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Carty (Adobe) (Killerin Reolojisi) 2
Carty (Adobe) (Killerin Reolojisi) 2
Suspensions
Quartz
confirm
Kaolinite
mineralogy
Relative Intensity
Quartz
Montmorillonite
Mica
Ball Clay
D. M. Moore & R. C.
Reynolds, X-Ray Kaolin
Diffraction and the
Identification and
Analysis of Clay English Kaolin
Minerals, 2nd Ed., 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Oxford University
Press. 2θ
Morphology & Charge Distribution
Silica-like
basal plane
Isoelectric Points (IEP)
2L
8Alumina: 8.5-10.4
8Silica: 2.0-3.5
h
8Kaolinite: 3.0-5.0
Edge Alumina-like
basal plane
"Silica-like" surface
-
- - - - - - - - - - - - -+
+ Edge
-
- (neutral?)
+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
"Alumina-like" surface
Well-Crystallized Georgia Kaolin
2L
h
h=0.10(2L)
Surface Area of a Hexagonal Platelet
Total area
3 3 2
A tot = A edge + 2A basal = 6hL + 2 (L )
2
A edge 12x h
f edge = = Where: x =
A tot 12 x + 3 3 2L
0.8
Edge Area:Total Surface Area
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
10-2 10-1 100
Aspect Ratio (h/2L)
Particle Dimensions: 2L
50% Edge & 50%
Basal Surfaces h
h=0.10(2L)
h=0.433(2L)
Basal-Plane Surface Area Ratios
0.6
One Basal Plane Surface Area/
0.5
Total Surface Area
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
10-2 10-1 100
Aspect Ratio (h/2L)
Results of SEM Measurements
fbasal 41%
Viscosity of Na-PAA on Kaolin and Alumina
(Corrected for SSA & pH)
Apparent Viscosity (1.0s-1; Pa·s)
101
Kaolin
100
Alumina
pH=8.5
10-1
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Dispersant Level (mg/m2)
Adsorption of Na-PAA
Na-PAA added (mg/m ) 0.4
pH=9.0
2
100% Adsorption
0.3
0.2
Al2O3
0.1
Kaolin
0.0 SiO2
0.4 Al2O3
0.2
Kaolin
0.0 SiO2
101
Na2CO3
PMAA
100
PAA
10-1
Na2SiO3 Na-HMP
10-2
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
2
Concentration of Dispersant (mg/m )
ζ-Potential Measurements
• Acoustophoretic Mobility on kaolin
suspensions (not the porcelain batch).
• 5 v/o suspensions
• pH not adjusted, only measured as a
function of dispersant addition.
ζ-potential 0
versus pH -10
-20
-40
Na-Ash
-50
-60 Na-PAA
-70
5 6 7 8 9 10
pH
0
ζ-potential B.
-10
versus
[dispersant] -20
-40 Na-Silicate
-50
Na-Ash
-60 Na-PAA
-70
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
2
Dispersant Concentration (mg/m )
1:1 versus 2:1 Sheet Silicates
• Seven commercial clays
Veegum T (90.26 m2/g) 3.0 v/o
VanGel (49.33 m2/g) 4.5 v/o
Wyoming Bentonite (31.74 m2/g) 4.5 v/o
Bentolite L (95.85 m2/g) 25 v/o
101 Ball Clay (15.61 m2/g) 26 v/o
401 Ball Clay (14.68 m2/g) 26 v/o
Marshall (24.01 m2/g) 26 v/o
• Effect of clay concentration
Target Viscosity at 1.0 s-1: 100 Pa·s
• Effect of dispersants
Na-PAA and Na-HMP
VeeGum T (Mg-Montmorillonite?)
Normalized Apparent Viscosity 101
Na+- PAA
100 Na-HMP
10-1
10-2
10-3
2
Specific Surface Area: 90.26 m /g
Solids Loading: ~ 3 vol.%
10-4
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Dispersant Level (mg/m2)
Montmorillonite and Bentonite
Normalized Apparent Viscosity 101
100
10-1
10-2
Veegum T
10-3 Van Gel B
Wyoming Bentonite
10-4
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Na+- Poly Acrylic Acid (mg/m2)
Bentonite (Bentolite L)
103
Normalized Apparent Viscosity
Specific Surface Area: 95.85 m2/g
Na+- PAA Solids Loading: ~ 25 vol.%
Na-HMP
102
101
100
10-1
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Dispersant (mg/m 2)
Kaolin-Illite Mixtures (Indiana ball clays)
Normalized Apparent Viscosity 101
101 Clay
100 401 Clay
Marshall
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-4
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
101 Clay
100 401 Clay
Marshall
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-4
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
-1
2
0.02 mg/m
2
0.05 mg/m
103
102
Kaolin: 29.0 wt.%
Ball Clay: 7.0 wt.%
Quartz: 29.5 wt.%
Alumina: 12.5 wt.%
Neph. Syen.: 22.0 wt.%
101
10-2 10 -1 100 101 102 103
CATION CONCENTRATION (mMol/L)
Cation 105
Suspension: 30 vol% (distilled water)
Dispersion Level: 0.05 mg/m2
affects
only 104
-1
CaSO4
103
CaCl2
CaSO4 102
Kaolin: 29.0 wt.%
Ball Clay: 7.0 wt.%
Quartz: 29.5 wt.%
Alumina: 12.5 wt.%
Neph. Syen.: 22.0 wt.%
101
10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103
CATION CONCENTRATION (mMol/L)
Divalent 105
Suspension: 30 vol% (distilled water)
2
-1
MgCl2
CaCl2
103
102
Kaolin: 29.0 wt.%
Ball Clay: 7.0 wt.%
Quartz: 29.5 wt.%
Alumina: 12.5 wt.%
Neph. Syen.: 22.0 wt.%
101
10 -2 10-1 100 101 10 2 103
CATION CONCENTRATION (mMol/L)
Coagulation occurs at a specific
double-layer thickness
(no significant specific adsorption of cations)
102
(via Debye-Hückel)
10-2
10-1 100 101 102
Double-Layer Thickness (nm)
Summary and Conclusions
§ Kaolinite has oppositely charged basal
planes + neutral/positive edges.
§ Kaolin/Typical Porcelain Suspension
Anion species responsible for dispersion.
Na+, Ca+2, & Mg+2 cause coagulation.