PHYSICS PROJECT REPORT ON, TO PREPARE AN

EARTHQUAKE ALARM

Name: Hrishikesh Utge

Roll No.:
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Hrishikesh Utge, student of Class 12

C, has completed the research on the project on
“PREPARE AN EARTHQUAKE ALARM” during the year
2019-20 in the partial fulfillment of Physics Practical
Examination, Conducted by AISSCE, New Delhi.

INTERNAL EXAMINATION EXERNAL EXAMINATION

PRINCIPAL STAMP SCHOOL STAMP

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I Thanks Mrs. Nupur Ma’am for providing me an

opportunity to do this project, as well as giving me
support and guidance which made me complete the
project duly.
I would also like to Thanks My Principal, Mrs. Archana
Kshirsagar, My Parents and My Friends Too.
 INDEX
 Introduction
 Working
 Use
 History
 Experiment
 Procedure
 Conclusion
 Bibliogaphy
 INTRODUCTION
If you live in an area prone to earthquakes, this uncertainty
probably takes up at least a little space in the back of your mind.
With the dangers involved, it would probably relieve your worry if
there were a better way to know when your home was about to
violently shake. In fact, earthquake warning systems do exist,
used in both Japan and Mexico. They only provide a brief
warning, but even that is enough to save many people's lives.

The first idea for an earthquake warning system came in 1868

from a physician in San Francisco who wanted to set up an alarm
bell to warn the community. Over a century later, scientists are
still looking for an answer, studying magnetic fields, gas
seepage, computer simulated patterns and topographical
changes recorded by radar-mapping satellites. In 1975, Chinese
scientists predicted an earthquake hours before it happened
based on the small foreshock tremors that preceded it. But since
then, seismologists determined that foreshocks aren't actually a
reliable predictor.
 WORKING
It works by detecting an earthquake's initiation through P-wave
(primary wave) energy radiating from its center. These P-waves
move faster (6 km per second) than an earthquake's S-waves,
which generate the most damaging ground movements. The
farther you are from the center, the more advanced warning
you'll receive as the P-waves trigger alerts from various stations.
The ShakeAlert system in California uses three algorithms to
analyze seismic data and predict a quake's impact.

1. Onsite: This system sends an alert when one station

detects three seconds of P-wave vibrations, followed by a
separate detection at a second station. Its alerts are faster
than the other algorithms, but it also tends to send out false
alarms.
2. ElarmS: This alarm won't trigger unless four total
stations detect P-waves, but it only takes half a second of
vibration for it to activate.
3. Virtual Seismologist: Like OnSite, this algorithm triggers
after three seconds of P-waves. But it is slower than the
others because it also calculates factors like regional fault
hazards and station integrity.
4. Between these three algorithms, the ShakeAlert system
attempts to estimate the size and location of the
earthquake. A fourth algorithm called FinDer is also being
tested, measuring ground shaking against pre-calculated
values. Even though California Gov. Jerry Brown signed
legislation requiring the state to develop a statewide
 earthquake warning system, it still requires funding before
it's fully operational. Alerts aren't yet made public because
California still needs more seismic stations in place, as well
as an outreach program to educate citizens on how to act
on the information they'll receive via email, radio, television
and smartphone applications. Currently, only a select group
of researchers and organizations (Disneyland for instance)
receive warnings from ShakeAlert. To build a statewide
system will cost at least $80 million over five years, with an
additional $16 million a year if the system were to expand to
cover the entire West Coast of the United States.
5. By combining the P-wave detecting algorithms with Global
Positioning Systems (GPS), researchers think they can
significantly improve the accuracy of these earthquake
warnings. The inclusion of GPS data on the physical
displacement of the ground will help estimate how an
earthquake fluctuates as it travels hundreds of kilometers.
On their own, GPS measurements have too low of a sample
rate to accurately predict P-waves, but integrated with
seismic detection both sensors can locate earthquakes
more precisely.
6. Scientists also hope that additional GPS data will help
reduce what's known as "the blind zone," the area closest
to the quake's epicenter. In this zone, shaking occurs only a
second after P-waves are detected, giving no time for
warning. Regardless of how close nearby seismic stations
might be, a recent study indicates that the typical California
earthquake has a blind zone of 32 kilometers (19.88 miles).
7. So while we haven't quite caught up to the mysterious
earthquake sensing powers of the common toad, human
beings are making significant progress detecting these
lethal events. As we saw in Japan, even a few seconds can
 make a huge difference in the cost of property damaged and
the amount of lives lost.

USE
What is earthquake early warning?

 Earthquake early warning systems can provide a few to a few tens of

seconds warning prior to damaging ground shaking.
 Earthquake early warning systems are currently operational in Mexico,
Taiwan and Japan but not in the United States.

Why do we need earthquake early warning?

 Current earthquake mitigation strategies focus on long-term ground

shaking forecasts that can be used in building design and rapid post-
event notification used for emergency response.
 Early warning systems allow for short-term mitigation including slowing
and stopping of transportation systems, switching industrial and utility
systems to a safe mode, and taking personal protective measures.
 Early warning would reduce the number of casualties and the cost of
earthquakes in California.
How much warning?

 A few seconds to a few tens of seconds. The amount depends on how far from an earthquake you
are.
 A study of warning times for the city of San Francisco shows that it is likely that the city would
receive more than 20 sec for the most damaging earthquakes.
What is ElarmS?

ElarmS, or Earthquake Alarm Systems, can provide warning of ground shaking during
an earthquake. The objective is to rapidly detect the initiation of an earthquake, estimate
the level of ground shaking to be expected, and issue a warning before significant
ground shaking starts. This can be done by detecting the first energy to radiate from an
earthquake, the P-wave energy, which rarely causes and damage. Using the arrival
time of the P-wave at the surface and the frequency content, ElarmS estimates the
location and the magnitude of the earthquake. The anticipated ground shaking across
the affected region is then estimated using empirical attenuation relations. The
methodology can provide warning before the S-wave arrival which usually causes most
of the damage.

Why ElarmS?

Feasibility studies of the ElarmS methodology show that the amount of warning time
would range from a few seconds to a few tens of seconds depending on your distance
from the epicenter of the earthquake. This is enough time to slow and stop
transportation such as trains, taxiing planes and cars entering bridges and tunnels; to
move away from dangerous machines or chemicals at work, and take cover under a
desk; to automatically shut down and isolate industrial systems. Taking these actions
before shaking starts can reduce damage and casualties during an earthquake. It can
also prevent cascading failures in the aftermath of an event. For example, isolating
utilities before shaking can reduce the number of fire initiations.
 HISTORY OF EARTHQUAKE ALARM
 it was created nearly 2000 years ago, before people even understood what
an earthquake was.

Zhang Heng lived in China during the Han dynasty, and history remembers
him as a scholar in many fields. He dabbled in astronomy, mathematics,
science, engineering, cartography and poetry, among other fields of study and
artistic pursuits. He served as a government official for much of his adult life,
and was invited to the imperial court in his mid-30s by Emperor An in honor of
his skills as a mathematician.

He worked on calculating pi, mapped stars, and in tandem with his academic

career, was an inventor. He improved the accuracy of inflow clepsydra -- a
type of water clock that measures time by the flow of liquid -- and is credited
with creating the first water-powered armillary sphere (a dynamic model that
illustrates the movement of celestial objects). But Zhang Heng is most famed
for inventing the world's first seismoscope.
He introduced his device to the imperial court in the capital of Luoyang in AD
132, seven years before his death AD 139. While there are no surviving
physical remnants or illustrations of his seismoscope, historical descriptions
depict it as being a large bronze instrument, similar in shape to an urn or a
vase. Mounted on the outside of this were eight dragons, each with a bronze
ball clasped within its jaw. Directly underneath these mythical protrusions
were eight bronze toads, mouths agape to receive the balls if they fell.

Ancient texts are a little hazier on the inner-workings of the seismoscope. It's
generally believed, however, that inside the hollow body of the seismoscope
hung a pendulum, while lever mechanisms connected to each of the dragons
flanked this pendulum on all sides. The shockwaves of an earthquake would
cause the pendulum to swing, activating one of the mechanisms inside. The
corresponding dragon would gift its ball to the toad, informing the court that
not only had an earthquake occurred, but from which general direction the
tremors came. You see, each dragon and toad related to a compass point --
north, northwest, west, and so on -- so the government would know where to
send aid.
The 2000yr old earthquake detector

EXPERIMENT
AIM
To create an Earthquake alarm

MATERIAL REQUIRED
1. 2 X WOODEN SCALE (30CM).
2. BATTERY.
3. BUZZER.
4. SWITCH.
5. COPPER WIRES.
6. NUT.
7. 3 X CONNECTORS.
PICTURE OF ELARM

PROCEDURE
I. TAKE A SCALE AND CUT IT IN FOLLOWING MEASUREMENTS 2 X
PIECES (5CM EACH) , 2 X PIECES (10CM EACH).
II. TAKE A PIECE OF 10CM PART AND ATTACH 5CM SCALE ON IT SO
THAT IT MAKES ‘ F ’ ALPHABET.
III. TAKE A SMALL COPPER WIRE AND TIE A NUT ON IT, IT SHOULD
BE TIGHT SO THAT IT DOES NOT FALL WHILE SHAKING.
IV. NOW ATTACH HOOKS ON EACH SMALL SCALE PIECES OF SCALE
AS SHOWN IN ABOVE PICTURE .
V. NOW HUNG THE NUT TIED ON COPPER WIRE SUCH THAT IT
PASSES THROUGH THE HOOKS AND DOESN’T TOUCH THE BASE
SCALE.
 VI. NOW STICK A 10CM PIECE OF SCALE PERPENDICULAAR TO THE
BASE SCALE AND STICK A BUZZER ON IT.
VII. NOW USING CONNECTORS CONNECT +VE TERMINAL OF
BATTERY TO +VE TERMINAL OF BUZZER.
VIII. NOW TAKE ANOTHER CONNECTOR AND CONNECT –VE
TERMINAL OF BUZZER TO THE COPPER WIRE TIED TO NUT.
IX. NOW CONNECT –VE TERMINAL OF BATTER TO +VE TERMINAL OF
SWITCH.
X. NOW CONNECT ANOTHER CONNECTOR TO –VE TERMINAL OF
SWITCH TO LOWER HOOK ATTACHED TO 5CM SCALE.

CONCLUSION
You cannot stop earthquakes, but we can learn more, in hopes of discovering
ways to protect ourselves from them. There are a few ways we could help
prevent some damage of earthquakes in the future.However, An earthquake
detector can be a useful home safety device because it alerts you to a quake
some seconds before it happens. During an earthquake two kinds of waves
are emitted from the centre: a small wave and a dangerous wave. The small
wave is faster, so it is the first sign of the event if your house is located some
kilometers away from the centre.

An earthquake detector could also work in combination with other devices,

such as a gas valve.
This device consists of a highly sensitive lever which is hooked to a spring. A
weight is fixed at the end of the lever by an M8 screw. The lever should
resonate with a frequency of about 2 HZ. When the sensor shakes, an M3
screw fixed on the lever will touch the horizontal spring, and it will close a
delay-off circuit which drives a piezoelectric buzzer.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

 WWW.WIKIPEDIA.COM
 WWW.RESEARCHGATE.NET
 WWW.INSTRUCTABLES.IN
 https://makezine.com/projects/earthquake-detector/