76 TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD 1355

The composite modulus of an n-layer pavement system is

140
Depth In pavement 1 In. calculated with the following equation (1, Appendix PP).
2 In.

o~120
"']-100
4 ln.
E. = [~ ~ x 3 E;(l - µ~)] J
0

0
n-1 h, (1 - µn (1)

~ BO
For a three-layer system, (AC bound layer, non-AC bound
~ 60
layer, and subgrade), Equation 1 may be written as
,_~ 40

20 J E1 (1 - µ,2)
3 E1(1 - µ,; ) 1 Z e
O""""z::J...~-'-------'~-'-~.L---'-~-'---''----'-~-'---'-~-'----' - - -- +-
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 (1 - µT) x (1 - µ,D
Pa11ement Surface Temperature Plus 5-0ay Mean Air Temperature ( F)
0
Ee = (2)

FIGURE I Variation of pavement temperature with depth

and surface temperature plus 5-day mean air temperature
(1, Appendix L).
where
µ1 = Poisson's ratio of AC bound layer,
o"- µ2 =Poisson's ratio of non-AC bound layer ,
• 110
~ µ, = Poisson's ratio of the equivalent (or composite) layer,
.z 100
£ 1 = Young's modulus of AC bound layer,
!'.
~ 90 x = ratio of AC bound layer thickness to non-AC bound
E
~ 80 layer thickness (h/h 2 ), and
15 70 z = ratio of Young's modulus of the AC bound layer
E to Young's modulus of the non-AC bound layer
~ 60
0
CL 50 (E/£2).
c:
0
"
::E 40 Several functions have been developed to estimate the var-
30 '---'-~'---'-~.L..--L-~.W...-'-""-"'...._---'-'...._~..._.._~_,_, iation of the modulus of AC concrete with temperature. An
a.a a.2 a.4 a.6 a.a 1.a 1 .2 1.4 1.6 1 .s 2.a 2.2 2.4
Temperature Adjustment Factor
approximation taken from the Asphalt Institute (3) and rec-
ommended for correction of NDT results (4) is

(/~)'
Base Material Curve (Base Thicknesa)

Asphalt (Full Depth) A (All thicknesBes) LogE,,d = logEne1d + 0.028829?200 [ - (;)']

A:iphalt (Deep Strength) B (4" of granular .:iubba s e)'

Portla nd Cement Concrete

Granular (Non-Stabilized) C (6") ; D (12"); E (20") ; F (25")

+ 0.000005 vP:::, [(t 0 )'
0
- (t)']
Cement Treated Base
Sound
Cracked
D t4 • ) 1 E (0 '" )
C 14'") I D t 8 • )
0.00189 vP:::,
(1 0 ) '" (1)'
[ (fo) l.I - (j) LI
J
' It more than 4" of granular material present u~e "Granular (Non-Stabilized)"
base material category .

FIGURE 2 AASHTO recommended temperature adjustment

factors (J, Appendix L).
+ 0.931757 [(/~)" - (;),,] (3)

where
ALTERNATIVE TEMPERATURE
>-. = 0.17033,
CORRECTION METHOD
n = 0.02774,
t = test temperature (degrees Fahrenheit),
It is important to note that Figure 2 does not differentiate
f = loading frequency (hertz),
between pavements with different AC bound layer thick-
t = standard temperature,
0
nesses. For instance, if a pavement has 2 in. of AC concrete
over a 6 in. granular base or 8 in. of AC concrete over a 6
f = standard frequency,
0

Pac = percent AC by weight of the mix,

in. granular base, Curve Con Figure 2 is the recommended
£field = AC concrete modulus at the standard temperature
correction curve. To improve the AASHTO procedure an
and frequency,
adjustment factor was developed that estimates the change
r = 1.3 + 0.49825 log(/
0 0
),
in the overall pavement stiffness from the change in the AC
r = 1.3 + 0.49825 log(f), and
bound layer stiffness and the geometry of the pavement. To
P200 = percent aggregate passing the No. 200 sieve.
calculate this factor the average pavement temperature, the
ratio of AC bound layer thickness to non-AC bound thickness, Equation 3 may be simplified. A value of P.c = 5.7 percent
and the modular ratio of AC bound to non-AC bound layers was selected as typical (5). Typical FWD load duration is
are used. approximately 30 to 40 msec (6). Using the approximation