MINHAJ UNIVERSITY LAHORE

Computer Graphics
Submitted to Ma’am Momina
Shahid Mushtaq (BSIT 8th)

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What are the tools and components of 3d computer graphics ?
3D computer graphics (in contrast to 2D computer graphics) are graphics that utilize a three-
dimensional representation of geometric data that is stored in the computer for the purposes of
performing calculations and rendering 2D images.

There are basically two models of computer graphics

 NURBS Surface
 Polygonal Model

Polygonal models are very similar to the geometric shapes you probably learned about in middle
school. Just like a basic geometric cube, 3D polygonal models are comprised of faces, edges, and
vertices.

Faces: The defining characteristic of a polygonal model is that (unlike NURBS Surfaces)
polygonal meshes are faceted, meaning the surface of the 3D model is comprised of hundreds or
thousands of geometric faces.

Edges: An edge is any point on the surface of a 3D model where two polygonal faces meet.

Vertices: The point of intersection between three or more edges is called a vertex (pl. vertices).
Manipulation of vertices on the x, y, and z-axes (affectionately referred to as "pushing and
pulling verts") is the most common technique for shaping a polygonal mesh into it's final shape
in traditional modeling packages like Maya, 3Ds Max, etc. (Techniques are very, very different
in sculpting applications like ZBrush or Mudbox.)

Shaders: A shader is a set of instructions applied to a 3D model that lets the computer know
how it should be displayed. Although shading networks can be coded manually, most 3D
software packages have tools that allow the artist to tweak shader parameters with great ease.

Textures: Textures also contribute greatly to a model's visual appearance. Textures are two-
dimensional image files that can be mapped onto the model's 3D surface through a process
known as texture mapping. Textures can range in complexity from simple flat color textures up
to completely photorealistic surface detail.

Now there are enormous amount of tools which are available to assist or create 3d graphics but
here are some finest.

Autodesk Maya , Autodesk Mudbox, Houdini, Cinema 4D, Modo, Autodesk 3Ds Max, ZBrush,
Rhinoceros etc.
What is DDA algorithm explain in detail ?
DDA algorithm is an incremental scan conversion method. Here we perform calculations at each
step using the results from the preceding step. The characteristic of the DDA algorithm is to take
unit steps along one coordinate and compute the corresponding values along the other
coordinate. The unit steps are always along the coordinate of greatest change, e.g. if dx = 10 and
dy = 5, then we would take unit steps along x and compute the steps along y.

n its simplest implementation for linear cases such as lines, the DDA algorithm interpolates
values in interval by computing for each xi the equations xi = xi−1 + 1, yi = yi−1 + m, where m
is the slope of the line. This slope can be expressed in DDA as follows:

m= Yend - Ystart / Xend - Xstart

Advantages of DDA Algorithm

 It is the simplest algorithm and it does not require special skills for implementation.
 It is a faster method for calculating pixel positions than the direct use of equation y = mx
+ b. It eliminates the multiplication in the equation by making use of raster
characteristics, so that appropriate increments are applied in the x or v direction to find
the pixel positions along the line path.

Disadvantages of DDA Algorithm

 Floating point arithmetic in DDA algorithm is still time-consuming.
 The algorithm is orientation dependent. Hence end point accuracy is poor.