03 IEC T1S1 PLT Session 03.pps

Programming
Installing WindowsLogic and Techniques

XP Professional Using Attended Installation
Objectives
In this session, you will learn to:

Use the dry run table
Identify repetitive processes
Identify modular approach to programming
Ver. 1.0 Session 3 Slide 1 of 29

Programming
Using Dry Run
Helps you do a logic check

Understand the flow of control in a flowchart
Evaluate the output of the program with a set of sample
values
Provides a step by step evaluation of values in the variables
of the program

Programming
Using Dry Run (Contd.)
Example:
All candidates have to take three tests. A candidate is selected
for the interview round based on the scores of all the three
tests. The individual score in each test has to be greater than
75 and the average score across the three tests should be a
minimum of 80. The call letter for the interview is to be sent to
candidates who have been selected and a rejection letter is to
be sent to the rest. Represent the logic for the above process
by using a flowchart.

Programming
Flowchart to select a candidate

Start
Declare Variables
Accept Values and

Calculate nAverage
Is
nAverage>= 80 AND No Display “ Rejection
nTest1 > 75 AND letter to be sent”
nTest2 > 75 AND
nTest3 > 75 ?
Yes
Display “Interview
call letter to be sent”
Stop

Programming
Dry Run Table:
S.No. nTest1 nTest2 nTest 3 nAverage Output
1. 95 90 88 91 Interview call letter to be sent
2. 80 77 83 80 Interview call letter to be sent
3. 90 92 74 85.33 Rejection letter to be sent
4. 76 76 76 76 Rejection letter to be sent

Programming
Iteration
An important characteristic of a computer is its ability to

execute a series of instructions repeatedly.
A loop is a sequence of instructions that will be repeated
more than once.
A loop performs steps in a specified sequence.
There are two types of loops:
fixed loops where the number of repetitions is known
variable loops where the number of repetitions is not known

Programming
Iteration (Contd.)
Example:
Flowchart to display the sum of ten numbers
Start
numeric nNum,
nSum, nCounter
nCounter=0
nSum=0
Accept nNum
nSum=nSum+nNum
nCounter=nCounter+1
Yes Is No
nCounter<10 ? Display nSum
Stop

Programming
Iteration (Contd.)
Dry Run Table:
S. No. nNum nSum nCounter Output

0. - 0 0
1. 5 5 1
2. 12 17 2
3. 7 24 3
4. 6 30 4
5. 2 32 5
6. 10 42 6
7. 8 50 7
8. 3 53 8
9. 16 69 9
10. 4 73 10 73

Programming
Iteration (Contd.)
Example:
You have been assigned the responsibility of generating an
address list of all the people working in your office. For each
person, you will need to accept the name, address, and the
telephone number and print a list containing the collated
details.

Programming
Iteration (Contd.)
Flowchart segment to display employee details of 25 people
nCounter = 1
Is No
nCounter<=25?
Yes Stop
Accept cName
Accept cAddress
Accept cTelno
Display cName,
cAddress, cTelno
nCounter=nCounter+
1
Programming
Iteration (Contd.)
Example:
Let us look at the same example of preparing the test
performance report in the decision-making section again. Now,
apart from finding out whether a candidate has to be sent a call
letter or a rejection letter, we also have to calculate the number
of candidates who have been sent interview call letters and the
number of candidates who have been sent rejection letters,
using a flowchart.

Programming
Iteration (Contd.)
Flowchart to calculate the total number of call letters and rejection

letters sent
Start
Variable Declaration
Accept Values
Is
nAverage >=80 AND No
nTest1 > 75 AND nTotReject=nTotReject+1
nTest2 > 75 AND
nTest3 > 75 ?
Yes
nTotSelect=nTotSelect+1
Process
A B

Programming
Iteration (Contd.)
Flowchart to calculate the total number of call letters and rejection

letters sent (Contd.)
B
A
Display “Any more

candidates (Y/N)? ”
Accept cChoice
Is
No
cChoice = “Y”?
Yes Display nTotSelect

Display nTotReject
Stop

Programming
Iteration (Contd.)
Dry Run Table:
S. No. nTest1 nTest2 nTest3 nAverage Output

1. 95 90 88 91 nTotSelect is incremented by 1.
2. 80 77 83 80 nTotSelect is incremented by 1.
3. 90 92 74 85.33 nTotReject is incremented by 1.
4. 76 76 76 76 nTotReject is incremented by 1.

Programming
Identifying Modular Approach to Programming
A program needs to be amended periodically to respond to

changing conditions or requirements.
This encouraged programmers to adopt a more disciplined
approach to program writing.
The techniques that were adopted are known as modular
or structured programming techniques.
Modular programming includes features that are designed
not only to solve the problem at hand but also to make the
logic clear to someone reading the program.

Programming
Identifying Modular Approach to Programming (Contd.)
Long, continuous programs can be broken up into a series

of individual modules that are related to each other in a
specified manner.
Main
Program
Module1 Module2 Module3

Programming
Example:
Flowchart to show modular programming
Start
numeric nNum1, Add

nNum2, nNum3, nSum
nSum=nNum1 + nNum2
Accept nNum1, + nNum3
nNum2, nNum3
Return
Add
Display nSum
Stop

Programming
Example:
Accept the test scores for 10 students and display their
individual averages. The scores of the students cannot be
negative.
The table shows the variables used in the flowchart.
Variable Data Type Variable Name
Student Name character cStudentName
Score of Test 1 numeric nTest1
Average of Test Scores numeric nAverage

Programming
Flowchart to calculate average marks of 10 students

Accept
Accept cStudentName
Accept Average
Accept nTest1
nAverage=(nTest1+nTest2
Average Accept nTest2 +nTest3) / 3
Accept nTest3 Return

Display cStudentName,
nAverage
Is
nTest1>=0 AND Yes
nTest2>=0 AND
nTest3>=0 ?
No Return
Display “Test score cannot

be less than zero”

Programming
Example:
The total expenditure on salaries for the month needs to be
calculated. As per company policy an employee receives a
minimum of $500. Depict the logic for automating the task by
using flowcharts.
The table shows the variables used in the flowchart.
Variable Data Type Variable Name
Employee code character cEmpCode
Employee salary numeric nSalary
Total salary numeric nTotSalary
Choice character cChoice

Programming
Flowchart to calculate total monthly expenditure on salaries
Accept
Is No Summation
cChoice = “Y” ? Accept nSalary
Yes
nTotSalary=nTotSalary+nSalary
Is Yes
Accept nSalary >=500 ?
Return Return
No
Summation Display ”Salary cannot
be less than $500”

Programming
Dry Run Table:
S. No. nSalary nTotSalary Output

1. - 0
2. 4500 4500
3. 5500 10000
4. 3400 13400
5. 5600 19000
6. 3000 22000
7. 5000 27000
8. 450 27000 Salary cannot be less than $500
9. 9000 36000
10. 8900 44900
11. 4500 49400 49400

Programming
Exercises

Programming
Exercise 1
Draw a flowchart to print the product of the first 10 even

numbers.

Programming
Exercise 2
Draw a flowchart to accept 50 numbers and also display the

total number of odd and even numbers.

Programming
Exercise 3
Draw a flowchart to display the highest of any 10 numbers

entered.

Programming
Exercise 4
Draw a flowchart that accepts input from a user and

displays the result, depending on whether the user wishes
to multiply or divide the numbers provided as input. The
Multiply module of the program can multiply maximum of
three numbers. The Divide module of the program should
check that the denominator should not be zero.

Programming
Summary
In this session, you learned that:

The concept of dry run will help you perform a logic check and
understand the flow of control in a flowchart.
A loop is a sequence of instructions that will be repeated more
than once.
A loop performs steps in a specified sequence.
There are two types of loops:
Fixed loops where the number of repetitions is known
Variable loops where the number of repetitions is not known

Programming
Summary (Contd.)
Statements within a loop will be executed repeatedly

until the condition becomes false.
The structured programming technique is a disciplined
approach to program writing.
A large program can be divided into several modules, where
each module performs a specific task. A module is also called
a procedure.
A procedure or a module is invoked from the main program
and the control is returned from the procedure to the main
program by using the return statement.

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Programming

Installing WindowsLogic and Techniques

In this session, you will learn to:

Ver. 1.0 Session 3 Slide 1 of 29

Using Dry Run

Helps you do a logic check

Ver. 1.0 Session 3 Slide 2 of 29

Using Dry Run (Contd.)

Ver. 1.0 Session 3 Slide 3 of 29

Using Dry Run (Contd.)

Flowchart to select a candidate

Accept Values and

Ver. 1.0 Session 3 Slide 4 of 29

Using Dry Run (Contd.)

Dry Run Table:

S.No. nTest1 nTest2 nTest 3 nAverage Output

1. 95 90 88 91 Interview call letter to be sent

2. 80 77 83 80 Interview call letter to be sent

3. 90 92 74 85.33 Rejection letter to be sent

4. 76 76 76 76 Rejection letter to be sent

Ver. 1.0 Session 3 Slide 5 of 29

An important characteristic of a computer is its ability to

Ver. 1.0 Session 3 Slide 6 of 29

Ver. 1.0 Session 3 Slide 7 of 29

Dry Run Table:

S. No. nNum nSum nCounter Output

Ver. 1.0 Session 3 Slide 8 of 29

Ver. 1.0 Session 3 Slide 9 of 29

Flowchart segment to display employee details of 25 people

Ver. 1.0 Session 3 Slide 11 of 29

Flowchart to calculate the total number of call letters and rejection

Ver. 1.0 Session 3 Slide 12 of 29

Flowchart to calculate the total number of call letters and rejection

Display “Any more

Yes Display nTotSelect

Ver. 1.0 Session 3 Slide 13 of 29

Dry Run Table:

S. No. nTest1 nTest2 nTest3 nAverage Output

Ver. 1.0 Session 3 Slide 14 of 29

Identifying Modular Approach to Programming

A program needs to be amended periodically to respond to

Ver. 1.0 Session 3 Slide 15 of 29

Identifying Modular Approach to Programming (Contd.)

Long, continuous programs can be broken up into a series

Module1 Module2 Module3

Ver. 1.0 Session 3 Slide 16 of 29

Identifying Modular Approach to Programming (Contd.)

numeric nNum1, Add

Ver. 1.0 Session 3 Slide 17 of 29

Identifying Modular Approach to Programming (Contd.)

Student Name character cStudentName

Score of Test 1 numeric nTest1

Score of Test 2 numeric nTest2

Score of Test 3 numeric nTest3

Average of Test Scores numeric nAverage

Ver. 1.0 Session 3 Slide 18 of 29

Identifying Modular Approach to Programming (Contd.)

Flowchart to calculate average marks of 10 students

Accept nTest3 Return

Display “Test score cannot

Ver. 1.0 Session 3 Slide 19 of 29

Identifying Modular Approach to Programming (Contd.)