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International Journals of Advanced Research in
Computer Science and Software Engineering Research Article April

ISSN: 2277-128X (Volume-8, Issue-4) a 2018
Special Issue: National Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering 2018

Conference Held at Sri Venkatesa Perumal College of Engineering & Technology, Puttur, A.P., India
Study on High Strength Fiber Reinforced Concrete with Silica

Fume and Metakaolin as a Partial Replacement of Cement
M. Bhupal1 A.Roopa2 K. Naveen Kumar3
PG Scholar Associate Professor Assistant Professor
Department of CIVIL Department of CIVIL Department of CIVIL
SHREE Institute of Technical SHREE Institute of Technical SVPCET, Puttur, A.P.-517583
Education, Tirupati, A.P.-517501 Education, Tirupati, A.P.-517501
1 2 3
bhupal106@gmail.com anthatiroopa@gmail.com naveennvn126@gmail.com
Abstract: While plain concrete has poor tensile strength, low resistant to tensile cracking, low ductility, so its capacity
to absorb energy is limited. Internal micro cracks are inherently present in concrete and its poor tensile strength is
due to propagation of such micro cracks. Fiber when added certain percentage in the concrete improve the strain
properties well as crack resistance, ductility, as flexure strength and toughness. Mainly the studies and research in
fiber reinforced concrete has been devoted to steel fibers. In recent times, glass fiber have also become available,
which are free from corrosion problem associated with steel fibers. in the present experimental investigation, high
strength concrete of M60 is tried using Condensed silica fume (CSF) and Metakaolin (MK) as partial replacement by
weight of cement. Glass fibres having aspect ratio of 857 are also used at 2% as total volume of concrete and the
properties of this FRC(fibre reinforced concrete) like compressive strength, flexure strength, split tensile strength and
workability were studied.
Keywords: Silica fume, glass fiber, Metakaolin, Pozzolanic material, Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS),
Fly ash, Rice husk ash.
I. INTRODUCTION
Concrete is one of the most extensively used construction materials in the world, with two billion tons placed
worldwide each year. In its production and use, no poisonous substances are emitted. The found in abundant all over the
world. The only ecological disadvantage of concrete is the emission of carbon-di-oxide (Co2) gas during production of
cement clinker, have brought about pressure to reduce the cement consumption through the use of supplementary
materials and storage devices that are connected to the mains at a single Point of Common Coupling (PCC). The EMS is
maximizing the revenues according to DG bids and electricity market price. Once the power architecture and the
predefined objectives are known, the EMS design can be undertaken by applying different methods. In this regard, there
Pozzolans can be of natural or industrial origin. Natural pozzolans include volcanic ash and diatomaceous earth.
Artificial pozzolans include Fly ash (FA), Silica fumes (SF), Metakaolin (MK), Ground granulated blast furnace slag
(GGBS), Rice husk ash (RHA). Silica fume is harvested from the effluent gases produced in the manufacture of silicon
metal and alloys. Metakaolin is thermally activated ordinary clay and Kaolinitic clay, which is water processed to remove
the impurities to make 100% reactive pozzolan. The supplementary cementing pozzolanic materials such as Metakaolin,
Silica fume Fly ash and Ground granulated blast furnace slag, etc. can generate additional quantities of Portland cement
Silica fume
Silica fume (SF) is a very efficient pozzolanic material, and it is also called by various names as Silica dust,
Condensed Silica fume, Micro Silica and Fumed Silica. The use of SF in concrete should not be indiscriminate, but
should be limited to specialized applications that can take full advantage of its unique properties. Silica fume was only a
waste product a few years ago. Now the price of fume varies from half to twice the price of normal Portland cement.
However in the production of high strength concrete one can take full advantage and can be effective replacement.
Condensed Silica fume
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Bhupal et al., International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering 8(4)
ISSN(E): 2277-128X, ISBN: 978-93-87396-07-4, pp. 360-366
Nomenclature of Silica fume
Electric arc furnaces used in the manufacture of Ferrosilicon or Silicon metal release Silica fume (SF) as a by-
product. The fume which has a high content of very fine spherical particles of silicon-di-oxide (SiO2) is collected by
filtering the gases escaping from the furnaces. Like Fly ash, development of SF as cementatious material was spurred by
a devise to find a use for an industrial waste product.
Production of Silica fume

Silicon, Ferrosilicon and other silicon alloys are produced in electric furnaces of submerged-arc type, where quartz
is reduced by carbon at very high temperature. Therefore the plans are generally located in the areas where inexpensive
hydroelectric power is readily available. The chemical reactions occurring in the furnace are complex, but one of the
reactions involve the formation of SiO2 vapour, which oxidize and condense in the form of very tiny spheres of non-
crystalline silica.
Functions of Silica fume in Portland cement concrete

There are of two fold, both physical and chemical in nature. The three major physical attributes for Silica fume are:
 Since the Silica fume (SF) particles are much, much smaller than cement particles with a surface area in the
neighborhood of about, 20,000 m2/Kg, they can “pack” between the cement particles and provide a finer pore
structure.
 In the early stages of hydration, SF can help to accelerate the hydration process, because its tiny particles
provide nucleation sites for hydration, much the same way micro fine dust particles, or cloud seeding, induce
formation of rain droplets.
 In the nucleation process, SF particles provides a site on which material in solution can “nucleate” or “centre”
which helps the material precipitate sooner.
Methods of using Silica fume in concrete

Condensed Silica fume can be incorporated in to concrete in two different ways:
 It can be blended or grinded with the Portland cement i.e., as a partial replacement for cement.
 It can be used as a mineral admixture at the concrete batching plant.
Silica fume as a mineral admixture

Silica fume (SF) can be used as a mineral admixture in cement. The percentage may vary from 0%-30%. Though
this does not change the weight of the cementatious materials, there is an increase in the water demand because of the
extreme fineness of SF. In order to maintain the same water- (Cement + SF) ratios, super plasticizers are used to maintain
the required slump. This approach also results in an increase in compressive strength at the age of 3 days and thereafter.
Metakaolin
Metakaolin is unique in that it is not the by-product of an industrial process nor it is entirely natural. it is derived
from a naturally occurring mineral and is manufactured specifically for cementing applications. Unlike by products
Pozzolanic, which can variable composition, MK is produced under carefully controlled conditions to refine its colour,
remove its inert materials, and tailor particle size.
Metakaolin is obtained by calcinations of pure or refined kaolinitic clay at a temperature between 6500C and
8500C followed by grinding to achieve a fineness of 700 to 900m2/kg. The resulting material has high pozzolanic.
Metakaolin is manufactured from pure raw material to strict quality standards
Properties of Metakaolin
Metakaolin grades of claimed clay are reactive aluminium silicate pozzolanic formed by claiming very pure
hydrous china clay. Chemically Metakaolin combines with calcium silicate and calcium processed to remove uncreative
impurities producing almost 100% reactive material. The particle size of Metakaolin is significantly smaller than cement
particles. IS: 456-2000 recommends use of Metakaolin as mineral admixture.
Applications
The Metakaolin mixed concrete is finding place in the following applications from technical considerations.

In combination with other chemical admixtures and steel fibres, it is suitable for repair works.
ISSN(E): 2277-128X, ISBN: 978-93-87396-07-4, pp. 360-366

The low permeability and absorption of the Metakaolin mixed cement concrete as well as it enhanced resistance
to deterioration in a variety of chemically aggressive environments, found a gainful use in shotcrete applications
in chemical, mining, paper and pulp industries.

In the manufacture of concrete pipes, Metakaolin addition has shown to increase the external load bearing
capacity of the pipes and increased resistance against chemical attack.
Glass fibers
The glass fibers used are Cem-FIL Anti-Crack HD with modulus of elasticity 72 GPA, Filament diameter 14
microns, and specific gravity 2.68, length 12 mm. (Properties obtained through the manufacturer)
Different forms of glass fibers are:
 Mono filament form
 Mesh form.
 Bunchy form
 Urdee form
Fiber reinforced concrete

Fiber reinforced concrete when compared with traditional reinforced concrete is rather a new engineering material.
Natural fiber reinforced concrete has created deal of worldwide interest. The mass made fibers have gained greater
ground on account of the experience gained with them and their proven long-term durability.“Fiber reinforced concrete is
a concrete composed of normal setting hydraulic cement, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates and discontinuous discrete
fibers with different lengths and different gauges as parameters.”
Chemical Admixture
Good concrete should be sufficiently workable in its fresh state and adequately strong in its hardened state. But
workability and strength are usually not achieved simultaneously by more manipulation of water cement ratio. What an
attractive proposition is concrete which can be placed easily and rapidly into awkwardly shaped from work containing a
seemingly impregnable mass of reinforcement.
Category A: Sulphonated Melamine Formaldehyde condensates (SMF). Category B: Sulphonated

Naphthalene Formaldehyde condensates (SNF). Category C: Modified Ligno Sulphonates (MLS).
Category D: Other super plasticizer such as sulphonic acids or carbohydrates esters. Mentioned super plasticizing
admixtures is basically a marked dispersion
II. PROBLEM DEFINITION, OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY

Problem Context
The raw materials needed for the manufacture of Portland cement (PC) are available in most parts of the world,
and the energy requirements for its production may be considered to be relatively modest. Nevertheless the use of
alternative binders or cement replacement materials has become a necessity for the construction industry because of the
economic, environmental and technological benefits derived from their use. Furthermore recent years have seen

ISSN(E): 2277-128X, ISBN: 978-93-87396-07-4, pp. 360-366
increased concerns regarding the depletion of raw materials, energy demands and the consequent environmental damage.
When used as a partial cement replacement material, typically in the range of 20 to 40% by mass, the energy and cost
savings are substantial. From an environmental point of view mineral admixtures are playing an undisputed role. They
are responsible for substantial “environmental unloading” because their disposal can be hazardous to the environment
and higher utilization of them can result in reduction of greenhouse gas emissions attributed to the cement industry.
Objectives
1. To study the slump property of concrete.
2. To study the strength properties such as compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength of M 60
grade of concrete while replacing Silica fume as a partial replacement at 5%, 10% and 15% by weight of cement.
grade of concrete while replacing Silica fume as a partial replacement at 5%, 10% and 15% by weight of cement
with addition of glass fibres at 2% by volume of concrete.
grade of concrete while replacing Metakaolin as a partial replacement at 5%, 10% and 15% by weight of cement.
grade of concrete while replacing Metakaolin as a partial replacement at 5%, 10% and 15% by weight of cement
along with addition of glass fibres at 2% by volume of concrete.
III. METHODOLOGY
Recognizing in need for utilization of Silica fume and Metakaolin in concrete, the present investigation is taken
up with an aim to establish or to understand the behaviour of Silica fume and Metakaolin cement concrete when it is
reinforced by glass fibre. Thus the work study is laboratory oriented.
1. The materials have been collected from a specific location and properties have been studied.
2. Using these properties, mix design is carried out with suitable w/c ratio of M 60 grade concrete.
3. Required slump is obtained experimentally by slump cone test.
4. Concrete cubes were casted to study the compressive strength of concrete. Then the cubes were tested in
compression testing machine.
5. The compressive strength of the concrete will be determined by using 150 mm concrete cube specimens. The
specimens will be tested at 3, 7, 14 and 28 days age, in 200 tons capacity hydraulic type compression-testing
machine. The cube compressive strength will be obtained by considering the average of three specimens at each age.
6. Then the beams were tested in single point loading, and deflections under the load points will be recorded.
7. Using these test results suitable graphs are plotted.
8. Conclusions are drawn based on test results.
The following different combinations of cubes are casted for conduction of Compression test:
 Twelve cubes of conventional concrete mix M60.
 The next set of twelve cubes consists of M60 with 2% of Glass fibre concrete.
 The next twelve cubes continue to be M60 with cement replaced by 5% of Silica fume.
 The next twelve cubes continue to be M60 with cement replaced by 5% of Silica fume and 2% of Glass fibre.
 The next twelve cubes continue to be M60 with cement replaced by 5% of Metakaolin.
 The next twelve cubes continue to be M60 with cement replaced by 5% of Metakaolin and 2% of Glass fibre.
The following different combinations of cylinders are casted for conduction of Split Tensile test:
 Six cylinders of conventional concrete mix M60.
 The next set of six cylinders consists of M60 with 2% of Glass fibre. Concrete.
 The next six cylinders continue to be M60 with cement replaced by 5% of Silica fume.
 The next six cylinders continue to be M60 with cement replaced by 5% of Silica fume and 2% of Glass fibre.
 The next six cylinders continue to be M60 with cement replaced by 5% of Metakaolin.
 The next six cylinders continue to be M60 with cement replaced by 5% of Metakaolin and 2% of Glass fibre.
 The next six cylinders continue to be M60 with cement replaced by 10% of Metakaolin and 2% of Glass fibre.

ISSN(E): 2277-128X, ISBN: 978-93-87396-07-4, pp. 360-366
The following different combinations of beams are casted for conduction of Flexural test:
 Three beams of conventional concrete mix M60.
 The next set of three beams consists of M60 with 2% of Glass fibre. concrete.
 The next three beams continue to be M60 with cement replaced by 5% of Silica fume.
 The next three beams continue to be M60 with cement replaced by 5% of Silica fume and 2% of Glass fibre.
 The next three beams continue to be M60 with cement replaced by 10% of Silica fume and 2% of Glass fibre..
 The next three beams continue to be M60 with cement replaced by 15% of Silica fume and 2% of Glass fibre..
 The next three beams continue to be M60 with cement replaced by 5% of Metakaolin.
 The next three beams continue to be M60 with cement replaced by 5% of Metakaolin and 2% of Glass fibre.
 The next three beams continue to be M60 with cement replaced by 10% of Metakaolin and 2% of Glass fibre.
IV. CHARACTERIZATION OF CONSTITUENT

The two major components of fibre-reinforced cement composites are the matrix and the fibre. The matrix
generally consists of Portland cement, aggregates, water and admixtures.
1. Ordinary Portland Cement
2. Fine aggregate
3. Coarse aggregate
4. Water
5. Mineral admixture
6. Chemical admixture
7. Glass fibers
V. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS
Workability Test
This test was carried out for determining the workability of concrete. The method of testing was done as per IS
1199-1959. The dimensions of the mould are as shown in Steel tamping rod of 16 mm in diameter, 0.6 m long and
rounded at one end was taken.
Compression Test
The compressive strength of concrete i.e. ultimate strength or concrete is defined as the load which causes
failure of the specimen divided by the area of the cross section in uni-axial compression, under a given rate of loading.
To avoid large variation in the results of compression test, care should be taken during the casting of the test specimens
and loading as well. It is however realized that in an actual structure, the concrete at any point is in a complex stress
condition and not in uni-axial compression.
Split tensile Strength

The split tensile strength of the concrete is defined as the load which causes failure of the specimen divided by
the area of the cross section in uni-axial compression, under a given rate of loading. To avoid large variation in the results
of Split test, care should be taken during the casting of the test specimens and loading as well. The specimen is placed
horizontally in the testing machine and the rate of loading is continuously adjusted through rate control valve by hand to
400 KN/minute. The load is increased until the specimen fails and record the maximum load carried by specimen during
the test. The split tensile strength is calculated using the formula. The test results are given in results and discussions
Flexural Test
The standard sizes of the specimen are 15x15x70 cm. They are tested immediately on removal from the water
whilst they are still in wet condition. The bearing surfaces of the supporting and loading rollers are wiped clean, and
loose sand or other material removed from the surfaces of specimen where they are to make contact with
VI. MIX DESIGN OF M60 CONCRETE AND DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM
Mix Design of M60 Grade Concrete:
Step 1:- Design Stipulations for Proportioning

Grade designation:- M60

Characteristic Compressive strength at 28 days:- 60N/mm2

Type of cement used:- OPC 53 grade confirming to IS-12269

Maximum size of aggregates:- 20mm

Water/cement ratio:- 0.30

Workability:- 50 to 150mm slump

Exposure condition:- Severe for reinforced concrete

ISSN(E): 2277-128X, ISBN: 978-93-87396-07-4, pp. 360-366

Method of concrete placing:- Manual

Degree of supervision:- good

Type of aggregate:- Crushed angular aggregate

Chemical admixture:- Super plasticizer
VII. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Observation and Discussion on Workability
Based on trial mixes, the tests showed decreased values of slump with the addition of CSF and MK. With water
cement ratio of 0.30 and with an addition of maximum 2% superplasticizer the M60 concrete mixes with admixtures of
condensed Silica fume and Metakaolin were found to have a slump value of 107 to 124. Hence in the fibre reinforced
concrete mixes with steel fibres and somewhat high dosages of super plasticizers are necessary to maintain workability at
medium level.
Observation and Discussion on Compressive strength

It has been observed that with the addition of Silica fume and Metakaolin, the compressive strength of concrete
at the age of 28 days has increased with various proportions of the mix. The increase in strength is in the range of 2.57%
- 7.78% for Silica fume concrete and 2.57% - 6.06% for Metakaolin concrete respectively. The same trend is observed
with glass fibres in the M60 concrete mix with various combination of blended percentage of CSF and MK. It is clear
from the above discussions that the additions of mineral admixtures, along with the fibres are giving higher compressive
strength compared to the conventional concrete. However, silica fume concrete gives better result at all ages than
metakaolin concrete.
Observation and Discussion on Split tensile strength

It has been observed that with the addition of Silica fume and Metakaolin, the split tensile strength of concrete at
the age of 28 days has increased with various proportions of the mix. It is found that fibre based concrete gives the
highest split tensile strength among all the fibrous mixes. The strength increased is 3.1% and 5.1% for Metakaolin and
Silica fume concrete respectively along with theGlass fibres.
Observation and Discussion on Flexural strength

Flexural strengths are also higher for concretes with various combination, these values are further increased with
addition of fibres and using nominal glass. It has been observed that with the addition of Silica fume and Metakaolin, the
flexural strength of concrete at the age of 28 days has increased with various proportions of the mix. It is found that fibre
based concrete gives the highest flexural strength among all the fibrous mixes. The strength increased is 5.1% and 6.08%
for Metakaolin and Silica fume concrete with Glass fibres.
VIII. CONCLUSION
The purpose of introducing Silica fume and Metakaolin by partial replacing cement is to increase strength and
performance of the concrete. And also strength and durability properties of concrete can be enhanced by introducing the
glass fibres.
1. High strength fibre reinforced concrete mix has been produced with addition of condensed Silica fume and
Metakaolin as mineral admixtures.
2. The workability of high strength high performed fibre reinforced concrete has been increased by adding Silica
fume and Metakaolin with constant quantity of high range water reducing (HRWR) chemical agent.
3. The compressive strength of high performed concrete after 28days of curing with 5%, 10% and 15% of Silica
fume and Metakaolin has been increased by 3.94%, 5.42% and 4.17% for Silica fume and 2.60%, 3.42% and
2.88% for Metakaolin.
4. It has been observed from the test results, the split tensile strength has been increased at 10% replacement of
Silica fume and Metakaolin with 2% of glass fibres.
5. From the experimental results it has been observed that the appreciable improvement in compressive strength,
split tensile strength and the flexural strength has been observed with 10% of silica fume and 2% of glass fibres.
6. By the addition of glass fibres in high strength concrete with different percentage of mineral admixtures, the
flexural strength has been improved in all the mix.
7. By analysing the experimental results of high strength fibre reinforced concrete, the addition of 10% of Silica
fume and Metakaolin with 2% of glass fibres has achieved the maximum compressive strength, split tensile
strength and flexural strength.
8. The high strength high performed fibre reinforced concrete is produced by introducing Silica fume and
Metakaolin as partial replacement of cement from the experimental results it has been observed that these
pozzolanic materials have been enhanced all the properties of the fresh and dry concrete in addition to this the
split tensile strength and flexural strength have been improved by introducing the glass fibres.
REFERENCES
[1] V.C Agarwal, „„Metakaolin inclusion: Effect on mechanical properties of concrete‟‟, International Journal of
Civil and Structural Engineering, 2012 Vol. 1(5), pp 251-253.

ISSN(E): 2277-128X, ISBN: 978-93-87396-07-4, pp. 360-366
[2] Vikas Srivastava, „„Effect of Silica fume and Metakaolin combination on concrete‟‟, International Journal of
Civil and Structural Engineering, Vol. 2, No.3, 2012, pp 893-900.
[3] Michael Sydlowski “Concrete International” published in 1998.
[4] M.S. Shetty, “ Concrete Technology” S. Chand publication, 6th edition 2011.
[5] Vikas Srivastava, Rakesh Kumar, Agarwal V.C, Mehta P. K , “ Effect of Silica fume and Metakaolin
combination on concrete”, International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering, Vol 2, No.3, 2012, pp 891-
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[6] Rafat Siddique “Fibre Reinforced Concrete”, Galgotia publications, 3rd edition.
[7] P. Muthupriya, K. Subramanian and B. G. Vishnuram, “Strength and Durability Characteristics of High
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[8] Arfath Khan Md, Abdul Wahab, B. Dean Kumar “Fibrous Triple Blended Concrete Composites – Study of
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[9] M.J. Shannag “ High Strength Concrete Containing Natural Pozzolan and Silica fume”, Cement and Concrete
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[10] J.M. Khatib, E.M. Negim and E. Gjonbalaj “High Volume Metakaolin as Cement Replacement in Mortar”,
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[11] Aquino, W., D.A. Lange and J. Olek, “Influence of Metakaolin and Silica fume on the Chemistry of ASR
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[12] Narayanan, R. and Kareem Palanjian, A.S., “Factors influencing the workability of steel-fibre reinforced
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International Journals of Advanced Research in

Computer Science and Software Engineering Research Article April

Special Issue: National Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering 2018

Study on High Strength Fiber Reinforced Concrete with Silica

Condensed Silica fume

© www.ijarcsse.com, All Rights Reserved Page | 360

Production of Silica fume

Functions of Silica fume in Portland cement concrete

Methods of using Silica fume in concrete

Silica fume as a mineral admixture

Fiber reinforced concrete

Category A: Sulphonated Melamine Formaldehyde condensates (SMF). Category B: Sulphonated

II. PROBLEM DEFINITION, OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY

© www.ijarcsse.com, All Rights Reserved Page | 362

© www.ijarcsse.com, All Rights Reserved Page | 363

IV. CHARACTERIZATION OF CONSTITUENT

Split tensile Strength

© www.ijarcsse.com, All Rights Reserved Page | 364

VII. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Observation and Discussion on Compressive strength

Observation and Discussion on Split tensile strength

Observation and Discussion on Flexural strength

© www.ijarcsse.com, All Rights Reserved Page | 365

© www.ijarcsse.com, All Rights Reserved Page | 366

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