ADAMSON UNIVERSITY

College of Engineering

Mechanical Engineering Department

ME LABORATORY 3

Measurement of Steam

Experiment #2

Group # 6

Consebido, John Benedict V.

De Guzman, Mark Ezekiel B.

Pocong, Nick Arvin O.

Robis. Hans Murry R.

Submitted to:

Engr. Basil Aloysius P. Bautista

September __, 2019

 I. OBJECTIVES

1. To determine the type and vapour quality of the steam generated by the boiler.

II. LEARNING OUTCOME (LO):

The students shall be able to:

a. Understand the concept being used at the boiler unit

b. Collect the required data such as the pressure and temperatures.
c. Solve and interpret the results using scientific principle and formulas.
d. Develop professional work ethics, including precision, neatness, safety and
ability to follow instruction.

III. DISCUSSION

When boiler heats up the compressed fluid, it generates steam to be used in

turbine. Steam is a gas formed when the fluid heats and boils. It composed of vaporized
content of the fluid. Water and its steam are the most common medium used in
conventional thermal power plants, since its properties are well-known and recorded in
“Steam Tables”.

Figure 2.1 Water – Boiler – Steam Flow Diagram

Steam Tables consist of key properties such as temperature, pressure, enthalpy,

entropy density, specific volume and others that are tabulated along the vapour-liquid
saturation curve as a function of temperature and pressure.
 Figure 2.2 Example of Steam Table

VAPOR QUALITY – DRYNESS FRACTION, (x)

Vapor Quality – Dryness Fraction, (x) is the mass fraction of the vapor in a
liquid-vapor region.

Equation 2.1 Vapor Quality in terms of mass.

mvapor
( x)= ; m=mass
mliquid +mvapor

Equation 2.2 Vapor Quality in terms of enthalpy

h=( x ) h fg + hf ; h=enthalpy

TYPES OF STEAM

Dry Steam

Also called, Saturated Steam. It is characterized by having vapor quality (x) = 1

which refers to single-phase saturated vapor state. It contains 100% Latent Heat.

Wet Steam

It is characterized by having vapor quality (x) = 0 < (x) < 1 which refers to a
mixture of vapor and liquid state.
Superheated Steam

If saturated/dry steam is entirely at vapor state that exists at its boiling

temperature and on saturated line, then further heating it up (latent heating from gas to
gas) above the saturated line becomes Superheated Steam.

IV. PROCEDURES

Instructors are recommended to show how to operate the boiler to ensure safety.

1. Record the temperature of the steam emitted by the boiler through a steam
exhaust valve using a temperature sensor.

Figure 2.3: Temperature at the Boiler

2. Record the temperature of the steam and its pressure emitted by the moisture
separator that goes through to the pipes and to the turbine.
Figure 2.4: Temperature and pressure at the Moisture Separator
 V. DATA AND RESULTS

Table 1.1 Data Gathered at the Boiler

Temperature of Steam at the Boiler 116 Degree Celsius

Enthalpy of Fluid 486.72 kj/kg
Enthalpy of Fluid when evaporating 2213.7 kj/kg

Table 1.2 Data Gathered at the Moisture Separator

Temperature of Steam at the Separator 104 Degree Celsius

Pressure (P) of Steam at the Separator 4.9 bar = 0.49 MPa
Enthalpy of Steam 2631.19 kj/kg

Using Equation 2.2 Vapor Quality in terms of enthalpy

Vapor Quality, (x) = 0.968727 or 96.87%

VI. COMPUTATIONS

Using Equation 2.2 Vapor Quality in terms of enthalpy

h=( x ) h fg + hf ; h=enthalpy

At Table 1 of Steam Tables

Parameters: Temperature = 116 Degree Celsius

(Temperature of Steam at the Boiler = Temperature in which the fluid is heated up)

kj
h f =Enthalpy of Fluid=486.72
kg

kj
h fg=Enthalpy of Fluid when Evaporating=2213.7
kg

At table 3 of Steam Tables

Parameters:

Temperature of Steam at the Separator = 104 Degree Celsius

Pressure (P) of Steam at the Separator = 4.9 bar = 0.49 MPa

(Temperature of Steam at the Moisture Separator = Temperature of the Steam flowing to
the Turbine)

Using Interpolation,

Temperature Enthalpy at 0.48 MPa

100 Degree Celsius 2622.0 kj/kg
104 Degree Celsius h @ 104 Degree Celsius
105 Degree Celsius 2635.4 kj/kg

h @ 104 Degree Celsius = 2632.72 kj/kg

Using Interpolation,

Temperature Enthalpy at 0.5 MPa

100 Degree Celsius 2618.7 kj/kg
104 Degree Celsius h @ 104 Degree Celsius
105 Degree Celsius 2632.4 kj/kg

h @ 104 Degree Celsius = 2629.66 kj/kg

Solving for h @ 104 Degree Celsius and 0.49 MPa

2632.72+2629.66 kj
h= =2631.19
2 kg

Substituting to Equation 2.2,

kj kj kj
2631.19
kg (
=( x ) 2213.7 )(
kg
+ 486.72
kg )
Vapor Quality , x=0.968727∨96.87 %
VII. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

The students measured the vapour quality of the steam that was received by the
turbine. The required data were the temperature of steam that the boiler exhaust, the
temperature and the pressure of the steam at the moisture separator. It is recorded 116
Degree Celsius, 104 Degree Celsius and 4.9 bar, respectively. The fluid used was the
common medium, water.

Since the 116 Degree Celsius was recorded at the boiler, which refers that the water
was boiled and heated up to 116 Degree Celsius. At table 1 of the steam table, the
enthalpy of the water at its 100% liquid state (h g) at 116 Degree Celsius was 486.72
kj/kg. Also at the same parameter, enthalpy of the evaporating water (h fg) was 2213.7
kj/kg.

Then the steam flows through the pipes and before reaching the turbine, it flows
through a moisture separator which separates the water droplets from the steam. Droplets
of water reduced the thermal efficiency of the process and commonly the cause of erosion
of the turbine blades. The moisture separator exhaust was opened to determine the
temperature of the steam flowing and its pressure. The 104 Degree Celsius refers to the
steam temperature flowing to the turbine or the saturated temperature while 4.9 bar was
the steam’s pressure. At table 3 of the steam table, the enthalpy of the water given the
saturated temperature and pressure parameters was interpolated and computed was
2631.19 kj/kg. The student used the equation in terms of enthalpy which resulted to a
vapor quality (x) of 0.968727 or 96.87%

VIII. CONCLUSION

The students therefore conclude that the vapor quality or dryness fraction of the steam
generated by the boiler which is 96.87% is high enough to safely flow to the turbine. The
low % error from 100% dryness will only affect the thermal efficiency very low. Since
the 96.87% is above 0% and below 100%, the students conclude that it is a wet steam.