Submitted by

sp.vaishali
3rd B.SC (IT)
Mobile technology is the technology used for cellular
communication. Mobile code-division multiple access (CDMA)
technology has evolved rapidly over the past few years.
Since the start of this millennium, a standard mobile
device has gone from being no more than a simple two-
way pager to being a mobile phone, GPS navigation
device, an embedded web browser and instant
messaging client, and a handheld game console. Many
experts believe that the future of computer technology
rests in mobile computing with wireless networking.
Mobile computing by way of tablet computers are
becoming more popular. Tablets are available on
the 3G and 4G networks.
Mobile phone generations:
In the early 1980s, 1G was introduced as voice-only
communication via "brick phones".
Later in 1991, the development of 2G introduced Short
Message Service (SMS) and Multimedia Messaging
Service(MMS) capabilities, allowing picture messages to be
sent and received between phones.
In 1998, 3G was introduced to provide faster data-
transmission speeds to support video calling and internet
access.
4G was released in 2008 to support more demanding
services such as gaming services, HD mobile TV, video
conferencing, and 3D TV.
5G technology has been planned for the upcoming
future.
4G NETWORKING
 4G is the current mainstream wireless cellular service
offered to cell phone users, exhibiting performance
roughly 10 times faster than 3G service.

 One of the most important features in the 4G mobile

networks is the domination of high-
speed packet transmissions or burst traffic in the
channels.

 The same codes used in the 2G-3G networks are applied

to 4G mobile or wireless networks, the detection of very
short bursts will be a serious problem due to their very
poor partial correlation properties.

 Recent study has indicated that traditional multilayer

network architecture based on the Open Systems
Interconnection (OSI) model may not be well suited for 4G
mobile network, where transactions of short packets will
be the major part of the traffic in the channels.

As the packets from different mobiles carry completely different

channel characteristics, the receiver should execute all
necessary algorithms, such as channel estimation, interactions
with all upper layers and so on, within a very short period of
time.
Operating system:
Many types of mobile operating systems (OS) are available
for smartphones, including:

 Android,

 BlackBerry OS,

 webOS,

 iOS,

 Symbian,

Windows Mobile Professional (touch screen), Windows Mobile

Standard (non-touch screen), and Bada.

The most popular are the Apple iPhone, and the newest:
Android. Android, a mobile OS developed by Google, is the first
completely open-source mobile OS, meaning that it is free to
any cell phone mobile network.

Since 2008 customizable OSs allow the user to

download apps like games, GPS, utilities, and other tools.

Users can also create their own apps and publish them, e.g. to
Apple's App Store.

The Palm Preusing webOS has functionality over

the Internet and can support Internet-based programming
languages such as,

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS),

  HTML,

 JavaScript.

The Research In Motion (RIM) BlackBerry is a smartphone with

a multimedia player and third-party software installation.

The Windows Mobile Professional Smartphones (Pocket PC or

Windows Mobile PDA) are like personal digital assistants (PDA)
and have touchscreen abilities.

The Windows Mobile Standard does not have a touch screen

but uses a trackball, touchpad, or rockers.
Channel Hogging And File Sharing:

 There will be a hit to file sharing, the normal web surfer

would want to look at a new web page every minute or so
at 100 kbs a page loads quickly.

 Because of the changes to the security of wireless

networks users will be unable to do huge file transfers
because service providers want to reduce channel use.

 AT&T claimed that they would ban any of their users that
they caught using peer-to-peer (P2P) file
sharing applications on their 3G network.

 It then became apparent that it would keep any of their

users from using their iTunes programs.

 The users would then be forced to find a Wi-Fi hotspot to

be able to download files.

 The limits of wireless networking will not be cured by 4G,

as there are too many fundamental differences between
wireless networking and other means of Internet access.

 If wireless vendors do not realize these differences

and bandwidth limits, future wireless customers will find
themselves disappointed and the market may suffer
setbacks.
Impacts On The Modern Family:

 Increasing mobile technology use has changed how the

modern family interacts with one another through
technology.

 With the rise of mobile devices, families are becoming

increasingly "on-the-move",and spend less time in
physical contact with one another.

 However, this trend does not mean that families are no

longer interacting with each other, but rather have evolved
into a more digitized variant.

 A study has shown that the modern family actually learns

better with usage of mobile media, and children are more
willing to cooperate with their parents via a digital medium
than a more direct approach.

 For example, family members can share information from

articles or online videos via mobile devices and thus stay
connected with one another during a busy day.

 This trend is not without controversy, however.

 Many parents of elementary school-age children express

concern and sometimes disapproval of heavy mobile
technology use.
 Parents may feel that excessive usage of such
technologies distracts children from "un-plugged" bonding
experiences, and many express safety concerns about
children using mobile media.

 While parents may have many concerns are, they are not
necessarily anti-technology.

 In fact, many parents express approval of mobile

technology usage if their children can learn something
from the session.

 for example, through art or music tutorials on YouTube.

The Future Of Smartphones:

 The next generation of smartphones will be context-

aware, taking advantage of the growing availability of
embedded physical sensors and data exchange abilities.

 One of the main features applying to this is that phones

will start keeping track of users' personal data, and adapt
to anticipate the information will need.

 All-new applications will come out with the new phones,

one of which is an X-ray device that reveals information
about any location at which the phone is pointed.

 Companies are developing software to take advantage of

more accurate location-sensing data. This has been
described as making the phone a virtual mouse able to
click the real world.

 An example would be pointing the phone's camera at a

building while having the live feed open, and the phone
will show text with the image of the building, and save its
location for use in the future.

 Omnitouch is a device via which apps can be viewed and

used on a hand, arm, wall, desk, or any other everyday
surface.
  The device uses a sensor touch interface, which enables
the user to access all the functions through the use of the
touch of a finger.

 It was developed at Carnegie Mellon University.

 This device uses a projector and camera worn on the

user's shoulder, with no controls other than the user's
fingers.

Many people use mobile phones but do not know about the technology variances.

In India, many mobile phones runs based

on GSM and CDMA networks only.

Now-a-days 4G is extremely growing in India which runs mainly

based on LTE Network.

So here there is a over view about the important and widely used
mobile network technologies in India and across the World.
 GSM:
 GSM – Global System for Mobile communication is the
popular mobile network which is used in maximum parts of
the World.
 It is developed by The European Telecommunications
Standards Institute and is used by 2 Billion People
(approx.) around the World.
 It is under 2G mobile network connectivity and
mainly depends on 900 MHz and 1900 MHz network bands.
 It also supports 3G Technology across World.
 Some of the GSM network providers in India are Airtel,
Idea, Vodafone, Tata Docomo and BSNL etc.

Some of the Features/Advantages of

GSM Network are

 Voice Calls
 Call Forwarding
 Call Barring
 Call waiting
 SMS – Short Message Service
 Voice Conference
CDMA:
 CDMA – Code Division Multiple Access is a 3G wireless
technology, which competes with GSM network and it is
also used in different parts of world.
 Mostly CDMA Network is used in U.S, Canada, New
Zealand, China, India and many. CDMA Network is the
competitor for GSM Network in India and it depends on 450
MHz, 800 MHz and 1900 MHz network bands.
 Some of the CDMA network providers in India are Tata
Docomo CDMA (Previously called as Tata Indicom),
Reliance CDMA and BSNL etc.

Some of the key Features/Advantages of CDMA Network :

Along with GSM features, it provides

 Good Signal quality

 Voice Clarity
 Minimizes signal break up
 More reliable Network
LTE:
 LTE - Long Term Evolution is a 4G Technology developed for GSM Network.
 It is the first 4G Technology used in mobile phones across world and was
proposed by NTT DoCoMo.
 It is a high speed data transferor for mobile phones with 299.6 Mbps (Megabits
per Second) download speed and 75.4 Mbps up load speed.
 It depends on 700 MHz, 750 MHz, 800 MHz, 850 MHz, 1800 MHz, 1900 MHz, 2100
MHz, 2600 MHz frequency bands.

HSDPA/HSPA :
 HSDPA - High Speed Downlink Packet Access is an
advanced technology to 3G Technology i.e., 3.5
Technology.
 It supports a speed of 7.2 Mbps (Megabits per Second)
but its actual speed is 3 Mbps only.
 It supports to load larger files, Mobile TV Streaming and
Road Maps etc.
HSUPA:

 HSUPA – High Speed Uplink Packet Access is another

technology besides of HSDPA. It is created by Nokia and
supports a speed of 5.76 Mbps (Megabits per Second).
 HSDPA and HSUPA together called as HSPA.

UMTS:
 UMTS – Universal Mobile Telecommunications System is
also a 3G Technology i.e., 3rd Generation Technology
which is commonly called as WCDMA (Wideband CDMA).
 It provides faster data transfer rates at 42 Mbps(Megabits
per second).

EV-DO:
 EV-DO – Evolution Data-Only. It mainly runs on CDMA
Networks for 3G
 It supports a speed of 2.4 Mbps (Megabits per Second)
but its actual speed is 450 Kbps (Kilobits per Second).
 Advantages of mobile technology:
Benefits of using mobile technology for business can manifest in:

 higher efficiency and productivity of staff

 the quality and flexibility of service you offer your customers
 the ability to accept payments wirelessly
 increased ability to communicate in and out of the workplace
 greater access to modern apps and services
 improved networking capabilities
Mobile devices can link you directly into the office network while working
off site. For example, you could remotely:

 set up a new customer's account

 access existing customer records
 check prices and stock availability
 place an order online
Rapid developments in cloud technologies are boosting the use of
mobile devices in business, supporting more flexible working practices
and accessing services over the internet. For more information,
see cloud computing.
 Disadvantages of mobile technology:

Main disadvantages that come with the use of mobile technology in business
include:

 Costs - new technologies and devices are often costly to purchase and
require ongoing maintenance and upkeep.
 Workplace distractions - as the range of technologies and devices
increases, so does the potential for them to disrupt productivity and
workflow in the business.
 Additional training needs - staff may need instructions and training on
how to use new technology.
 Increased IT security needs - portable devices are vulnerable to security
risks, especially if they contain sensitive or critical business data.

If you are using mobile devices for business,

you should take proper precautions to ensure
that the devices, and the data they can access,
remain safe. See more on cyber security for
business and securing your wireless systems.