Multi Level Car Parking System

Abstract

Recent increase in the growth of automotive industry coupled with the perpetual

demand of commuters urged the need for better and smarter parking mechanisms. Though lot

of researches were conducted in this area, most of the existing parking management systems

rarely address the issues of parking space management, vehicle guidance, parking lot

reservation etc. The widespread use of wireless technologies paired with the advancement in

wireless applications for parking implies that digital data dissemination could be the key for

resolving the growing parking challenges. WSN have a great potential towards providing an

easy and cost effective solution to this credible application for various reasons.

The present project work is aimed to develop a reduced working model of a car parking

system for parking 6 to 24 cars within a parking area of 32.17 m². The chain and sprocket

mechanism is used for driving the parking platform. This model will be further useful for

different branches of engineering in order to develop different types of automations like PLC,

Micro controller and computerization etc.

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

We would like to introduce our project showing different types of parking as of now

which are widely used and the reasons why we had to make this choice from them.

1.1Available Parking Systems:

1.1.1. Integrated Car Parking Solution:

Fig.1: Integrated Car Parking Solution

1) Providing total consulting such as demand forecasts, recommendation of a

desirable parking system, design and safety measurements

2) Customized application suitable for various types of landscapes and buildings

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3) Structures available below or / and above the ground

4) Reducing management cost through precise control and low power consumption

5) User's easy control by soft touch on the operation panel screen

6) Simultaneous vertical and horizontal movement for short waiting periods

7) When a vehicle stops in front of the entrance, automatically door opens and trolley
Transfers the vehicle to parking cell

8) Very safe for the driver with no need to stay in the car

9) Good for underground parking lot

1.1.2. Robot Car Parking:

Dubai’s car park Capable of handling 765 vehicles, it is the first of several large-

scale robotic car parks being built to address parking problems in the UAE. All the

customer sees is a parking garage with space for one car, though the „floor‟ is platform

which rides on the top of a robotic trolley. When the customer leaves the vehicle and

collects a ticket, the wall of the garage drops away and the car is whisked to an elevator,

which in turn takes the car to another trolley. From there, the machine parks the car in the

dark depths of the structure. In total, the process takes around three minutes.

With this technology, you don‟t need to drive through the garage to find a parking

space. You simply drive your car to an entry station and leave your car to be picked up by

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the computerized lifts that will safely place it inside the building on a shelving system.

When you leave, you return to a central point and your car is swiftly retrieved for you.

Fig.2: Robot Car Parking System (Dubai)

This robotic car park will be especially convenient for the office tenants, parking or retrieval

can be completed in less than 160 seconds. It is safe and secure and obviously doesn‟t

expose expensive paint work to the abrasive elements during lengthy office hours.

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1.1.3 Multi Level Parking:

The term "robotic parking garage" is a bit misleading, since it's not like a humanoid

robot straight out of The Jetsons will be taking your car keys (and demanding a bigger tip).

There is a human attendant to handle the financial transactions and explain the system to

any clients, but the garage itself does the parking. The driver will pull the car onto a

computer- controlled pallet, turn it off, and get out. The pallet is then lowered into the abyss

of parking spaces, much like a freight elevator for cars, except it can also move sideways,

not just up and down. There's an array of laser sensors that let the system know if the car

doesn't fit on the pallet (although it's big enough to fit a mid-sized SUV), and also detects

movement to make sure the driver and any passengers have left the car before the pallet

begins to move.

The system retrieves the car when the driver returns, although this might take some time and

creative maneuvering. Cars are parked two deep in some spots, so a specially tailored

software system has to figure out the logistics of shuffling the various vehicles around as

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needed to retrieve a specific car. And for those, like me, who find it difficult to turn their

vehicle around after pulling out of a space, there's an underground turntable that turns the car

around before it is lifted to the surface, so the car is facing out into the driveway, ready to go.

Backing out of garages or parking spaces is one of the most common causes of accidents.

Multi-level Automated Car Parking:

Fig.4: Multi-Level Parking(2)

A multi-level car parking is essentially a building with number of floors or layers

for the cars to be parked. The different levels are accessed through interior or exterior

ramps. An automated car parking has mechanized lifts which transport the car to the

different levels. Therefore, these car parks need less building volume and less ground space

and thus save on the cost of the building. It also does away the need for employing too

many personal to monitor the place.

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In an automated multi-level car parking, the cars are left at the entrance and are

further transported inside the building by robot trolley. Similarly, they are retrieved by the

trolley and placed at the exit for the owner to drive away.

Multi-level automated car parking at Sarojini Nagar and Baba Kharag Singh Marg:

The Sarojini Nagar parking will be of eight floors with the ground and the first reserved for

shopping/ commercial complex and the rest dedicated for parking. It will have a parking

capacity for 824 vehicles. The project was scheduled to be completed by June 2010 before

the Commonwealth Games.

These automated parking‟s will have car lifts, pallets, computerized control systems

etc. that will be operational round the clock.

Both the parking‟s will have a basement level for the entry of cars from where they will be

taken up by car lifts as well as for the other mechanical services

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1.1.4. Comparison Between Traditional And Automatic Car Parking System: [7]

Fig.5: Typical scene of insufficient parking space:

COMPARISON: Automated vs. Traditional Parking Space

Traditional Parking System Automated Parking System

Top view T

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1.1.5. Rotary Smart Parking System:

Rotary car parking system mainly used in China, Japan and Korea.

Unique Characteristics:

 The space for parking 2 cars can hold more than 8 cars,

 It adopts rotating mechanism so as to minimize the vibration and noise,

 Flexible operation, PLC control,

 No caretaker is needed, key pressing operation,

 Easy to assemble and dismantle since it adopts composite parts,

 High safety, complete inspecting device,

 Stable and reliable.

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1.2.1. Why Rotary Car Parking System:

This Unique Automated Mechanical Parking is designed to permit up to a

maximum of 12 cars or 10 SUV's to be parked easily and safely, on the surface area

required to park 2 cars.

It is simple to operate with the driver parking and leaving the vehicle in the system at

the ground level. Once the driver leaves the incorporated safety zone the vehicle is

automatically parked by the system rotating to lift the parked car away from the bottom

central position. This leaves an empty parking space available at the ground level for the next

car to be parked on.

The parked car is easily retrieved by pushing the button for the relevant position

number the car is parked on. This causes the required car to rotate down to ground level

ready for the driver to enter the safety zone and reverse the car out of the system

Except Rotary Parking System all other systems use a large ground area, Rotary

Parking System is developed to utilize maximum vertical area in the available minimum

ground area. It is quite successful when installed in busy areas which are well established and

are suffering with shortage of area for parking.

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Although the available designs are made on the ground level, the challenge in front of

us is to make the same design for the underground to utilize the maximum benefit of the

parking space availability below the ground level.

1.2 Project Objective

a) To develop an intelligent, user friendly automated car parking system which reduces the

manpower and traffic congestion.

b) To offer safe and secure parking slots within limited area.

1.3 Parking Lot Problems

1.2.1 Difficulty in Finding Vacant Spaces Quickly finding a vacant space in a multilevel parking

lot is difficult if not impossible, especially on weekends or public holidays.

Finding spaces during weekends or public holidays can take more than 10 minutes for about 66%

of visitors. Stadiums or shopping malls are crowded at peak periods, and difficulty in finding

vacant slots at these places is a major problem for customers. Insufficient car park spaces \ lead

to traffic congestion and driver frustration.

1.2.2 Improper Parking

If a car is parked in such a way that it occupies two parking slots rather than one, this is called

improper parking .Improper parking can happen when a driver is not careful about another

driver’s rights. This is tackled by the development of automated smart car parking system.

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

Various methods are prevalent for development of autonomous or intelligent parking systems.

Study of these systems shows that these require a little or more human intervention for the

functioning. One of the intelligent systems for car parking has been proposed by making use of

Image processing. In this system, a brown rounded image on the parking slot is captured and

processed to detect the free parking slot. The information about the currently available parking

slots is displayed on the 7-segment display. Initially, the image of parking slots with brown-

rounded image is taken. The image is segmented to create binary images. The noise is removed

from this image and the object boundaries are traced. The image detection module determines

which objects are round, by estimating each object’s area and perimeter. Accordingly, the free

parking space is allocated. A vision based car parking system is developed which uses two types

of images (positive and negative) to detect free parking slot. In this method, the object classifier

detects the required object within the input. Positive images contain the images of cars from

various angles. Negative images do not contain any cars in them. The co-ordinates of parking

lotsspecified are used as input to detect the presence of cars in the region. Haar-like features are

used for feature detection. However, limitations may occur with this system with respect to the

type of camera used. Also, the co-ordinate system used selects specific parking locations and

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thus camera has to be at a fixed location. Limited set of positive and negative images may

impose limitations on the system. Number Plate Recognition technique for developing

autonomous car parking system uses image processing basis to process the number plates of the

vehicles. In this system, the image of the license number plate of the vehicle is acquired. It is

further segmented to obtain individual characters in the number plate. Ultrasonic sensors are

used to detect free parking slots. Then the images of number plate are taken and analysed.

Simultaneously, the current timing is noted so as to calculate the parking fees. The LCD displays

‘FULL’ sign to indicate that a parking slot is not available. However some limitations with the

system include background colour being compulsorily black and character colour white. Also,

analysis is limited to number plates with just one row. Smart Parking system designed proposed

a mechanical model with an image processing facility. The car would be parked with the use of

lift at multiple levels. Also, image processing is used to capture the number plate and store in

database for comparison to avoid illegal car entry. Thus, we aim to propose a car parking system

that represents a fully automated model with minimum human intervention and overcome the

limitations of existing systems.

Multi-storey car parks have a number of unique features that distinguish them from other

buildings or structures. A lack of understanding and recognition of these distinct characteristics

by designers and those responsible for inspection and maintenance is believed to be the major

cause of many of the common problems identified in these structures. Parking structures are

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generally classified as either “static” or “automated.” The automated parking are more common

in Europe while static is the most prevalent type of parking structure in the United States. The

two types of ramps that can be used are straight ramp and curve ramp. Five types of layout that

can be used in traditional parking structure includes parallel packing, perpendicular/ angle 90o ,

angle 60o , angle 45o and angle 30o . The floor level system can be flat on the same floor, can be

split level or staggered floor systems or sloping floor systems. For the design aspect, there are

numerous configurations of multi-storey car parks featuring different arrangements of deck and

ramp. The final selection of the configuration will be determined by the overall size of the car

park, the shape of the site and the use for which the car park is intended. Starting from the

planning dimensions, you consider the bay width, aisle width, ramp dimensions, planning grid,

alignment paths to exit barriers, means of escape distances, travel distances from the car to the

destination, security, visibility, space allowances, lift provision and payment system among other

things. In structural design, a building that is at least three storey in height must be framed. The

loads from the occupants are transmitted through the slab, beam and column and to the

foundation and therefore each element of the frame must be designed to effectively handle its

own dead load and the load being transferred to it. For the idealization of the actual structure, the

structural model should relate the actual behavior to material properties, structural details, and

loading and boundary conditions as accurately as it is practicable. The structure should be so

designed that adequate means exist to transmit the design ultimate load, wind and imposed loads

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safely from the highest supported level to the foundations. As the height of a building becomes

much, horizontal deflections must be computed with greater accuracy. The deflected shapes of

individual structural members should be taken into account in the final analysis of tall slender

structures.

Parking arrangements should be designed to allow drivers to manoeuvre easily and safely. The

maneuvering ease is a function of aisle and bay widths, which also influence the dynamic

capacity of the car park. This is of particular importance for short-stay car parks such as at retail

centers where aisle capacities are critical to the operation car park. For longer-stay car parks, this

is not so critical; therefore the bay Dimensions could be reduced where customers are more

familiar with the parking arrangements such as at office or station car parks. Some structural

failures were reported in the mid-1990s concerning the 1970’s car parks, which mainly involved

the older stock of car park structures. Among these incidents was failure of car park barriers

caused by accidental impact that resulted in cars falling onto the lower floors. There were other

well publicized failures, one caused by concrete degradation with reinforcement corrosion in a

slab with the structural consequences of a punching shear failure leading to a partial progressive

collapse. The nature and mechanisms of this collapse was fragile, with little prior warning of

structural distress. Brittle failures are more likely in reinforced concrete structures due to

deteriorations of structural members or wrong choice of materials and bad combination of same.

Failure to detect this kind of mechanisms leads to concrete degradation and corrosion to progress

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until structural collapse occurs. In recognition of the problems affecting development of car park

technology and to allow the lessons learnt from such failures to be incorporated into design

guidance, review of institutional guidance began in July 1999. The review noted that failures in

older car parks were not connected to inadequate design details and insufficient understanding of

the adverse loading conditions to which the structures could be subjected and the poor

performance of drainage and waterproofing systems, which are vital for the durability of the

structure. The situation was worsened by the absence of proper monitoring and adequate

maintenance. Structural health monitoring, inspection and maintenance of car parks by qualified

professionals experienced in corrosion, fatigue and structural deterioration are essential for

durable structures including car parking facilities. As with any other structure, design details that

enhance durability, facilitate proper inspection and the maintenance of drainage and

waterproofing will significantly extend the life and safety of a car park structure. Historically, car

parks were designed according to building codes. The review suggested that durability

requirements for closed car parks should be similar to those for bridges or marine structures due

to vehicular wheel load effects not applicable to building structures.

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CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

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Figure 3.1: Waterfall Model

We have decided to complete the project in simple waterfall model

3.1 Communication Phase

Communication phase includes:

 Discussion of topic with guide

 Actual farm visit and understanding various farming method

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 Literature survey

 Problem identification

 Analysis of problem

 Concept development

 Discussing various certainties and uncertainties

3.2 PLANNING PHASE

Planning phase includes:

 Process planning

 Raw material planning

 Force analysis

 Process scheduling

3.3 Modeling Phase

Modeling phase includes:

 Design of various components

 CAD modeling of components

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 Assembly model of component

 Prototype model making

3.4 Construction and Testing

Construction phase includes:

 Selection of proper manufacturing methods

 Working as per process scheduling and plan

 Testing of equipment on field

 Error analysis

 Repair if any

3.5 Deployment

 Comparing the project with the designed output

 Preparation of testing results

 Preparation of project report

 Final submission of project

The vertical rotary parking system having such a structure operates as follows. First, as

shown in Figure, a vehicle is loaded on a hanger that is located adjacent to the ground, and the

driving motor is driven. As shown in Figure, the power of the driving motor passes through the

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motor sprocket and the driving sprocket and rotates the driving shaft . At this time, the annular

rotating body is rotated with respect to the annular fixing body by a rotation of the pinion .

When the hanger support plate of the suspension chain enters on a path along which the pull

blocks and rotate, the end of one of the pull blocks and enters between the dogs and of the

hanger support and attached to them. Hence, when the annular rotating body rotates, the

suspension chain circulates in the direction of the rotation of the annular rotating body. As

described above, the suspension chain is circulated by the pulling of the pull blocks and, and

when the hanger support plate departs from the path along which the pull blocks and rotates, the

pull blocks or is detached from the dogs and of the hanger support plate. At this time, the other

pull block or pull another hanger support plate. In this way, the suspension chain continuously

circulates. While the suspension chain is circulating, the roller of the suspension chain is guided

to the guide ribs of the chain guide rollers and so that stable circulation can be achieved.

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Smart Parking System

CHAPTER 4

WORKING PRINCIPLE

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There is one pallet for each parking space; all pallets could rotate in clockwise or

counterclockwise direction to the ground floor according to the parking or retrieval order

(from the control panel). Each pallet is marked with one number; driver can easily park or

retrieve the car simply by pressing the button of the pallet number on the control panel. Full

automatic operation.

Multi-level Car Parking Tower

Fig 4.1 shows working principle

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Car
Holder

Car
Reception

Fig Working Mechanism Of Smart Parking System

CHAPTER 5
DESIGN AND FABRICATION

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The machine should be such that it should be adopted by the farmers who produce the corn in
small scale. It should be cost effective, which separates the corn seeds from its stem which every
individual farmer needs in their periodical agricultural activities. Machine is portable so that it
can be easily transported from one place to another. Bigger corn deseeding machine have
disadvantages like higher cost and bulkier in size.

2.1 Design procedure

Before we proceed to the process of manufacturing, it’s necessary to have some knowledge
about the project design essential to design the project before starting the manufacturing.
Maximum cost of producing a part of product is established originally by the designer.

Design procedure:

When a new product or their elements are to be designed, a designer may proceed as follows:
 Make a detailed statement of the problems completely; it should be as clear as possible &
also of the purpose
 for which the machine is to be designed.
 Make selection of the possible mechanism which will give the desire motion.
 Determine the forces acting on it and energy transmitted by each element of the machine
 Select the material best suited for each element of the machine.
 Determine the allowable or design stress considering all the factors that affect the
strength of the machine part
 Identify the importance and necessary and application of the machine
 Problems with existing requirement of the machine productivity and demand.

Fabrication Process

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After designing phase, fabrication processes take place. These processes are about using material
selection and make the product base on the design and by followed the design dimension. Many
methods can be used to fabricate a product, like welding, cutting, bending, grinding, drilling and
many more methods. Fabrication process is a process to make only one product rather the
manufacturing process was used at the whole system production. This way include part by
fabrication until assembly to others component.

Process Involve
In order to make the design come reality, fabrication process needs to be done first. The
fabrication process starts from dimensioning the raw material until I finish as a desire product.
The processes that involve are:

1) Getting material
introduces the material have in UMP mechanical laboratory. This rack have more types of steel
like L- shape sheet, rectangular hollow steel, rectangular steel, and etc.

Fig 4.2 shows raw material

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2) Measuring and marking

After get the material, the next step is measurement and making material like Figure
Theequipment used in this process is measuring tape and maker pen. The scale is from solid
work software and this scale is the true.

3) Cutting material
Figure introduce the process cutting the material using shearing machine after measurement and
marking process

Fig 4.3 shows cutting operations

4) Drilling

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Mark the position to drill using scraper before start drill. After that, start the drilling like shown
in figure.

Fig 4.4 shows drilling machine for drilling operations

5) Welding 

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It is a fabrication or sculptural process that joins materials, usually metals or thermoplastics, by

causing fusion, which is distinct from lower temperature metal-joining techniques such as

brazing and soldering, which do not melt the base metal.

Fig 4.5 shows welding opertion

DESIGN OF COMPONENTS

4.1 BATTERY

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Batteries operate by converting chemical energy into electrical energy through

electrochemical discharge reactions. Batteries are composed of one or more cells, each

containing a positive electrode, negative electrode, separator, and electrolyte. Cells can be

divided into two major classes: primary and secondary. Primary cells are not rechargeable and

must be replaced once the reactants are depleted. Secondary cells are rechargeable and require a

DC charging source to restore reactants to their fully charged state. Examples of primary cells

include carbon-zinc (Leclanche or dry cell), alkaline-manganese, mercury zinc, silver-zinc, and

lithium cells (e.g., lithium-manganese dioxide, lithium-sulfur dioxide, and lithiumthionyl

chloride). Examples of secondary cells include lead-lead dioxide (lead-acid), nickel-cadmium,

nickel-iron, nickel-hydrogen, nickel-metal hydride, silver-zinc, silver-cadmium, and lithium-ion.

For aircraft applications, secondary cells are the most prominent, but primary cells are

sometimes used for powering critical avionics equipment by CRC Press LLC Batteries is rated in

terms of their nominal voltage and ampere-hour capacity. The voltage rating is based on the

number of cells connected in series and the nominal voltage of each cell (2.0 V for lead acid and

1.2 V for nickel-cadmium). The most common voltage rating for aircraft batteries is 24 V. A 24-

V lead-acid battery contains 12 cells, while a 24-V nickel-cadmium battery contains either 19 or

20 cells (the U.S. military rates 19-cell batteries at 24 V). Voltage ratings of 22.8, 25.2, and 26.4

V are also common with nickel-cadmium batteries, consisting of 19, 20, or 22 cells, respectively.

Twelve-volt lead-acid batteries, consisting of six cells in series, are also used in many general

aviation aircraft. The ampere-hour (Ah) capacity available from a fully charged battery depends

on its temperature, rate of discharge, and age. Normally, aircraft batteries are rated at room

temperature (25°C), the C-rate (1-hour rate), and beginning of life. Military batteries, however,

often are rated in terms of the end-of life capacity, i.e., the minimum capacity before the battery

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is considered unserviceable. Capacity ratings of aircraft batteries vary widely, generally ranging

from 3 to 65 Ah. The maximum power available from a battery depends on its internal

construction. High rate cells, for example, are designed specifically to have very low internal

impedance as required for starting turbine engines and auxiliary power units (APUs).

Unfortunately, no universally accepted standard exists for defining the peak power capability of

an aircraft battery. For lead-acid batteries, the peak power typically is defined in terms of the

cold-cranking amperes, or CCA rating. For nickel-cadmium batteries, the peak power rating

typically is defined in terms of the current at maximum power, or Imp rating. These ratings are

based on different temperatures (18°C for CCA, 23°C for Imp), making it difficult to compare

different battery types. Furthermore, neither rating adequately characterizes the battery’s initial

peak current capability, which is especially important for engine start applications. More

rigorous peak power specifications have been included in some military standards. For example,

MIL-B-8565/15 specifies the initial peak current, the current after 15 s, and the capacity after 60

s, during a 14-V constant voltage discharge at two different temperatures (24 and 26°C). The

state-of-charge of a battery is the percentage of its capacity available relative to the capacity

when it is fully charged. By this definition, a fully charged battery has a state-of-charge of 100%

and a battery with 20% of its capacity removed has a state-of-charge of 80%. The state-of-health

of a battery is the percentage of its capacity available when fully charged relative to its rated

capacity. For example, a battery rated at 30 Ah, but only capable of delivering 24 Ah when fully

charged, will have a state-of-health of 24/30 100 80%. Thus, the state-of-health takes into

account the loss of capacity as the battery ages.

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Fig 4.1 shows Battery

BATTERY SPECIFICATION

 BM part # SLA- 12 V 7- F1
 Voltage 12 v
 Capacity 7 ah
 Type rechargeable battery
 Length 5.95”
 Width 2.56”
 Height 3.7”
 Shipping weight 7.00 lbs
 Warranty 6 month

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4.2 Electric Motors

Electric motors (DC & AC) use the electromagnetic features of electric current to

produce kinetic energy. The major two categories of are synchronous and induction

motors. Electric motors are widely used from a simple drill to a huge power plant.

Theoretically the same machine that consumes electrical energy to produce kinetic energy

can operate vice versa as generator. There is a huge range of motors regarding their

power output. One of the most important attributes is that the larger the motor the higher

the efficiency. The induction motors are known as AC motors and they are currently used

in electrical vehicles.

Motor Specifications:

 DC supply: 4 to 12V

 RPM: 100 at 12V

 Total length: 46mm

 Motor diameter: 36mm

 Motor length: 25mm

 Brush type: Precious metal

 Gear head diameter: 37mm

 Gear head length: 21mm

 Output shaft: Centre

 Shaft diameter: 8mm

 Shaft length: 22mm

 Gear assembly: Spur

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 Motor weight: 100gms

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Figure

4.2 12 V 100 RPM DC Motor

4.3 Bolt :
A stud is a round bar threaded at both ends. One end of rhe stud is screwed into atap

hole of parts to be fastened, while the other end receives a nut on it. Stud are chiefly used instead

of tap bolts for securing various kinds of covers example; covers of engine and pump cylinders,

valves, chests, etc.

Let

D= Diameter of stud = 8 mm

L = Length of stud = 175 mm

P = Resisting Force = to find

p = Pressure on Lever = 6 Mpa

π
P= D2 p
4

π
= ( 82 ) 6
4

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= 301.44 N

Fig 4.3 Bolt

4.4 AC Motor

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Fig 4.4 shows Ac Motor

Motor Specifications:

 AC supply: 230-240 AC

 RPM: 120 rpm

 Brush type: Precious metal

 Gear head diameter: 37mm

 Gear head length: 21mm

 Output shaft: Centre

 Shaft diameter: 10mm

 Shaft length: 22mm

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 Gear assembly: Spur

4.5 Toggle switch

Fig 4.5 shows control switch

Many small electronic projects can content a small hobby motor and it is some time important to

control the direction that it rotate there are a few option out there such as h- bridge that involve

use in diode and transistors to swap the polarity that is applied to the motor however there far too

complicated and require lot more part than the simple switch.

To make the switch we will need –

 1x DPDT (double pole double throw). Get one with center of reverse control or a normal

one for just forward –reversed control

 Wire

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 To try the switch you will need –

 A dc motor

 A power supply ( battery )

 You will as need few tool

 Soldering iron and solider

 wire cutter

 the third hand soldiering tool

CHAPTER 6

ADVANTAGE, DISADVANTAGE AND APPLICATION

6.1 ADVANTAGES

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A city like Delhi has over five million cars and two-wheelers on its roads, but not enough

parking spaces. The demand for parking space has, on an average in the main markets of Delhi,

outstripped demand by 43 per cent. It is not just a problem of Delhi or Mumbai; all the big cities

in India are facing the space crunch. Parking space is fast becoming a major issue in other cities

like Kolkata, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Chandigarh, Pune and other urban and semi-

urban cities.

Multi-storey car parks provide lower building cost per parking slot, as they typically require less

building volume and less ground area than a conventional facility with the same capacity. A

multi-storey car parks offer greatest possible flexibility for the realization of optimum parking

solution. Time-saving vertical and horizontal movements take place simultaneously ensuring

fast parking and retrieval times. Following are some another advantages :

1. It ensures quick and automated parking and easy retrieval of vehicles.

2. Up to 6 cars can be easily and safely parked in the designed model.

3. The surface space required is equivalent to the parking space of two cars only.

4. Most suitable for parking in offices, malls and similar places.

5. Low maintenance levels are required by the system

6. Sensors used have high sensitivity and are easy to handle.

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7. Low cost system, providing maximum automation.

8. It does not require line-of-sight operation.

9. Friendly reorientation of cars for driving in and out.

10. Safety of vehicle.

6.2 DISADVANTAGES

Drivers who use multi-story parking facilities, sometimes known as parking garages, often enjoy

a number of benefits the structures provide. Despite the ability of the garages to house a large

number of cars, multi-story parking facilities also carry a number of distinct disadvantages that

arise from their tall, enclosed and often dimly lit nature.

1. Deterioration and Maintenance

Multi-story parking facilities support hundreds of thousands of pounds of vehicles, people and

equipment every day. Because the garages support very large amounts of weight and loads that

constantly change, the structures quickly deteriorate in the absence of constant maintenance

activity. In addition, according to Canada's National Resource Council, changing weather and

environmental conditions can deteriorate a garage's steel support structure, creating an unsafe

environment for garage users. A number of corrosion inhibitors can help delay processes that eat

away at the structure's integrity, according to the National Resource Council, but constant

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maintenance and upkeep must include anti-corrosion measures to keep multi-story parking

facilities structurally sound.

2. Parking Angle Considerations

Because many drivers of varying levels of skills and experience drive in, around and out of

parking garages every day, designers must pay special attention to the configuration of parking

spaces within the structures. In a municipal parking garage presentation prepared by architects

Sakri and Khairuddin, the designers noted that two-way traffic flow in a multi-story garage

presents a number of parking challenges for drivers and designers. Parallel parking, for example,

creates an inefficient use of limited space, while straight parking spaces make parking difficult

for some drivers. Other options, like angled parking, do not work well with a two-way traffic

flow and can only work well in garages with separate entrance and exit openings.

3. Lighting

While most parking lots open at night, multi-story or otherwise, require some form of lighting,

the multi-story nature of parking garages creates a need for numerous lights throughout the

structure. In addition, because the inside of the structure may remain dark even during the day,

many of these lights must run at all times. This arrangement can create high energy bills for

garage owners and may require frequent lighting maintenance to replace broken or burned-out

bulbs.

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4. Safety

Because multi-story parking facilities allow limited natural light inside, some security experts

express concern about safety inside the structures. In their municipal presentation, architects

Sakri and Khairuddin recommend security devices that directly connect to local police or public

safety stations. In addition, the architects explicitly describe a need to reduce dark places where

criminals may hide. Even with security measures in place, though, criminals still seem to thrive

in multi-story parking structures; in a 2009 article in the Chicago Sun-Times, one parking garage

user expressed frustration after experiencing three burglaries within two years.

6.3 APPLICATIONS

1) Erection of multistoried car parking with surface car parking:-

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a. It seeks permission for a larger multistoried car park and an amended parking

layout to that approved.

2) BERRY SYSTEMS:-

a. Berry system is an acknowledged UK market leader in the manufacture, design

and installation of barrier protection systems for use in multistory car parks and

industrial environments.

3) Eastside multistoried car park

4) Greenside multistoried car park

5) Minories multistoried car park

6) Woodhouse multistoried car park

7) Manors multistoried car park

8) Westgate multistoried car park

9) Multistoried car park Poole

CHAPTER 7

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COST ESTIMATION

Cost estimation may be defined as the process of forecasting the expenses that must

be incurred to manufacture a product. These expenses take into a consideration all expenditure

involved in a design and manufacturing with all related services facilities such as pattern

making, tool, making as well as a portion of the general administrative and selling costs.

Raw Material and Standard Material

Sl. No. PARTS Qty. Material/ Price

Specification
1. Pedestal bearing 4 STD ( 19 mm ) 800/-
2. Shaft 2 M.S. (19 MM 450/-
DIA. AND 1500
MM LENGTH )
3. PULLEY 2 C.I. 400/-
4. TIMING PULLEY 1 M.S. 300/-
5. TIMING BELT 1 STD. 200/-
6. V BELT 1 A-SECTION 400/-
7. ELECTRIC MOTOR 2 STD. (240V, 120 4000/-
RPM)
8. GEAR 2 PLASTIC 200/-
(84TEETH)
9. GEAR 8 PLASTIC (30 250/-
TEETH)
10. BICYCLE AXLE 3 SS 600/-
11. DC MOTOR 3 12V, 30 RPM,7 600/-

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AMP
12. BELT CONVEYOR 1 LEATHER 350/-
13. SHAFT 2 19MM DIA. 450 200/-
MM LENGTH
M.S.
14. PLYWOOD 3 300X350MM 1200/-
15. L BAR 22 FT M.S. 600/-
16. SQUARE PIPE 22FT 1’’X1’’ INCH 650/-
17. MIS ( COLOUR, NUT - - 2650/-
BOLTETC )

TOTAL 13850/-

CHAPTER 8

FUTURE SCOPE AND ENHANCEMENT

In future works, this system can be improved by adding other applications such as online

booking by using gsm. The driver or user can book their parking lot at home or on the way to the

shopping mall. This can reduce the time of the user to searching the vacant parking lot. As a

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further study, different sensor systems can be added to improve this system to detect the object

and guide the driver or users fastest. We will try to reduce the mechanical structure and try to

make it ecofriendly.

 This automated car parking system can be installed with safety installations

such as, whenever there is human movement in the system, the rotation of

the platforms should be immediately stopped.

 The platforms can also be equipped with safety sensors guiding the

movement of vehicles in the platforms.

 It can be fully automated by integrating it with a panel board, such that

whenever a particular number is called on the panel board, the

respective platform should appear at the ground level.

 As it not completely possible to design the whole parking system with the

structure containing the column in actually we'll try to make the best of the

replica of the model.

 This calling can also be made more secured by providing each platform a

specific password, so that only whenever a particular password is typed the

platform is retrieved.

 It can also be programmed, so that the platforms travel the minimum

distance in the retrieval of the vehicle.

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CHAPTER 8

CONCLUSION

Analysis of the model has to be done while developing a life size model. The

mechanical model has been designed and the software as well as the control circuit has been

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implemented successfully. It demonstrates the working of the planned automated smart parking

system. The main advantages are space optimization, cost effectiveness and security

REFERENCES

1. J. DongjiuGeng, YueSuo, Yu Chen, Jun Wen, Yongqing Lu, Remote Access and Control

System Based on Android Mobil Phone, vol.2. Journal of Computer Applications, 2011,

pp. 560-562

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2. M. Fengsheng Yang, Android Application Development Revelation, China Machine

Press, 2010

3. M.A.R. Sarkar, A.A. Rokoni, M.O. Reza, M.F. Ismail, "Smart Parking system with image

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Electronics Engineering, 2011, p. 3.

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11. International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE)

ISSN: 2278-3075, Volume-4 Issue-10, March 2015

12. D. Pike, C.K. Jolly, M. Pundsack, J.N. Stewart and W. Whapples, Design

recommendations for multi-storey and underground car parks; Published by the

Institution of Structural Engineers; 4th Edition London, UK, (2011).

13. M.D. Khairunnur, L. Nuur L, Multi-storey Car Parking; accessed on 2nd Oct, 2013;

http://www.scribd.com/mobile/ doc/2194924? Width.

14. K. Milton, Steel-framed Car Parks; Published by Corus Construction & Industrial;

Scunthorpe, North Lincolnshire, 2004

15. C. Arya, Design of Structural Elements: Concrete, Steelwork, Masonry, and Timber

Designs to British Standards and Euro codes, (3rd Edition; Taylor & Francis, London,

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16. “Pre feasibility report for development of multi-level car park facilities on PPP format in

cities of Karnataka” 6th October, 2009 by KSIIDC-IL&FS Project Development

Company (KIPDC)

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ACTUAL PROJECT PHOTO

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