Abstract

The Internet of things (IOT) is the network of physical devices vehicles home appliances and other
items embedded with electronics, software, sensors, actuators and network connectivity which enable
these objects to connect and exchange data. The IOT allows objects to be sensed or controlled
remotely across existing network infrastructure, creating opportunities for more direct integration of
the physical world into computer-based systems, and resulting in improved efficiency, accuracy and
economic benefit in addition to reduced human intervention.

Smart farming is a concept quickly catching on in the agricultural business. Offering high-precision
crop control, useful data collection, and automated farming techniques, there are clearly many
advantages a networked farm has to offer.

Experts estimate that the IOT will consist of about 30 billion objects by 2020.
 IOT BASED SMART
AGRICULTURE

CHAPTER – 1

Introduction

1.1 Overview
Plants have had and still have a key role in the history of life on earth. They are
responsible for presence of oxygen needed for human survival on this planet. At the same time
agriculture is also important to human beings because it forms the basis for food security. It helps
human beings grow the most ideal food crops and raise the right animals with accordance to
environmental factors. Agriculture plays a vital role in India's economy. Over 58% of the rural
households depend on agriculture as their principal means of livelihood. Agricultural export
constitutes 10% of the country's exports. So the farmer's and even the nation's economy will be
ruined if there are no proper yields due to lack of knowledge of the soil nature, timely
unavailability of water. Thus the government should take steps for a better and profitable
irrigation.

It is a smart farming stick based on IOT (Internet of things) technology which has brought
revolution to each and every field of common man’s life by making everything smart and
intelligent. Aim of this project is to propose a novel smart IOT based agriculture stick assisting
farmers in getting live data (Temperature, soil moisture, smoke detection) for effic ie nt
environment monitoring which will enable them to do smart farming and increase their overall
yield and quality of products. The agriculture stick being proposed via this project is integrated
with Arduino technology, breadboard mixed with various sensors and live data feed can be
obtained online from Ubido.com.

Page 1
Necessity

Have we ever wanted our plants to tell you when they need watered? Or know how
saturated the soil in your garden is? The present project proposes an IOT enabled smart soil
moisture monitoring system that helps the government authorities to know the information about
dry soil areas in the agricultural lands within a village, town or even a state so that the necessary
precautionary steps can be taken to make such lands fertile. Besides, the project is also very much
useful for the farmers, organizations or individuals running plant nurseries to automatically turn
the pumping motor ON and OFF on sensing the moisture content of the soil. The advantage of
using this method is to reduce human intervention and still ensure proper irrigation.

This project is a very low cost and an innovative system to know the moisture level of the soil
from a remote place. For this, the system uses Ethernet Shield +Arduino Uno modem is used for
sending data to the cloud and the user.. The system makes use of Arduino UNO, soil moisture
sensor. It is programmed to receive the input signal of varying moisture condition of the soil. The
system is powered by a dc 5V.
 CHAPTER – 2
Literature Survey
It reviewed the variations of WSNs and their potential for the advancement of various
agricultural application improvements. It features the main agricultural and cultivating
applications, and examines the appropriateness of WSNs towards improved performance and
profitability. It groups the system architecture, node architecture, and communication technology
norms utilized in agricultural applications. The real-world wireless sensor nodes and different
sensors such as soil, environment, pH, and plant-health are likewise listed. It present a thorough
review of the state-of-the-art in WSN sending for advanced agricultural applications. It presented
the system and node architectures of WSNs, the related factors, and classification according to
distinct applications. It overview the different available wireless sensor nodes, and the various
communication methods followed by the senodes[1].

Precision Agriculture (PA) utilized WMSN to enable proficient irrigation. It depict about IoT
and WMSN in agriculture applications especially in green house environment. It can be explained
and demonstrated the efficiency of feedback control technique in green house crop irrigation. A
test was led to see the distinctive these two strategies. The techniques are irrigation by schedule
or feedback based irrigation. Irrigation by schedule is to supply water to the plant at explicit time-
spans. Feedback based irrigation is to irrigate plant when the moisture or level of media wetness
came to predefined esteem. The test demonstrates that there is an average savings of 1,500ml for
everyday per tree. In a greenhouse environment using WSN or WMSN, the test indicates
specifically that a close loop system or an automatic irrigation is better contrasted to scheduled
irrigation. Automatic irrigation will optimize the usage of water and fertilizer and further more
keep the wetness or moisture level of the crop to be about at the similar level as advised by
agronomist [2].

The Wireless Sensors Network (WSN) is broadly used to implement decision support
systems. These systems overcome numerous issues in reality. The major interesting field having
an increasing need of decision support systems is Precision Agriculture (PA). Through sensor
networks, agriculture can be associated to the IoT, which enables us to make connections among
agronomists, farmers and crops instead of the geographical differences. With the help of this
methodology which gives real-time data about the lands and crops that will enable farmers make
right decisions. The significant advantage is implementation of WSN in Precision Agriculture
(PA) will reduce the usage of water fertilizers while maximizing the yield of the crops and further
more will help in investigating the weather conditions of the field. It isolates the control of the
entire deployed frame work in a single system. Which will make it simple to deal with and better
understanding of the results by naïve users. Just as it keep the farmer updated by the notifications
for almost every related event that happens in the field. It mainly focuses the sensor network
structure that empowers connecting the agriculture to the IoT. The connection sets up the links
among agronomists, farms, and in this way improves the production of agricultural items. It is a
comprehensive system intended to accomplish precision in agriculture [3].

WSN is an alternative and efficient approach to solve the farming resources optimization
and decision making. Precision agriculture systems dependent on the internet of things (IOT)
technology is explained in detail particularly on the hardware and network framework and
software process control of the exactness of irrigation system. The system collect analyze and
monitors information from the sensors in a feedback loop which activates the control gadgets
based on pre-determined threshold value[4].

Smart GPS based remote controlled robot to execute tasks like weeding, spraying, moistures
ensign, bird and animals caring, keeping vigilance and so forth. Besides it includes smart
irrigation with smart control and intelligent decision making based on accurate real time field
information. Finally, smart ware house management which incorporates temperature
maintenance, humidity maintenance and theft identification in the warehouse. Controlling of
every one of these operations by using any remote smart gadget or computer connected to
Internet and the tasks will be performed by interfacing sensors, Wi-Fi or Zig Bee modules,
camera and actuators with micro-controller and raspberry pi[5].
 CHAPTER – 3

Hardware Description

3.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Figure 2.1 Circuit diagram

3.2 HARDWARE USED

1. ARDUINO UNO
2. ETHERNET SHIELD
3. BREAD BOARD
4. PUMP
5. RELAY
6. TEMPERATURE HUMIDITY SENSOR (DHT11)
7. POWER SUPPLY
3.2.1 ARDUINO UNO

Figure 2.2.1 Arduino Uno

Input and Output

Each of the 14 digital pins on the Arduino Uno can be used as an input or output, using pinMode(),
digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or
receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of
20-50 kOhms.

In addition, some pins have specialized functions:

Serial: pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data.
These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip.
External interrupt: pins 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a
low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the attach Interrupt() function for
details.

PWM: 3 , 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite() function.

SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI communication
using the SPI library.

LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH value,
the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it’s off.

The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labelled A0 through A5, each of which provide 10 bits of resolutio
n (i.e. 1024 different values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it
possible to change the upper end of their range using the AREF pin and the analogReference()
functio n. Additionally, some pins have specialized functionality:
 TWI: A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support TWI communication using the Wire library.

There are a couple of other pins on the board:

AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analogReference().

Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset button to
shields which block the one on the board.

3.2.2 ETHERNET SHIELD

Figure 2.2.2 Arduino Ethernet Shield

The Arduino Ethernet Shield connects your Arduino to the internet in mere minutes.
Just plug this module onto your Arduino Board, connect it to your network with an RJ45 cable
(not included) and follow a few simple steps to start controlling your world through the internet.
As always with Arduino, every element of the platform – hardware, software and documentation
– is freely available and open-source. This means you can learn exactly how it's made and use its
design as the starting point for your own circuits. Hundreds of thousands of Arduino Boards are
already fueling people’s creativity al over the world, everyday .The transistor is the fundamental
building block of modern electronic devices, and its presence is ubiquitous in modern
electronic systems.
Working

The shield must be assigned a MAC address and a fixed IP address using the
Ethernet.begin() function. A MAC address is a globally unique identifier for a particular
device. Current Ethernet
 shields come with a sticker indicating the MAC address you should use with them. For older
shields without a dedicated MAC address, inventing a random one should work, but don't use the
same one for multiple boards. Valid IP addresses depend on the configuration of your network. It is
possible to use DHCP to dynamically assign an IP to the shield. Optionally,you can also specify a
network gateway and subnet modern clocked analog circuits, voltage regulators, amplifiers, power
transmitters, motor drivers, etc.

In order for any device to connect to the Internet, the device must acquire a unique identity on the
network: the IP address. The IP address (IP stands for Internet Protocol) of a device is a unique
identifier composed, in the IPv4 version of the standard, the most commonly used, of four bytes,
each of which can have a value between 0 and 255. Few of them are reserved internationally
and, in particular, subnetworks whose first two bytes are 192 and 168 are non-routable, i.e.
packets sent over such a network cannot go beyond an Internet switch. In other words they can
only reach those devices on the same physical network. That’s why devices in a home network
usual y have IP addresses like 192.168.x.y. The IP address of a device can be statically or
dynamically assigned to it. In the first case, the device administrator tells the device its IP
address: in this case the address is going to remains the same with time forever. A device not
having a static IP address can ask for an IP address to any computer on the same network
running as a DHCP server (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol). Depending on the
configuration of the server, available IP addresses can be assigned to the device randomly or
based on the device identity.

When Arduino Uno and Ethernet shield is combined it is used to find ip address and
connect to the internet by using the following excerpt of Arduino sketch:

#include

<Ethernet.h>

#include <SPI.h>

void setup() {

Ethernet.begin(mac, arduinoIP, dnsIP, gatewayIP, subnetIP);

BREADBOARD

Figure 2.2.4 Breadboard

A breadboard is a solderless device for temporary prototype with electronics and test circuit
designs. Most electronic components in electronic circuits can be interconnected by inserting their
leads or terminals into the holes and then making connections through wires where appropriate.

Connection Concept

The top and bottom rows (the rows indicated by the blue) and are usually the (+) and (-) power
supply holes and these move horizontally across the breadboard, while the holes for the
components move vertically Each hole is connected to the many metal strips that are running
underneath. Each wire forms a node.

PUMP

Figure 2.2.7 Pump Mini water Pump

A pump is a device that moves fluids (liquids or gases), or sometimes slurries, by mechanica l
action. Pumps can be classified into three major groups according to the method they use to move
 the fluid: direct lift, displacement, and gravity pumps. Pumps operate by some mechanism (typically
reciprocating or rotary), and consume energy to perform mechanical work by moving the fluid.
Pumps operate via many energy sources, includ ing manual operation, electricity, engines, or wind
power, come in many sizes, from microscopic for use in medical applications to large industrial
pumps.

RELAY

Figure 2.2.8 Relay

A relay is an electrically operated device. It has a control system and (also called input circuit or
input contactor) and controlled system (also called output circuit or output cont actor). It is
frequently used in automatic control circuit. To put it simply, it is an automatic switch to
controlling a high-current circuit with a low-current signal.The advantages of a relay lie in its lower
inertia of the moving, stability, long-term reliability and small volume. It is widely adopted in
devices of power protection, automation technology, sport, remote control, reconnaissance and
communication, as well as in devices of electromechanics and power electronics. Generally
speaking, a relay contains an induction part which can reflect input variable like current, voltage,
power, resistance, frequency, temperature, pressure, speed and light etc. It also contains an
actuator module (output) which can energize or de-energize the connection of controlled circuit.
There is an intermediary part between input part and output part that is used to coupling and
isolate input current, as well as actuate the output. When the rated value of input (voltage, current
and temperature etc.) is above the critical value, the controlled output circuit of relay will be
energized or de-energized.
 Special Feature

 Good in safety. In power system and high voltage system, the lower current can control the
higher one.
 1-channel high voltage system output, meeting the needs of single channel control
 Wide range of controllable voltage.
 Being able to control high load current, which can reach 240V, 10A
 With a normally-open (NO) contact and a normally-closed (NC) contacts

Interface Specification

The output contacts of a relay (including NO, NC, and the common port) works as a SPDT –
Single Pole Double Throw switch.

Its operating principle is as follow:

 VC-5V
 GND-FOR GROUND
 IN 1 – Connect to the control valve with output 3-5V
 OUTPUT CONTACTS-Connect to application

TEMPERATURE HUMIDITY SENSOR

Figure2.2.9 DHT11
DHT11 is a Humidity and Temperature Sensor, which generates calibrated digital output. DHT11
can be interface with any microcontroller like Arduino, Raspberry Pi, etc. and get instantaneo us
results. DHT11 is a low cost humidity and temperature sensor which provides high reliability and
long term stability.
It is digital temperature and humidity sensor is a composite Sensor contains a calibrated digita l
signal output of the temperature and humidity. Application of a dedicated digital modules
collection technology and the temperature and humidity sensing technology, to ensure that the
 product has high reliability and excellent long-term stability. The sensor includes a resistive sense
of wet components and an NTC temperature measurement devices.

Working Principle

Most humidity sensors are relative humidity sensors and use different sensing principles.

Sensing principle

Humidity measurement can be done using dry and wet bulb hygrometers, dew point hygrometers,
and electronic hygrometers. There has been a surge in the demand of electronic hygrometers,
often called humidity sensors. Electronic type hygrometers or humidity sensors can be broadly
divided into two categories: one employs capacitive sensing principle, while other use resistive
effects.

Pin out

in Name Description

1 VDD Power supply 3 - 5.5 V DC

2 DATA Serial data output

3 NC Not connected

4 GND Ground

Application

HVAC, dehumidifier, testing and inspection equipment, consumer goods, automotive, automatic
control, data loggers, weather stations, home appliances, humidity regulator, medical and other
humidity measurement and control.

Special Features:
 Low cost
 Long term-Stability
 Fast response
 Precision calibration
 Long distance transmission
 Digital signal output

CHAPTER 3

SOFTWARE USED

 ARDUINO IDE

 LIBRARIES

 EMBEDDED C

3.1 ARDUINO IDE

Arduino consists of both a physical programmable circuit board (often referred to as a

microcontroller) and a piece of software, or IDE (Integrated Development Environment) that runs
on your computer, used to write and upload computer code to the physical board.

Arduino is an open source computer hardware and software company, project, and user communit y
that designs and manufactures single-board microcontrollers and microcontroller kits for building
digital devices and interactive objects that can sense and control objects in the physical world. The
project's products are distributed as open-source hardware and software, which are licensed under
the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) or the GNU General Public License (GPL)
permitting the manufacture of Arduino boards and software distribution by anyone. Arduino
boards are available commercially in preassembled form, or as do-it-yourself (DIY) kits.

Arduino board designs use a variety of microprocessors and controllers. The boards are equipped
with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to various expansion
boards (shields) and other circuits. The boards feature serial communications interfaces, includ ing
Universal Serial Bus (USB) on some models, which are also used for loading programs from
personal computers. The microcontrollers are typically programmed using a dialect of features
from the programming languages C and C++. In addition to using traditional compiler toolcha ins,

the Arduino project provides an integrated development environment (IDE) based on the
Processing language project.

3.2 LIBRARIES
The Arduino environment can be extended through the use of libraries, just like most programming
platforms. Libraries provide extra functionality for use in sketches, e.g. working with hardware or
manipulating data. To use a library in a sketch, select it from Sketch > Import Library.

A number of libraries come installed with the IDE, but you can also download or create your
own. See these instructions for details on installing libraries.

Standard Libraries Used

 Ethernet-for connectingto the internet using the Arduino Ethernet Shield, Arduino
Ethernet Shield 2 and Arduino Leonardo ETH.
 PCD8544 - for controlling or to communicate with Nokia 5110 lcd.
 Wifi - for connecting to the internet using the Arduino WiFi shield.
 Ubidot Library- to connect with ubidot.com.
 CHAPTER 4

WORKING PRINCIPLE
4.1 Working

Figure 4.1.2 Block Diagram

Its working is explained as follows:

 All the devices shown above is connected the enternet via Arduino Uno .
 Soil moisture sensor detect the moisture level of the soil,DHT11 detetect temperature and humidity of
that particular area.
 All this data will appear on the dashboard of ubidot.com
 A critical value of moisture and temperature level is set on the devices of dashboard of ubidot.com,
when the value of temperature,humidity and moisture go beyond the critical value it will trigger an
event that is it will send this information to our cell phone and accordingly we can perform the
desired action remotely.
 4.1 Advantages
 Increased Production – Optimized crop treatment such as accurate planting, watering, pesticide
application and harvesting directly affects production rates.
 Water Conservation – Weather predictions and soil moisture sensors allow for water use only when
and where needed.
 Real-Time Data and Production Insight – Farmers can visualize production levels, soil moisture,
sunlight intensity and more in real time and remotely to accelerate decision making process.
 Lowered Operation Costs – Automating processes in planting, treatment and harvesting can reduce
resource consumption, human error and overall cost.
 Increased Quality of Production – Analyzing production quality and results in correlation to treatment
can teach farmers to adjust processes to increase quality of the product.
 ccurate Farm and Field Evaluation – Accurately tracking production rates by field over time allows
for detailed predicting of future crop yield and value of a farm.
 Improved Livestock Farming – Sensors and machines can be used to detect reproduction and health
events earlier in animals. Geofencing location tracking can also improve livestock monitoring and
management.

 Reduced Environmental Footprint – All conservation efforts such as water usage and increased
production per land unit directly affect the environmental footprint positively.
 Remote Monitoring – Local and commercial farmers can monitor multiple fields in mult ip le locations
around the globe from an internet connection. Decisions can be made in real-time and from
anywhere.
 Equipment Monitoring – Farming equipment can be monitored and maintained according to
production rates, labor effectiveness and failure prediction

4.2 APPLICATION

Smart Farming has a real potential to deliver a more productive and sustainable agricultural
production, based on a more precise and resource-efficient approach......Precision Agriculture:
Management of spatial and temporal variability to improve economic returns following the use of
inputs and reduce environmental impact.
 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

It is a smart farming stick based on IOT (Internet of things) technology which has brought revolution to each and
every field of common man’s life by making everything smart and intelligent. Aim of this project is to propose
a novel smart IOT based agriculture stick assisting farmers in getting live data (Temperature, soil moisture,
smoke detection) for effic ie nt environment monitoring which will enable them to do smart farming and
increase their overall yield and quality of products. The agriculture stick being proposed via this project is
integrated with Arduino technology
 References

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