippine Health Insurance Corporation
4. DOLE- Department of Labor and Employment
5. TESDA- Technical Education and Skills Development Authority
6. DepEd- Department of Education
What are non-state institutions?
A group of people or any organizations which are
not affiliated with the national government.
Sometimes called a non-state entity.
For instance, these non- state institutions are
private banks, private corporations, cooperatives,
non- governmental organizations (NGO) and
Trade Unions. These institutions have several
functions and roles in our society as part of the
nation-building.
• THE CONTRIBUTIONS AND INVOLEMENT OF
THE PEOPLE THROUGH THE ESTABLISHED
NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS
(NGO)s, PRIVATE BUSINESSES AND ORDINARY
CITIZENS TO CERTAIN PROBLEMS OR
ACTIVITIES CAN RELIEVE THE PRESSURE ON
THE GOVERNMENT.
 EXAMPLES OF NGO’S
IBON Foundation
 isa research-education-information and advocacy
organization committed to serve the marginalized
sectors. They seek to contribute to people’s
empowerment by generating and collecting socio-
economic data and analyses, and disseminate these in
the Philippines and abroad.
 EXAMPLES OF NGO’S

An international, non-sectarian organization

advocating for the cause of street children
throughout the world.
 EXAMPLES OF NGO’S

Volunteer-based organization working towards

protection of animals from cruelty through
education, sheltering and advocacy.
 EXAMPLES OF NGO’S

The PRC provides six major services: Blood Services,

Disaster Management Services, Safety Services,
Community Health and Nursing Services, Social
Services and the Volunteer Services.
———————-
 EXAMPLES OF NGO’S

A non-profit Christian ministry working to help build

responsible and self-reliant communities by enabling Filipino
families in need to acquire affordable, decent, and durable
homes.
 Four Elements of the State

1) People or population
2) territory
3) sovereignty
4) government
 People or Population

• The state is a human institution. So population is

its primary element. There is no hard and fast rule
about population. The ancient Greek writers like
Plato and Aristotle favoured a small population.
According to Plato, an ideal state should have a
population of 5040.
 Teritory
• A definite and more or less permanent
territory is also regarded as an essential
element of the state. In modern times, the
citizens are bound together by residence on
a common territory. Land, water and air
space comprise the territory of a state.
 SOVEREIGNTY

• By far the most important characteristic of

the state is its sovereignty. It is the
characteristic which distinguishes the state
from all other associations. It denotes the
supreme power or the final authority from
which there is no appeal.
 TWO ASPECTS OF SOVEREIGNTY
1. internal - Internally viewed, the state has supreme
power over all individuals and associations within its
fixed area. It can compel obedience of its people to its
laws and commands.
2. External -Externally viewed, the state is free from
control of any foreign state or alien rule. Before
independence India was not a state as it was ruled by the
British.
 GOVERNMENT
• A people occupying a definite territory cannot form a state unless they
are politically organized i.e., unless they possess a government.
Government is the political organization of the state. It is the concrete
and visible instrument of state po
• According to Garner, government is the agency through which
“common policies are determined and by which common affairs are
regulated.” The state wills and acts through the government.
Government must be effective; it must possess the capacity to maintain
order and enforce obedience. Without a government there would be
lawlessness and anarchy and ultimately the state would be dissolved.
 THEORIES OF STATE
• Most political theories of the state can roughly be classified into two
categories.
1. liberal or conservative theories,
treats capitalism as given, and concentrates on the function of
states in a capitalist society. Theories
of this variety views the state as a neutral entity distinct from both
society and the economy.
 Marxist Theory

• Marxist theory, emphasizes the relationship between

economic power andpolitical power. Marxists view the
state as the organizing committee of the rulingclass. It
is the instrument through which the ruling class
coordinates and exercises its rule of the other classes,
and thereby maintains its status as the ruling class.
 Marxist Theory

For Marxist theorists, the role of the non-socialist state is

determined by its function inthe global capitalist order. Marx’s
early writings portrayed the country as “parasitic,”built upon the
superstructure of the economy and working against the public
interest.
 Anarchism
The term anarchism is derived from the negation of the Greek term
arché,which means first principle, foundation, or ruling power. It is a political
philosophy that considers states immoral and instead promotes a stateless
society – anarchy.

Anarchists believe that the state is inherently an instrument of domination

andrepression, no matter who is in control of it. They also believe that the
stateapparatus should be completely dismantled and an alternative set of social
relationsreated, which would be unrelated to state power.
 Pluralism
• Pluralists view society as a collection of individuals and groups competing for
political power. An example of pluralism is a society where people with differentcultural backgrounds
keep their tradition.
They view the state as a neutral body thatenacts the will of whichever group dominates the electoral
process. Within thepluralist tradition, Robert Dahl developed the theory of the state as a neutral
arenafor contending interests. He also viewed governmental agencies as merely anotherset of
competing interest groups. The pluralist approach suggests that the moderndemocratic state acts in
response to pressures that are applied by a variety ofelated interests. Dahl called this kind of state a
polyarchy(Krouse 1982).
ASSESSMENT
Test I TRUE OR FALSE. Write T if the statement is correct
and F if it is wrong. Write your answer in your notebook.
_____1. A sovereign state is a political organization with a centralized
government that has supreme independent authority over a geographic
area.
_____2. People cannot constitute a state unless they inhabit in a definite territory.
_____3. The four essential elements of the state are the following: Population,
territory, government, and sovereignty.
_____4. A community of persons does not form a state unless a stable
government organizes it.
_____5. Liberal and conservative theories of the state tend to see the state
as a neutral entity separated from society and the economy.
_____6. Robert Dahl developed the theory of the state as a neutral arena
for contending interests.
_____7. A group of people or any organizations are not affiliated with the
national government.
_____8. One of the obligations of every state is to respect coequal states
by not meddling in the other’s internal affairs.
_____9. An example of pluralism is a society where people with different
cultural backgrounds keep their tradition.
_____10. Marxists view the state is the organizing committee of the ruling
class.
Reading Comprehension
Read the article entitled the Sovereignty vs sovereign rights: What
do we have in West PH Sea? from an online report of the
https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/234145- explainer-
sovereignty -sovereign- rights-west-Philippine-sea on June 29, 2019.

MANILA, Philippines – Filipinos fumed when President Rodrigo

Duterte stressed that the Philippines has "no sovereignty" over its
exclusive economic zone (EEZ) in the West Philippine Sea. "No
country in the world has sovereignty over its exclusive economic
zone," Duterte said in a speech on June 26. Duterte had also said on
June 21 that the sinking of a Filipino fishing boat by a Chinese ship
in Recto
Bank (Reed Bank) in the West Philippine Sea "was not an attack on our sovereignty.”

Is Duterte correct?
Or as Presidential Spokesperson Salvador Panelo, a lawyer, asked a reporter in
a press conference on June 27, "Ano ba ang difference ng sovereign rights at saka
sovereignty. Meron ba (What's the difference between sovereign rights and
sovereignty. Is there a difference)?" Rappler consulted two of the Philippines' leading
experts on the West Philippine Sea – Supreme Court Senior Associate Justice Antonio
Carpio and Jay Batongbacal, director of the University of the Philippines Institute for
Maritime Affairs and the Law of the Sea. The short answer is: Yes, under international
law, the Philippines has no sovereignty – and only has sovereign rights – over its EEZ
in the West Philippine Sea.The Philippine government is duty-bound to defend its
sovereign rights over the West Philippine Sea, experts said.
What is the difference between sovereignty and
sovereign rights?
Batongbacal explained that sovereignty "is like full
ownership of property, with all the rights it implies,
including the right to destroy it." Sovereignty applies to the
Philippines' landmass and its 12-nautical mile territorial
sea. Exclusive sovereign rights function "like usufruct, a
right to use and enjoy property," said Batongbacal.
Sovereign rights allow the Philippines to exclusively fish
and enjoy marine resources, such as oil and natural gas, in
its 200-nautical mile EEZ in the West Philippine Sea.
PERFORMANCE TASK NO.1
Process Questions (Write your answer in a
short coupon bond.)
1.As a Filipino citizen, how can you defend
your sovereign rights in your country?
2.As a student what can you contribute to
resolve the issues of South China Sea?
FUNCTIONS AND
IMPORTANCE OF
EDUCATION IN
THE SOCIETY
 Direction: TRUE OR FALSE. Write T if the statement is
correct and F if it is wrong. Write your answers in your
notebook.
_____1. A second function of education is social integration.
_____2. Functionalists view education as one of the more important social
institutions.
_____3. This socialization also involves learning the rules and norms of the society as
a whole. In the early days of compulsory education, students learned the dominant
culture.
_____4. A third function of education is social placement. Beginning in grade school,
students are identified by teachers and other school officials either as bright and
motivated or as less bright and even educationally challenged.
_____5. Education promotes social inequality through the use of tracking and
standardized testing and the impact of its “hidden curriculum.” Schools differ widely
in their funding and learning conditions, and this type of inequality leads to learning
 FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATION
1.Socialization
Functional theory stresses that education serves in fulfilling a
society’s various needs and feasibly the most important function of education is
socialization.
The French sociologist Émile Durkheim (1858–1917), established the
academic discipline of sociology, characterized schools as “socialization agencies
that teach children how to get along with others and prepare them for adult
economic roles”. Indeed, it seems that schools have taken on this responsibility in
full. If children are to learn the norms, values, and skills they need to function in
society, then education is a primary vehicle for such learning. Schools teach the
three Rs (reading, ‘riting, ’rithmetic), as we all know, but they also teach many of
the society’s norms and values.
 FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATION

2. Social integration
For a society to work, functionalists say,
people must subscribe to a common set of beliefs
and values. As this development was a goal of the
system of free, compulsory education that
developed in the nineteenth century.
 4 TYPES OF NORMS
• 1. FOLKWAYS
- Introduced by William Sumner in the early 1900s.
- are customs that we follow but are often not written down. We
learn them through intuition as we grow up.
- they are customs that people follow within a society.
- they are often implicit, meaning that you may not have been
taught about the folkways in the culture. Instead, you learned them by being
embedded in a culture while growing up.
 Examples of folkways:
1. Covering your mouth when you nyawn or sneeze
2. trying not to smoke downwind of others
3. Making sure you say thank you to a grocery clerk.

In school, teachers often reinforce folkway despite the fact that these norms are not in the
curriculum. When teachers take it upon themselves to reinforce folways, we call it the hidden
curriculum.
If you break a folkway, you might be considered a little strange, but no one will be too upset. You
just might not make friends. People who understand folkway are usually more liked and socially
accepted.
 2. MORES
- They are moral norms.
- The term “more” came from “morality”. If you break a more, society will
consider you to be immoral. Some are illegal ( making them also laws), while
others are not.
- They are often linked to religious rules.
EXAMPLES: Talking behind a friend’s back could be considered immoral and
therefore a mopre that has been contravened. It is not uillegal to gossip but
people will frown upon you and consider you to have broken moral standards.
If the social norm has a layer of morality involved, chances are it’s a more.
Generally, we look at a more as something that has a clear “right or wrong”.
3. TABOOS
- Are social norms in a society that are considered shocking if you break
them. They’re often things that no one talks about because they’re so
embarrassing and socially unacceptable.
- Taboos are often things that are silently whispered about because they are
unacceptable.
- They’re things kept secret and especially not talked about in front of
children. They will often leave people shocked when people break them.
 EXAMPLES OF TABOOS
1. Adultery
2. Flirting while married
3. Spitting at others
SEVERITY: If you break one, you may be so embarrassed that you might
not be able to look people in the eye anymore.
4. LAWS
- Are cultural and social norms that are policed by the state.
- If you’re found to have broken a law, you could be fined or even go to jail.

EXAMPLES: Commonly, a society will pass laws related to violence against

others, theft and damaged to property
SEVERITY: This is the highest level of severity of all four types of norms.
If you break a law, you may find yourself in a lot of trouble.
 CULTURAL Vs SOCIAL NORMS
CULTURAL NORMS are norms that come from our own cultural group
( Catholic culture, Chinese culture, etc. ) whereas SOCIAL NORMS are
norms that we all share within a multicultural society.
MULTICULTURAL SOCIETY- when there may be different cultures within
a society.
Example: you may live somewhere where there are many Christians,
Indians, Muslims, Egyptians, and African- Americans all living within the
one society.
 FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATION

3. Social placement
Beginning in grade school, students are identified by
teachers and other school officials either as bright and motivated
or as less bright and even educationally challenged. Depending
on how they are identified, children are taught at the level that is
thought to suit them best. In this way, they are presumably
prepared for their later stations in life. Whether this process works
as well as it should, is an important issue.
 FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATION

4. Social and cultural innovation

Our scientists cannot make important scientific
discoveries, artists and thinkers cannot come up with great
works of art unless they have been educated in the many
subjects they need to know for their chosen path.
 Schools ideally perform many important functions in modern society.
These includes socialization, social integration, social placement, and
social – cultural innovation.
Functionalists view education as an important social institution that
contributes both manifest and latent functions. Education also involves
several latent functions, like by-products of going to school and receiving
an education rather than a direct effect of the education itself. One of these
is child care: Once a child starts kindergarten and then first grade, for
several hours a day the child is taken care of for free. The establishment of
peer relationships is another latent function of schooling. Most of us met
many of our friends while we were in school and some of those friendships
endure the rest of our lives. For education to serve its many functions,
various kinds of reforms are needed to make our schools and the process
of education as effective as possible
Importance of Education
Educational institutions are important in reproducing the existing belief system and
practices of a particular society. It accomplishes this goal by allotting to the individual learners
the roles they need to fulfill as adult members of society.
Horace Mann, an American educational reformer, proposed that education could
cure ills. He believed that education is the great equalizer by giving the people the
knowledge and technical skills to participate in national development. Education is
one of the most pervasive institutions that determines one’s future status. Hence,
many people believe in education-based meritocracy or the belief that education is
the great equalizer and the key to succeed.
Filipinos, for example, believe in value of
education that they are willing to sacrifice everything just to finish college (Lanuza
and Raymundo 2016, p.81)
ASSESSMENT
Directions: TRUE OR FALSE. Write T if the statement is correct and F if it is wrong. Write
your answer in your notebook.

_____1. A second function of education is social integration.

_____2. Functionalists view education as one of the more important social
institutions in a society.
_____3. This socialization also involves learning the rules and norms of the
society as a whole. In the early days of compulsory education, students learned the dominant
culture.
_____4. A third function of education is social placement. Beginning in grade school,
studentsare identified by teachers and other school officials either as bright and motivated
oras less bright and even educationally challenged.
_____5. Education promotes social inequality through the use of tracking and standardized
testing and the impact of its “hidden curriculum.” Schools differ widely in their funding and
learning conditions, and this type of inequality leads to learning disparities that reinforce
social inequality.
_____6. Horace Mann, an American educational reformer, proposed that
education could cure ills
_____7. Functionalists view education as an important social institution
that contributes both manifest and latent functions.
_____8. This socialization also involves learning the rules and norms of the
society as a whole. In the early days of compulsory education, students
learned the dominant culture.
_____9. Functionalists believe that education equips people to perform
different functional roles in society.
_____10. Education is one of the most pervasive institutions that
determines one’s future status.
 PERFORMANCE TASK NO.2
GROUP WORK:
Each group will have a role play on the importance of
education to the society in general. Each will be given 10 minutes to
perform. Below are the criteria for the activity. RATING/ POINTS
CRITERIA
ACCURACY AND 20
BELIEVABILITY OF
ROLE/ DELIVERY
CONTENT 20
OVERALL IMPRESSION 10

TOTAL 50