Importants:-

1. Storage space in free google firebase – 1GB, 100 max. connections (100 acive users at once), 10GB data
transfer (only 10GB of data is transferred in one month, website will be available to users for delivering
only 10GB of data)
2. How to find amount of data transferred by a website - using google chrome right click anywhere on page
- "Inspect Element" and switch to tab "Network".Then refresh the page. In bottom status bar you will
amount of transferred data (attached size of current stackoverflow page, which is 25 kbytes)
3. Language in Arduino Uno has divided into SVF (structure, value, functions) -
https://www.arduino.cc/reference/en/#functions
4. ATMEGA 328 – AVR (advanced Virtual RISC ) microcontroller, it supports the data upto 8 bits, it has 32 KB
internal built in memory.
5. BASIC stamp – microcontroller with small and specialized interpreter built into ROM, made by Parallax
Inc., used by electronics hobbyists, famous in early 1990s
6. GPL and LGPL – general purpose license and lesser general purpose license (we are required to provide
some of the code)
7. What FTDI(made by a Scottish company) (Future Technology Devices International) chip do (see on
arduino) – it support devices and their related software drivers to convert rs232 or TTL serial
transmissions to USB signals to provide support for legacy devices with modern computers. FTDI provides
ASIC (Application specific integrated circuit) design services
8. ICSP header (made by atmel manufacturers)(spi - miso, mosi, SCK, reset, VCC, GND) – In-circuit serial
programming
9. Boot loader in Arduino – it is a small program which runs when arduino is turned on or reset button is
pressed. Its main function is to wait for the Arduino software on pc to send a new program, then it writes
to the memory of Arduino.
10. Flash memory is where sketch is stored, SRAM (static random access memory) - where sketch is created
and manipulate the variables when program runs, EEPROM (electrically erasable and programmable read
only memory) – is a space used by programmers to store long term information also which is not lost
when board power is shut off.
11. Crystal oscillator gives clock cycle to microcontroller ATMEGA 328, it generates square wave signal used
to determine the time for each T state, it takes 1/16 th of a second to run 1 T state.
12. Memory and input /output operations require time to take place called as machine cycle. Each machine
cycle has 3 to 6 clock periods/ cycles called as T-states
13. Voltage drop of LED – forward voltage drop is 1.8 to 3.3 v, for red LED – 1.8V, for blue LED – 3.3V ( since
voltage drop increases with the increase in frequency and band gap)
14. #define age 10 = “ #define is a pre-processor directive used to define Macros, Macro is a block of code
which is given a name and wherever that name comes in the code, it is replaced by the value given to that
name”
15. Const int i=10; - “ the value with const keyword is fixed and cannot be changed, it need to be declared and
initialized at the same time, it can be used to substitute in other variables ”
Eg:- const int i = 10;
int j = i + 10; // this will work fine
i++; // this will give a compile time error

Eg:- constant pointer:-

Int x = 10;
int * const i = &x; // the constant pointer i will always point towards the position of x, pointer is
constant(address in pointer remains constant) but the value of x can be changed
16. Can an electrical bulb be dimmed? - Yes, as in LED it is done using PWM pulse which varies the current
value. In case of electrical bulb its dimming can be controlled using IC’s which adds or subtract the
resistors in parallel to the bulb so that voltage remains constant and current can be increased and
decreased. This is done using IC’s.
17. LM7805 - 5V, LM7809 - 9V, LM7812 - 12V [output DC voltage] - In order to get x = 5,9, 12V at output of
regulator, the input must be at least (x+2) V
18. LM7905 = - 5V, LM7909 = - 9V, LM7912 = - 12V [negative output DC voltage]
19.