Nyquist second & third

criterion
Second Nyquist Criterion
The solution is to find a pulse p(t) that satisfies the condition specified above but
decays faster than 1/t. The solution is to design raised cosine filter which has
transfer function consists of a flat portion and a roll off portion which is of
sinusoidal form and the bandwidth to be adjustable between B0 and 2B0

Where
bit rate R b
B0 (Nyquist Bandwidth)= 
2 2
f1 Signal frequency

For that the Impulse response P(t) is given by

 is called the roll off factor (The ratio of the excess bandwidth to the
theoretical minimum bandwidth)
Excess BW
α=
Theoretical minimum BW
and given by
f1
 1
B0
The following figures illustrates the raised cosine spectral characteristics and the
corresponding pulses for  = 0, 0.5 and 1.
Since we are sampling below the Nyquist rate 2Rb, the shifted transforms
opverlap.

The transmission bandwidth required can be obtained from the relation

B=2B0 -f1
Where

B =transmission bandwidth
B0 = Nyquist bandwidth
But
f1
 1
B0
Which results
B=2B0 -B0 (1   )

B=B0 (1   )

Third Nyquist Criterion

Within each symbol period, the integration of signal (area) is proportional to the
integration of the transmit signal (area)

 /T
1 ( wt / 2)
p(t )  
jwt
e dw
2  / T
sin(wT / 2)