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Transmission Lines PDF
Transmission Lines PDF
𝒁𝟐𝟎
𝒁𝒊𝒏 =
𝒁𝑳
𝒁𝑳 = 𝟎 (short circuit)
𝒁𝟐𝟎
𝒁𝒊𝒏 = = ∞ (open circuit)
𝟎
𝑽𝑺 𝑽𝑺
The current drawn from the voltage source 𝑰𝑺 = = =𝟎
𝒁𝒊𝒏 ∞
Option (a)
𝑳 𝑳
Soln. 𝒁𝟎 = √ , 𝒁𝟐𝟎 =
𝑪 𝑪
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 ( 𝑽) = = =
√𝑳𝑪 𝒁𝟎 𝑪
√(𝒁𝟐𝟎 𝑪)(𝑪)
Option (b)
𝒁𝟐𝟎
𝒁𝒊𝒏(𝒎𝒊𝒏) =
𝒁𝑳
𝟓𝟎×𝟓𝟎
= = 𝟐𝟓𝛀
𝟏𝟎𝟎
Option (b)
𝒁𝒊𝒏 𝟐 𝑹𝟎
𝑹𝟎 /𝟐
𝝀⁄𝟒
2 3
(a) 𝑅0 (c) 𝑅0
3 2
(b) 𝑅0 (d) 2 𝑅0
[GATE 1998: 1 Mark]
𝒁𝟐𝟎 𝑹𝟐𝟎
Soln. For 𝝀⁄𝟒 line, 𝒁𝒊𝒏𝟏 = = = 𝟐𝑹𝟎
𝒁𝑳 𝑹𝟎 ⁄𝟐
𝒁𝑳 + 𝒋𝒁𝟎
𝒍 = 𝝀⁄ 𝟖 , 𝒁𝒊𝒏 = 𝒁𝟎 [ ]
𝒁𝟎 + 𝒋𝒁𝑳
𝑹 +𝒋𝑹
𝒁𝒊𝒏 = 𝑹𝟎 [𝑹𝟎 +𝒋𝑹𝟎] = 𝑹𝟎
𝟎 𝟎
Option (b)
6. The magnitudes of the open – circuit and short – circuit input impedances
of a transmission line are 100 Ω and 25 Ω respectively. The characteristic
impedance of the line is.
(a) 25 Ω (c) 75 Ω
(b) 50 Ω (d) 100 Ω
[GATE 2000: 1 Mark]
Soln. 𝒁𝟎 = √𝒁𝟎𝑪 . 𝒁𝑺𝑪 = √𝟏𝟎𝟎 × 𝟐𝟓
𝒁𝟎 = 𝟏𝟎 × 𝟓
= 𝟓𝟎𝛀
Option (b)
𝑳 𝑹
𝒁𝟎 = √ = √
𝑪 𝑮
√𝑹
𝜶 = √𝑹𝑮 = √𝑹
𝒁𝟎
𝑹
=
𝒁𝟎
𝟎. 𝟏
=
𝟓𝟎
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐 𝑵𝒑⁄𝒎
Option (d)
= 𝟏𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟗 × 𝟏𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑
= 𝟏𝟔𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒎/𝒔𝒆𝒄
= 𝟏. 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝒎/𝒔𝒆𝒄
Option (c)
11. The return loss of a device is found to be 20 dB. The voltage standing
wave ratio (VSWR) and magnitude of reflection coefficient are
respectively
(a) 1.22 and 0.1 (c) – 1.22 and 0.1
(b) 0.81 and 0.1 (d) 2.44 and 0.2
[GATE 2013: 1 Mark]
Soln. Return loss (dB) = −𝟐𝟎𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 |𝝆|
Where 𝝆 is the reflection coefficient .
For |𝝆| = 𝟏 full reflection
Return Loss = 0 dB
If |𝝆| = 𝟎. 𝟏
𝑹. 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔 (𝒅𝑩) = −𝟐𝟎 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 (𝟎. 𝟏)
= −𝟐𝟎 × (−𝟏)
= 20 dB
𝟏+|𝝆|
𝑽𝑺𝑾𝑹 =
𝟏−|𝝆|
𝟏+𝟎.𝟏 𝟏.𝟏
= = = 1.22
𝟏−𝟎.𝟏 𝟎.𝟗
Option (a)
12. To maximize power transfer, a lossless transmission line is to be
matched to a resistive load impedance via a λ/4 transformer as shown.
The characteristic impedance (in Ω) of the λ/4 transformer is ______.
Soln. Input impedance for quarter wave transfer
𝒁𝑳 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝛀
𝒁𝒊𝒏 = 𝟓𝟎𝛀
𝝀⁄𝟒
𝒁𝟐𝟎
𝒁𝒊𝒏 =
𝒁𝑳
𝒁𝟐𝟎 = 𝒁𝒊𝒏 𝒁𝑳
𝒁𝟎 = √𝒁𝒊𝒏 𝒁𝑳
= √𝟓𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
= 𝟕𝟎. 𝟕𝟐 𝛀
Two Marks Questions
√𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟐 + 𝟓𝟎𝟐
𝚪= =𝟏
√𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟐 + 𝟓𝟎𝟐
𝟏 + |𝚪| 𝟏 + 𝟏 𝟐
𝑽𝑺𝑾𝑹 = = = =∞
𝟏 − |𝚪| 𝟏 − 𝟏 𝟎
Option (d)
4. The input impedance of a short circuited lossless transmission line quarter
wave long is
(a) Purely reactive
(b) Purely resistive
(c) Infinite
(d) Dependent on the characteristic impedance of the line
[GATE 1991: 2 Marks]
Soln. For a quarter wave line
𝒁𝟐𝟎
𝒁𝒊𝒏 =
𝒁𝑳
𝒁𝑳 = 𝟎
𝒁𝟐𝟎
𝒁𝒊𝒏 = =∞
𝟎
Option (c)
𝑳
For a lossless line, 𝒁𝟎 = √
𝑪
𝜶 = √𝑹𝑮 = 𝟎 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑹 = 𝟎, 𝑮 = 𝟎
𝜷 = 𝝎√𝑳𝑪
A loss less line is always a distortion less line
√𝟓𝟎𝟐 + 𝟓𝟎𝟐
𝚪= =𝟏
√𝟓𝟎𝟐 + 𝟓𝟎𝟐
𝟏 + |𝚪| 𝟏 + 𝟏 𝟐
𝑽𝑺𝑾𝑹 = = = =∞
𝟏 − |𝚪| 𝟏 − 𝟏 𝟎
Option (c)
𝑹𝑳
𝑺= 𝒊𝒇 𝑹𝑳 > 𝑹𝟎
𝑹𝟎
𝑹𝟎
= 𝒊𝒇 𝑹𝑳 < 𝑹𝟎
𝑹𝑳
𝑹𝑳 = 𝑺𝑹𝟎 = 𝟑 × 𝟕𝟓
= 𝟐𝟐𝟓 𝛀
𝑹𝟎
𝑹𝑳 = 𝒊𝒇 𝑹𝑳 < 𝑹𝟎
𝑺
𝟕𝟓
= = 𝟐𝟓𝛀
𝟑
𝟏 + |𝚪| 𝑹𝑳 − 𝑹𝟎
𝑽𝑺𝑾𝑹 = , 𝚪=
𝟏 − |𝚪| 𝑹𝑳 + 𝑹𝟎
𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑹𝟎 = 𝟕𝟓𝛀 , 𝑹𝑳 = 𝟐𝟓𝛀
𝟐𝟓 − 𝟕𝟓 −𝟓𝟎 𝟏
𝚪= = =−
𝟐𝟓 + 𝟕𝟓 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟐
𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝑹𝟎 = 𝟕𝟓𝛀, 𝑹𝑳 = 𝟐𝟐𝟓𝛀
𝑹𝑳 − 𝑹𝟎 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝟏
𝚪= = =
𝑹𝑳 + 𝑹𝟎 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝟐
𝟏
𝟏 𝟏+
|𝚪| = 𝐢𝐧 𝐞𝐢𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫 𝐜𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒 = 𝟐=𝟑
𝟐 𝟏
𝟏−
𝟐
The statement, the load impedance can only be 25𝛀 is FALSE
𝒗 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖
𝒇= =
𝝀 𝟑𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐
𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎 𝟑𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟗
= = 𝑯𝒛
𝟑𝟎 𝟑𝟎
= 1 GHz
Option (b)
𝒗 𝟎. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝟓𝟎
𝝀= = =
𝒇 𝟐𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝟐𝟓
= 2 meters
𝟐𝝅
𝜷𝒍= ×𝒍
𝝀
𝟐𝝅 𝟓𝟎
= ×
𝟐 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝝅
𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒔
𝟐
Option (c)
𝒁𝟎
𝒁𝑳 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒐𝒉𝒎
𝒁𝟎
𝒁𝟎
𝛌/𝟐
𝟏
𝒀𝒊𝟐 = = −𝒋 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐
𝒋 𝟓𝟎
𝒀 = 𝒀𝒊𝒍 + 𝒀𝒊𝟐
= (0.01 – j 0.02) mho
Option (a)
12. Consider an impedance 𝑍 = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋 marked with point P in an
impedance smith chart as shown in figure. The movement from point P
along a constant resistance circle in the clockwise direction by an angle
450 is equivalent
r = 0.5
X=0
X = - 0.5 P
X=-1
𝟓𝟎 × 𝟓𝟎 𝟓𝟎
= =
𝟏𝟎𝟎 + 𝒋 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝟐 + 𝒋𝟑
𝟓𝟎(𝟐 − 𝟑𝒋)
=
𝟒+𝟗
𝟏𝟎𝟎 − 𝟓𝟎𝒋
=
𝟏𝟑
= 𝟕. 𝟔𝟗 − 𝒋 𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟒
Option (d)
1
Z
𝝀 𝝀⁄𝟐
load
𝟏𝟐. 𝟓 − 𝟓𝟎
𝚪= = −𝟎. 𝟔
𝟏𝟐. 𝟓 + 𝟓𝟎
Option (a)
16. A load of 50Ω is connected in shunt in a 2 – wire transmission line of
𝑍0 = 50Ω as shown in the figure. The 2 – port scattering parameter (s –
matrix) of the shunt element is
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
− −
(a) [ 𝟏𝟐 𝟐
𝟏] (c) [ 𝟐𝟑 𝟑
𝟏]
− −
𝟐 𝟐 𝟑 𝟑
0 1 𝟏
−
𝟑
(b) [ ]
1 0 [𝟒𝟏 𝟒
(d) 𝟏 ]
𝟐 𝟒
𝟕 𝟓
(a) −𝒋 (c) 𝒋
𝟓 𝟕
𝟓 𝟓
(b) − (d)
𝟕 𝟕
𝒁𝟎 = 𝟓𝟎𝛀
𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐
𝒁𝒊𝒏
𝝀 ⁄𝟒
𝒁𝟐𝟎
𝒁𝒊𝒏 = 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝝀⁄𝟒 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆
𝒁𝑳
𝟓𝟎𝟐
𝑹𝟏 𝒅𝒖𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝛀 =
𝟏𝟎𝟎
= 25 Ω
𝟓𝟎𝟐
𝑹𝟐 𝒅𝒖𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝛀 =
𝟐𝟎𝟎
𝟐𝟓
= 𝛀
𝟐
𝟐𝟓 𝟐𝟓
𝑹𝟏 ‖ 𝑹𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓 ‖ =
𝟐 𝟑
𝒁𝟐𝟎
𝒁𝒊𝒏 =
𝒁𝑳
𝟓𝟎 × 𝟓𝟎
= = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝛀
𝟐𝟓/𝟑
Reflection coefficient
𝒁𝒊𝒏 − 𝒁𝟎
𝚪=
𝒁𝒊𝒏 + 𝒁𝟎
𝟑𝟎𝟎 − 𝟓𝟎
𝚪=
𝟑𝟎𝟎 + 𝟓𝟎
𝟓
=
𝟕
Option (d)
18. One end of a lossless transmission line having the characteristic
impedance of 75 and length of 1 cm is short circuited. At 3 GHz, the
input impedance at the other end of the transmission line is
(a) 0 (c) Capacitive
(b) Resistive (d) Inductive
[GATE 2008: 2 Marks]
Soln. 𝒇 = 𝟑𝑮𝑯𝒛
𝟐𝝅
𝜷=
𝝀
𝒄 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝟏
𝝀= = = 𝒎
𝒇 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝟏𝟎
𝟏
𝜷𝒍 = 𝟐𝝅 × 𝟏𝟎 ×
𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝝅
=
𝟓
= 𝟑𝟔𝟎
Input impedance of short circuited line
𝒁𝒊𝒏 = 𝒋 𝒁𝟎 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜷𝒍
= 𝒋 𝒁𝟎 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝟑𝟔𝟎
= 𝒋 𝟕𝟓 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝟑𝟔𝟎
= 𝒋 𝟓𝟒. 𝟒𝟗 𝛀
Input impedance is inductive
Option (d)
𝜆
19. A transmission line terminates in two branches each of length as
4
shown. The branches are terminated by 50 Ω loads. The lines are lossless
and have the characteristic impedances shown. Determine the impedance
𝑍𝑖 as seen by the source
𝒁𝟐𝟎
𝒁𝟏 =
𝒁𝑳
𝒁𝟐𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟐
𝒁𝟏 = = = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝛀
𝒁 𝑳𝟏 𝟓𝟎
𝒁𝟐𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟐
𝒁𝟐 = = = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝛀
𝒁 𝑳𝟐 𝟓𝟎
𝒁𝟐𝟎 𝟓𝟎𝟐
𝒁𝒊 = = = 𝟐𝟓𝛀
𝒁𝑳 𝟏𝟎𝟎
Option (d)
20. In the circuit shown, all the transmission line sections are lossless. The
voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) on the line
Shot
𝒁𝟎 = 𝟑𝟎𝛀 𝝀⁄𝟖
𝒁𝟎 = 𝟔𝟎 𝛀 𝒁𝟎 = 𝟑𝟎 √𝟐 𝛀 𝒁𝑳 = 𝟑𝟎 𝛀
𝝀⁄𝟒
𝒁𝑳 + 𝒋 𝒁𝟎 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜷𝒍
𝒁𝒊𝒏 = 𝒁𝟎 ( )
𝒁𝟎 + 𝒋 𝒁𝑳 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜷𝒍
𝝀
Input impedance of shorted line of 𝒁𝟎 = 𝟑𝟎 𝛀
𝟖
𝟐𝝅 𝝀
𝟎 + 𝒋 𝟑𝟎 𝒕𝒂𝒏 ( )
𝒁𝒊 = 𝟑𝟎 ( 𝝀 𝟖)
𝟑𝟎 + 𝟎
𝝅
𝒁𝒊 = 𝒋 𝟑𝟎 𝒕𝒂𝒏 = 𝒋 𝟑𝟎
𝟒
𝝀
Input impedance of line of 𝒁𝟎 = 𝟑𝟎√𝟐 𝛀 and 𝒁𝑳 = 𝟑𝟎𝛀
𝟒
𝒁𝟐𝟎
𝒁𝟐 =
𝒁𝑳
𝟐
(𝟑𝟎√𝟐) 𝟑𝟎√𝟐 × 𝟑𝟎√𝟐
= =
𝟑𝟎 𝟑𝟎
= 𝟔𝟎 𝛀
Load impedance 𝒁𝑳 = 𝒁𝟏 + 𝒁𝟐
= 𝒋 𝟑𝟎 + 𝟔𝟎
Reflection coefficient
𝒁𝑳 − 𝒁𝟎
𝝆=
𝒁𝑳 + 𝒁𝟎
𝟔𝟎 + 𝒋 𝟑𝟎 − 𝟔𝟎
𝝆=
𝟔𝟎 + 𝒋 𝟑𝟎 + 𝟔𝟎
𝒋 𝟑𝟎 𝒋𝟏
= =
𝟏𝟐𝟎 + 𝒋 𝟑𝟎 𝟒 + 𝒋 𝟏
𝟏 𝟏
|𝝆| = =
√𝟏𝟔 + 𝟏 √𝟏𝟕
𝟏
𝟏+
𝟏 + |𝝆| √𝟏𝟕
𝑽𝑺𝑾𝑹 = =
𝟏 − |𝝆| 𝟏 − 𝟏
√𝟏𝟕
= 1.64
Option (b)
21. A transmission line of characteristic impedance 50 Ω is terminated in a
load impedance ZL. The VSWR of the line is 5 and the first of the voltage
𝜆
maximum in the line is observed at a distance of from the load. The
4
value of ZL is
(a) 10 Ω (c) 250 Ω
(b) (19.23 + 𝑗46.15)Ω (d) (19.23 − 𝑗46.15)Ω
[GATE 2011: 2 Marks]
Soln. For a transmission line, 𝒁𝟎 = 𝟓𝟎 𝛀 , 𝑽𝑺𝑾𝑹 = 𝟓
𝝀
Distance of the first voltage maximum from the load = . The
𝟒
𝝀
distance between adjacent maxima and minima should be in a
𝟒
standing wave pattern, Vmin should occur at the load.
Vmin occurs for a resistive termination. Vmin occurs at load if
𝒁𝟎 𝒁𝟎 𝟓𝟎
𝒁𝑳 = 𝒁𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝒁𝑳 = = = 𝟏𝟎𝛀
𝑺 𝑺 𝟓
Option (a)
Soln. 𝒁𝟎 = √𝒁 𝟏 𝒁𝟐
𝟓𝟎 𝛀 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝛀 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝛀
𝒁𝟎
𝒁𝟏 𝒁𝟐
𝝀𝟏 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖
=
𝟒 𝟒𝟐𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 × 𝟒
𝓵𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝟒 𝒎
𝒇𝟐 = 𝟏 𝑮𝑯𝒛
𝝀𝟐 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖
= 𝟗 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟓 𝒎
𝟒 𝟏𝟎 × 𝟒
𝓵𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟓 𝒎
𝟏. 𝟓𝟖 𝟏. 𝟓𝟖
(𝟐𝒎 + 𝟏) = = =𝟗
𝓵𝟏 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝟒
𝟏. 𝟓𝟖 𝟏. 𝟓𝟖
(𝟐𝒎 + 𝟏) = = = 𝟐𝟏
𝓵𝟐 𝟎, 𝟎𝟕𝟓
Only option (c) is odd multiples of both 𝓵𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝓵𝟐 .
𝑹 + 𝒋𝟑𝟎 + 𝒋𝟓𝟎
𝒁𝒊𝒏 = 𝟓𝟎 [ ]
𝟓𝟎 + 𝒋 (𝑹 + 𝒋 𝟑𝟎)
𝑹 + 𝒋𝟖𝟎
= 𝟓𝟎 [ ]
(𝟓𝟎 − 𝟑𝟎) + 𝒋𝑹
𝑹 + 𝒋𝟖𝟎
𝒁𝒊𝒏 = 𝟓𝟎 [ ]
𝟐𝟎 + 𝒋𝑹
(𝑹 + 𝒋𝟖𝟎)(𝟐𝟎 − 𝒋𝑹)
= 𝟓𝟎 [ ]
𝟐𝟎𝟐 + 𝑹𝟐
Since only real part of Zin exists so imaginary part of 𝒁𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎
𝟐𝟎𝑹 + 𝟏𝟔𝟎𝟎𝒋 − 𝒋 𝑹𝟐 + 𝟖𝟎 𝑹
𝒁𝒊𝒏 = 𝟓𝟎 [ ]
𝟐𝟎𝟐 + 𝑹𝟐
𝟏𝟔𝟎𝟎 − 𝑹𝟐
𝒁𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒓𝒚 =
𝟐𝟎𝟐 + 𝑹𝟐
𝟏𝟔𝟎𝟎 − 𝑹𝟐 = 𝟎
𝑹𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝑹 = 𝟒𝟎 𝛀
24. In the transmission line shown the impedance Zin between node A and
the ground is
𝒁𝒊𝒏𝟏 𝒁𝟎 = 𝟓𝟎 𝛀, 𝐋 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝛌
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝛀 𝟓𝟎 𝛀
𝒁𝒊𝒏 = ?
Soln.
Since line is of length 0.5 𝝀
𝒁𝑳 + 𝒋 𝒁𝟎 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜷𝒍
𝒁𝒊𝒏𝟏 = 𝒁𝟎 = [ ]
𝒁𝟎 + 𝒋 𝒁𝑳 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜷𝒍
𝟐𝝅 𝝀
𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝝀⁄𝟐 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝜷𝒍 = ×
𝝀 𝟐
=𝝅
𝒁𝑳 + 𝒋 𝟎
𝒁𝒊𝒏𝟏 = 𝒁𝟎 [ ]
𝒁𝟎 + 𝒋 𝟎
𝒁𝒊𝒏𝟏 = 𝒁𝑳 = 𝟓𝟎𝛀
𝒁𝒊𝒏 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎‖𝟓𝟎
𝟏𝟎𝟎 × 𝟓𝟎
=
𝟏𝟓𝟎
= 𝟑𝟑. 𝟑𝛀