TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 :- INTRODUCTION

1.1 PROJECT OBJECTIVE

1.2 STATEMENT OF PARKING LOT PROBLEMS

1.3 PARKING SYSTEMS

1.3.1Integrated Car Parking

1.3.2. Robot Car Parking:

1.3.3. Multi-Level Parking:

CHAPTER 2 :- LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPTER 3-COMPONENTS USED

3.1 INFRARED SENSORS

3.2 REED SENSORS

3.3. OPTO-COUPLER:

3.4.TRANSISTORS : FOR CONTROLLING DC MOTORS

3.5. TRANSFORMER

3.6. RECTIFIER:

3.7. 8051 MICROCONTROLLER:

3.8. LED INDICATOR :

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 3.9.LCD DISPLAY 16*2:

CHAPTER 4 :- METHODOLOGY

4.1 INTODUCTION
4.2 METHODOLOGY FOR AUTOMATIC CAR PARKING SYSTEM

4.3 ADOPTED TECHNIQUE

4.3.1 Adopted Technique for Multi-Level Automatic car parking and it’s security system
4.3.2 Automation System
4.3.3 Introduction to Microcontroller
4.3.4 Programming Language and Technique

4.3.5 Introduction to IR transmission and reception

CHAPTER 5:- SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

5.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

5.1 FLOW CHART

5.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND ITS DESCRIPTION

5.3 DESIGN

CHAPTER 6:-HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION AND TESTING

6.1INTRODUCTION

6.2 HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION

6.3 OVERALL PERFORMANCE TEST

6.3.1 CASE:- 1 When complete parking space is available:

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 6.3.2 CASE:- 2 when 2nd floor is full and parking is available at 1st floor:

6.3.3 CASE:-3 When 1st floor is full and parking is available in 2nd floor:-

6.3.4 CASE:- 4 When no parking is available

CHAPTER 7: DISCUSSIONS:- ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES:-

7.1 ADVANTAGES

CHAPTER 8:- CONCLUSION

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Conclusion

REFERENCES

**

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 ABSTRACT
The rapidly growing urban population of India is creating many problems for the cities, vehicle
parking being one of the major problems faced almost every day. The number of vehicles is also
increasing daily adding to the parking vows at public places. India has more than 40 million
vehicles as of 2014. The traffic on roads and parking space has been an area of concern in
majority of Indian cities.

To avoid these problems, recently many new technologies have been developed that help in
solving the parking problems to a great extent. Multi-level car parking system (MLCPS) is one
such technology which is implemented in India. It is used for optimum utilization of parking
space by utilizing vertical space rather than horizontal space. Some of the benefits of MLCPS are
optimum utilization of space, low construction cost, low working and maintenance cost to name
a few. Although automated parking(Mathijssen & Pretorius, 2005) [1] like multilevel parking has
made the condition a little better than the earlier situation, there is still scope for improvement.
This is because people still face problems of space availability, searching time and waiting time
in public places like malls, multiplexes, railway stations, shopping streets etc. With the new
technology of smart parking, majority of these issues will be solved.

Smart parking solutions can be used to locate available parking space with the help of sensors.
This saves customer’s time as well as minimizes wastage of fuel. Various technologies are being
used to ease parking problems in public places.. Similarly using wireless sensors information like
parking duration, available slot, billing details, directional details etc. can be obtained which will
help the drivers and will thus ease out parking vows. In automated multilevel car parking, the car
is lifted and placed at the available slot. This is done with the help of robotics and a lot of
software programming.

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CHAPTER 1 :- INTRODUCTION

1.1 PROJECT OBJECTIVE

a) The aim of this project is to design and build a prototype car park control with the help of
microcontrollers since it gives more structured approach rather than conventional approach.

b) To develop an intelligent, user friendly automated car parking system which reduces the
manpower, traffic congestion and fuel consumption of the vehicle.

c) To offer safe and secure parking slots within limited area.

1.2 STATEMENT OF PARKING LOT PROBLEMS

 Difficulty in Finding Vacant Spaces Quickly finding a vacant space in a multilevel

parking lot is difficult if not impossible, especially on weekends or public holidays.
Finding spaces during weekends or public holidays can take more than 10 minutes for
about 66% of visitors. Stadiums or shopping malls are crowded at peak periods, and
difficulty in finding vacant slots at these places is a major problem for customers.
Insufficient car park spaces \ lead to traffic congestion and driver frustration.

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  Improper Parking If a car is parked in such a way that it occupies two parking slots
rather than one, this is called improper parking. Improper parking can happen when a
driver is not careful about another driver’s rights. This is tackled by the development of
automated parking system.
 Parking Fee Payment Parking fee payment can be a time consuming activity for people.
Since many current payment machines just accept small notes and coins, finding the
exact amount and queuing for payment is not pleasant for drivers. Therefore, providing
services that make payment convenient is desirable. One survey showed that queuing up
for payment and finding coins for parking fee payment is troublesome. Moreover, most
respondents agreed that using the Touch 'n' Go (a system that allows simply swiping a
card and deduct fees from inside credit) is useful and will decrease queue up time.

The advancement and progress of nations is measured by the possibility of their use and
application of latest invented technologies in all aspects of life. Control engineering is one of the
aspects which have been given a great deal by many researchers. It became to a great concerns in
many areas such as industry, agriculture, medicine, education and infrastructure. Automatic
control systems have emerged as an integrated part in telecommunications, electricity, fuel and
other applications [1, 2]. This paper is devoted to the use of control systems in parking systems.
The control system will play a major role in organizing the entry to and exit from the parking
lots. It also presents the design of multi-level parking lots which occupies less need on the
ground and contains the large number of cars [3]. Therefore, the need of using Technologies
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became inevitable. In the modern world, where parking-space has become a very big problem, it
has become very important to avoid the wastage of space in modern big Automatic multilevel car
parking system helps to minimize the car parking area companies and apartments etc [4].

There are two types of car parking systems: traditional and automated. In the long term,
automated car parking systems are likely to be more cost effective when compared to traditional
parking garages. Automatic multi-storey automated car park systems are less expensive per
parking slot, since they tend to require less building volume andless ground area than a
conventional facility with the same capacity. Both automated car parking systems and automated
parking garage systems reduce pollution. This research is devoted to the automated multilevel
car parking system. A multilevel car parking is essentially a building with number of floors or
layers for the cars to be parked. The different levels are accessed through interior or exterior
ramps. An automated car parking has mechanized lifts which transport the car to the different
levels at a certain position. Therefore, these car parks need less building volume and less ground
space and thus save on the cost of the building. This system proves to be useful in reducing
wastage of space where more than 100 cars need to be parked. This system enables the parking
of vehicles, floor after floor and thus reducing the space used. Here any number of cars can be
parked according to the requirement. These makes the systems modernized and even a space-
saving one.

1.3PARKING SYSTEMS

1.3.1Integrated Car Parking

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- Customized application suitable for various types of landscapes and buildings

- Structures available below or / and above the ground

- Reducing management cost through precise control and low power consumption

- User's easy control by soft touch on the operation panel screen

- Simultaneous vertical and horizontal movement for short waiting periods

- When a vehicle stops in front of the entrance, automatically door opens and trolley

Transfers the vehicle to parking cell

- Very safe for the driver with no need to stay in the car

- Good for underground parking lot

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1.3.2. Robot Car Parking:

In this technology, you don’t need to drive through the garage to find a parking space. You
simply drive your car to an entry station and leave your car to be picked up by the computerized
lifts that will safely place it inside the building on a shelving system. When you leave, you return
to a central point and your car is swiftly retrieved for you.

This robotic car park will be especially convenient for the office tenants, parking or retrieval can
be completed in less than 160 seconds. It is safe and secure and obviously doesn’t expose
expensive paint work to the abrasive elements during lengthy office hours

1.3.3. Multi-Level Parking:

A multi-level car parking is essentially a building with number of floors or layers for the cars to
be parked. The different levels are accessed through interior or exterior ramps. An automated car
parking has mechanized lifts which transport the car to the different levels. Therefore, these car

9|Page
parks need less building volume and less ground space and thus save on the cost of the building.
It also does away the need for employing too many personal to monitor the place.

CHAPTER 2 :- LITERATURE REVIEW

1) Password Based Rotational Multistory Car Parking System-Nayab Suhail Hamirani,

Imdad Ali Ismaili, Asad Ali Shaikh, Faheem Ahmed, Azhar Ali Shah University of Sindh
Jamshoro ISSN 2079-8407

 Parking is a big issue in thickly populated areas and in larger cities due to heavy
traffic. This intended application of rotational multistory parking system
effectively minimizes this issue. It results in less space and more secure parking.
 ATMEL microcontroller is used as main processor while LCD and motors are as
complimentary components for display and rotation The model is based on
circular mechanism giving low cost, less space and optimum performance.
Password locking system is used to verify the object and detects number of free
spaces available in the parking lot. The world has become a global market and

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 numbers of vehicles are also increased to an uncontrollable situation. Keeping this
problem the intended model is designed. Password locking system embedded in
the work has made the parking of vehicles very much secure.

2) Automated car parking system commanded by android application Prof. D. J. Bonde ,

Rohit S. Shende, Ketan S. Gaikwad, Akshay S. Kedari,Amol U. Bhokre ISSN:0975-9646

 The aim of this paper is to propose a design of an Automated Car Parking System
commanded by an Android application that regulates the number of cars to be
parked on designated parking area by automating the Parking and Unparking of
the car with the help of Commands of an Android Application. The study of some
existing systems shows that the level of automation in them is limited only to
features like Number plate extraction, Comparison based on Snapshots of parking
spaces, processing of images or Mechanical lifts in case of multilevel parking.
Our system aims to reduce the human intervention to the minimal by automating
the process of car parking.

3) Design and fabrication of an Automated Multi-level Car Parking System A. ALBAGUL,

K. ALSHAREF, M. SAAD, Y. ABUJEELA .

 In this paper, the basic multi-level car parking system with three floors is
considered to show the use of control systems in parking systems. The control
system will play a major role in organizing the entry to and exit from the parking
lots. It also presents the design of multi-level parking lots which occupies less
need on the ground and contains the large number of cars. In the modern world,
where parking-space has become a very big problem, it has become very
important to avoid the wastage of space in modern big Automatic multi-level car
parking system helps to minimize the car parking area companies and apartments.
The parking lots have an elevator to carry cars to different floors according to the

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 vacancies. The elevator is controlled by a programmable logic controller (PLC)
along with the help of some sensors.

4) Design And Development Of RFID Based Automated Car Parking System by Karamjit
kaur , Ekta Soni , Anil Sharma (ISSN : 2319-8125) Vol. 2 Issue 2.

 In the light of the number of vehicles rising consistently and parking space is fast
becoming a major issue in urban and semi urban cities so there is a need to design
parallel parking.. It is essentially a stacked car park. Instead of car’s parking on
streets, a more modern and a fast operating parking-lot system have been
developed. In this paper, a solution has been provided for the problems
encountered in parking-lot management systems via RFID technology. The
application of RFID technology in parking lots makes parking effective,
convenient and safe. The RFID system is used to park the cars automatically in
the multilevel parking area. The use of RFID tags, readers and antennas makes it
easier to automate the 'in and out' privileges of parking subscribers. Personnel
costs will be reduced considerably using this technology. It will be possible in the
future to make unmanned, secure and atomized parking-lots functioning with
RFID technology. Check-ins and check-outs will be handled in a faster manner
without stopping the cars. By this the traffic jam problem will be avoided during
parking. Drivers will not have to stop at the circulation points. The ticket jamming
problems for the ticket processing machines will be avoided as well.

5) Design and Fabrication of Prototype of Automated Smart Car Parking System using
Programmable Logical Controllers (PLC) by S.Sarayu, Sri. Sree Rajendra, V.V.Bongale
Malnad College of Engineering Hassan-573201, Karnataka (ISSN : 2277-1581) Volume
No.2, Issue No.9, pp : 857-860 1 Sept. 2013

This paper proposes a novel, secure and intelligent parking system, which greatly reduces
fuel consumption of the vehicle, traffic congestion and environmental pollution with the
use of Programmable Logical Controllers (PLC) in automation. The main advantage of

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 this technology is space optimization, cost effectiveness, security, environmental
protection, low maintenance and operating cost and safety of the vehicle. PLC has been
used in the design of the prototype model because it is more reliable and faster in
operation. Demonstration at the internal evaluation gave expected results.

6) Understanding Smart and Automated Parking Technology by Prof. Yatin Jog, Anuja
Sajeev1, Shreyas Vidwans2 and Chandradeep Mallick3 Professor at Symbiosis Institute
of Telecom Management 123Student at Symbiosis Institute of Telecom Management
International Journal of u- and e- Service, Science and Technology Vol.8, No.2 (2015),
pp.251-262

 Smart parking is a part of Internet of things wherein sensors will talk to remote
devices over internet and share information using predefined communication
protocols. This paper deals with the parking issues faced by people, their
awareness about the new upcoming smart parking technology and their
willingness to adapt to this new technology. Also, the paper throws light on some
of the smart parking technologies currently used across the globe.

CHAPTER 3-COMPONENTS USED

COMPONENTS USED AND THEIR WORKING IN CONTEXT OF THIS PROJECT :

1. PROXIMITY SENSORS
1.1 INFRARED SENSORS
1.2 REED SENSORS
2. VOLTAGE REGULATOR IC 7805
3. OPTO-COUPLER
4. TRANSISTORS
5. RECTIFIER
6. TRANFORMER

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 7. 8051 MICROCONTROLLER
8. LED INDICATOR
9. 16*2 LCD DISPLAY

3.1 INFRARED SENSORS

An infrared sensor is an electronic instrument which is used to sense certain characteristics of its
surroundings by either emitting and/or detecting infrared radiation. Infrared sensors are also
capable of measuring the heat being emitted by an object and detecting motion.

The infrared waves typically have wavelengths between 0.75 and 1000µm. The key benefits of
infrared sensors include their low power requirements, their simple circuitry and their portable
features.

THE WORKING PRINCIPLE OF INFRARED SENSORS:

All objects which have a temperature greater than absolute zero (0 Kelvin) posses thermal energy
and are sources of infrared radiation as a result.

Sources of infrared radiation include blackbody radiators, tungsten lamps and silicon
carbide. Infrared sensors typically use infrared lasers and LEDs with specific
infrared wavelengths as sources.

A transmission medium is required for infrared transmission, which can be comprised of either a
vacuum, the atmosphere or an optical fiber.

Optical components, such as optical lenses made from quartz, CaF 2, Ge and Si, polyethylene
Fresnel lenses and Al or Au mirrors, are used to converge or focus the infrared radiation. In
order to limit spectral response, band-pass filters can be used.

Next, infrared detectors are used in order to detect the radiation which has been focused. The
output from the detector is usually very small and hence pre-amplifiers coupled with circuitry are
required to further process the received signals.

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3.2 REED SENSORS

The reed switch is an electrical switch operated by an applied magnetic field. The contacts may
be normally open, closing when a magnetic field is present, or normally closed and opening
when a magnetic field is applied. The switch may be actuated by a coil, making a reed relay,[1] or
by bringing a magnet near to the switch. Once the magnet is pulled away from the switch, the
reed switch will go back to its original position.

THE WORKING PRINCIPLE OF REED SENSORS:

The reed switch contains a pair (or more) of magnetizable, flexible, metal reeds whose end
portions are separated by a small gap when the switch is open. The reeds are hermetically sealed
in opposite ends of a tubular glass envelope.

A magnetic field (from an electromagnet or a permanent magnet) will cause the reeds to come
together, thus completing an electrical circuit. The stiffness of the reeds causes them to separate,
and open the circuit, when the magnetic field ceases. Another configuration contains a non-
ferrous normally-closed contact that opens when the ferrous normally-open contact closes. Good
electrical contact is assured by plating a thin layer of non-ferrous precious metal over the flat
contact portions of the reeds; low-resistivity silver is more suitable than corrosion-resistant gold
in the sealed envelope. There are also versions of reed switches with mercury "wetted" contacts.
Such switches must be mounted in a particular orientation otherwise drops of mercury may
bridge the contacts even when not activated. Since the contacts of the reed switch are sealed

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away from the atmosphere, they are protected against atmospheric corrosion. The hermetic
sealing of a reed switch make them suitable for use in explosive atmospheres where tiny sparks
from conventional switches would constitute a hazard. One important quality of the switch is its
sensitivity, the amount of magnetic field necessary to actuate it. Sensitivity is measured in units
of Ampere-turns, corresponding to the current in a coil multiplied by the number of turns.
Typical pull-in sensitivities for commercial devices are in the 10 to 60 AT range. The lower the
AT, the more sensitive the reed switch. Also, smaller reed switches, which have smaller parts,
are more sensitive to magnetic fields, so the smaller the reed switch's glass envelope is, the more
sensitive it is.

2. IC 7805 (Voltage Regulator IC) -:

7805 is a voltage regulator integrated circuit. It is a member of 78xx series of fixed linear
voltage regulator ICs. The voltage source in a circuit may have fluctuations and would not give
the fixed voltage output. The voltage regulator IC maintains the output voltage at a constant
value. The xx in 78xx indicates the fixed output voltage it is designed to provide. 7805 provides
+5V regulated power supply. Capacitors of suitable values can be connected at input and output
pins depending upon the respective voltage levels.

PIN DIAGRAM:

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Pin Description:

Pin Function Name

No
1 Input voltage (5V-18V) Input
2 Ground (0V) Ground
3 Regulated output; 5V (4.8V-5.2V) Output

INPUT: Pin no 40 of the controller is connected to the positive supply.

GROUND: Pin no 20 is connected to the ground pin.

OUTPUT: Pin no 9 is reset pin and connected to external capacitor and resistance to provide a
power on reset logic.

3.3. OPTO-COUPLER:

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An optical coupler, also called opto-isolator, optocoupler, opto coupler, photocoupler or optical
isolator, is a passive optical component that can combine or split transmission data (optical
power) from optical fibers. It is an electronic device which is designed to transfer electrical
signals by using light waves in order to provide coupling with electrical isolation between its
input and output. The main purpose of an optocoupler is to prevent rapidly changing voltages or
high voltages on one side of a circuit from distorting transmissions or damaging components on
the other side of the circuit. An optocoupler contains a light source often near an LED which
converts electrical input signal into light, a closed optical channel and a photosensor, which
detects incoming light and either modulates electric current flowing from an external power
supply or generates electric energy directly. The sensor can either be a photoresistor, a silicon-
controlled rectifier, a photodiode, a phototransistor or a triac.

Opto-coupler provide a isolation between the two power supply. Microcontroller power supply is
5 volt dc and motor supply is vary from 9volt to 12 volt dc. With the help of the microcontroller
we provide a optical isolation between two power supply

In opto-coupler there is one input and one output and there is no connection between input and
output. On input point there is one infra red l.e.d. cathode point of the l.e.d is connected to the
resistor R1 and further connected to the microcontroller ports. In this project we use two dc
motor, so we use two H bridge circuit with the four opto-couplers.

3.4.TRANSISTORS : FOR CONTROLLING DC MOTORS

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For controlling a dc motor we use H bridge circuit. IN this project we use four transistor circuit
to control the movement of dc motor for forward and reverse movement. Collector of both the
transistor is connected to the positive supply 9 volt. This 9 volt supply is for the DC motor. If we
use 12 volt motor then we use 12 volt dc supply here. Emitter of both the transistor is connected
to the DC motor. Emitter of the PNP transistor is connected to the emitter of NPN transistor.
Collector of both the PNP transistor is connected to the ground potential. Base point of both
transistor is join together. On this point we give a voltage.

if we give a positive voltage to the base of left junction and negative voltage to the right junction
then motor moves to one direction. Because due to positive on base NPN is on and due to
negative on base PNP is on. If left side NPN is on and right side PNP is on then motor moves to
the one direction. If the voltage is reverse on the base point then motor’s moves to the reverse
direction.

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motor move to the reverse direction because base voltage is change . Now left NPN and right
PNP is on and motor moves to the reverse direction. Now when we attach the H bridge to the
logical output of the micro-controller. So to interface the micro-controller with this H bridge we
must connect a OPTO-COUPLER with the controller.

A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals and
electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for
connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's
terminals changes the current through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output)
power can be higher than the controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a signal. Today,
some transistors are packaged individually, but many more are found embedded in integrated
circuits. We can use transistors as a switch or as an amplifier. In this project the transistor is used
a switch. Transistors are commonly used as electronic switches, both for high-power applications
such as switched-mode power supplies and for low-power applications such as logic gates.In a
grounded-emitter transistor circuit, such as the light-switch circuit shown, as the base voltage
rises, the emitter and collector currents rise exponentially. The collector voltage drops because of
reduced resistance from collector to emitter. If the voltage difference between the collector and
emitter were zero (or near zero), the collector current would be limited only by the load
resistance (light bulb) and the supply voltage. This is called saturation because current is flowing
from collector to emitter freely. When saturated, the switch is said to be on. Providing sufficient
base drive current is a key problem in the use of bipolar transistors as switches. The transistor
provides current gain, allowing a relatively large current in the collector to be switched by a

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much smaller current into the base terminal. The ratio of these currents varies depending on the
type of transistor, and even for a particular type, varies depending on the collector current. In the
example light-switch circuit shown, the resistor is chosen to provide enough base current to
ensure the transistor will be saturated.

In any switching circuit, values of input voltage would be chosen such that the output is either
completely off,or completely on. The transistor is acting as a switch, and this type of operation is
common in digital circuits where only "on" and "off" values are relevant.

Bipolar junction transistor (BJT):

Bipolar transistors are so named because they conduct by using both majority and minority
carriers. The bipolar junction transistor, the first type of transistor to be mass-produced, is a
combination of two junction diodes, and is formed of either a thin layer of p-type semiconductor
sandwiched between two n-type semiconductors (an n–p–n transistor), or a thin layer of n-type
semiconductor sandwiched between two p-type semiconductors (a p–n–p transistor). This
construction produces two p–n junctions: a base–emitter junction and a base–collector junction,
separated by a thin region of semiconductor known as the base region (two junction diodes wired
together without sharing an intervening semiconducting region will not make a transistor).

BJTs have three terminals, corresponding to the three layers of semiconductor—an emitter, a
base, and a collector. They are useful in amplifiers because the currents at the emitter and
collector are controllable by a relatively small base current.In an n–p–n transistor operating in
the active region, the emitter–base junction is forward biased (electrons and holes recombine at
the junction), and electrons are injected into the base region. Because the base is narrow, most of
these electrons will diffuse into the reverse-biased (electrons and holes are formed at, and move
away from the junction) base–collector junction and be swept into the collector; perhaps one-
hundredth of the electrons will recombine in the base, which is the dominant mechanism in the
base current. By controlling the number of electrons that can leave the base, the number of
electrons entering the collector can be controlled. Collector current is approximately β (common-
emitter current gain) times the base current. It is typically greater than 100 for small-signal
transistors but can be smaller in transistors designed for high-power applications.

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Unlike the field-effect transistor (see below), the BJT is a low–input-impedance device. Also, as
the base–emitter voltage (Vbe) is increased the base–emitter current and hence the collector–
emitter current (Ice) increase exponentially according to the Shockley diode model and the Ebers-
Moll model. Because of this exponential relationship, the BJT has a higher transconductance
than the FET.

Bipolar transistors can be made to conduct by exposure to light, because absorption of photons in
the base region generates a photocurrent that acts as a base current; the collector current is
approximately β times the photocurrent. Devices designed for this purpose have a transparent
window in the package and are called phototransistors.

3.5. TRANSFORMER

Transformers convert AC electricity from one voltage to another with little loss of power.
Transformers work only with AC and this is one of the reasons why mains electricity is AC.
Step-up transformers increase voltage, step-down transformers reduce voltage. Most power
supplies use a step-down transformer to reduce the dangerously high mains voltage (230V in
UK) to a safer low voltage. The input coil is called the primary and the output coil is called the
secondary. There is no electrical connection between the two coils, instead they are linked by an
alternating magnetic field created in the soft-iron core of the transformer. The two lines in the
middle of the circuit symbol represent the core. Transformers waste very little power so the
power out is (almost) equal to the power in. Note that as voltage is stepped down current is
stepped up.

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3.6. RECTIFIER:

A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which periodically
reverses direction, to direct current (DC), which flows in only one direction. The process is
known as rectification. Physically, rectifiers take a number of forms, including vacuum tube
diodes, mercury-arc valves, copper and selenium oxide rectifiers, semiconductor diodes, silicon-
controlled rectifiers and other silicon-based semiconductor switches. Historically, even
synchronous electromechanical switches and motors have been used. Early radio receivers,
called crystal radios, used a "cat's whisker" of fine wire pressing on a crystal of galena (lead
sulfide) to serve as a point-contact rectifier or "crystal detector".

Rectifiers have many uses, but are often found serving as components of DC power supplies and
high-voltage direct current power transmission systems. Rectification may serve in roles other
than to generate direct current for use as a source of power. As noted, detectors of radio signals
serve as rectifiers. In gas heating systems flame rectification is used to detect presence of a
flame.

Because of the alternating nature of the input AC sine wave, the process of rectification alone
produces a DC current that, though unidirectional, consists of pulses of current. Many
applications of rectifiers, such as power supplies for radio, television and computer equipment,
require a steady constant DC current (as would be produced by a battery). In these applications
the output of the rectifier is smoothed by an electronic filter (usually a capacitor) to produce a
steady current

HALF WAVE RECTIFICATION:

half wave rectification of a single-phase supply, either the positive or negative half of the AC
wave is passed, while the other half is blocked. Because only one half of the input waveform
reaches the output, mean voltage is lower. Half-wave rectification requires a single diode in a
single-phase supply, or three in a three-phase supply.

The maximum efficiency of full wave rectifier is 40.6%.

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FULL WAVE RECTIFICATION :

A full-wave rectifier converts the whole of the input waveform to one of constant polarity
(positive or negative) at its output. Full-wave rectification converts both polarities of the input
waveform to pulsating DC (direct current), and yields a higher average output voltage. Two
diodes and a center tapped transformer, or four diodes in a bridge configuration and any AC
source (including a transformer without center tap), are needed.Single semiconductor diodes,
double diodes with common cathode or common anode, and four-diode bridges, are
manufactured as single components.The maximum efficiency of full wave rectifier is 81.2%.

3.7. 8051 MICROCONTROLLER:

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The Intel 8051 is an 8-bit microcontroller which means that most available operations are limited
to 8 bits. There are 3 basic "sizes" of the 8051: Short, Standard, and Extended. The Short and
Standard chips are often available in DIP (dual in-line package) form, but the Extended 8051
models often have a different form factor, and are not "drop-in compatible". All these things are
called 8051 because they can all be programmed using 8051 assembly language, and they all
share certain features (although the different models all have their own special features).
Some of the features that have made the 8051 popular are:

 4 KB on chip program memory.

 128 bytes on chip data memory(RAM)[ 32 bank reg + 16 bit addressable reg + 80 general
purpose reg ]

 4 reg banks.
 128 user defined software flags.
 8-bit data bus
 16-bit address bus
 16 bit timers (usually 2, but may have more, or less).
 3 internal and 2 external interrupts.
 Bit as well as byte addressable RAM area of 16 bytes.
 Four 8-bit ports, (short models have two 8-bit ports).
 16-bit program counter and data pointer.
 1 Microsecond instruction cycle with 12 MHz Crystal.

8051 models may also have a number of special, model-specific features, such as Op_Amps,
etc... it is a very powerful micro controller.

Basic Pins:

PIN 9: PIN 9 is the reset pin which is used to reset the microcontroller’s internal registers and
ports upon starting up. (Pin should be held high for 2 machine cycles.)

PINS 18 & 19: The 8051 has a built-in oscillator amplifier hence we need to only connect a
crystal at these pins to provide clock pulses to the circuit.

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PIN 40 and 20: Pins 40 and 20 are VCC and ground respectively. The 8051 chip needs +5V
500mA to function properly, although there are lower powered versions like the Atmel 2051
which is a scaled down version of the 8051 which runs on +3V.

PINS 29, 30 & 31: As described in the features of the 8051, this chip contains a built-in flash
memory. In order to program this we need to supply a voltage of +12V at pin 31. If external
memory is connected then PIN 31, also called EA/VPP, should be connected to ground to
indicate the presence of external memory. PIN 30 is called ALE (address latch enable), which is
used when multiple memory chips are connected to the controller and only one of them needs to
be selected.We will deal with this in depth in the later chapters. PIN 29 is called PSEN. This is
"program store enable". In order to use the external memory it is required to provide the low
voltage (0) on both PSEN and EA pins.

PORTS:

There are 4 8-bit ports: P0, P1, P2 and P3.

PORT P1 (Pins 1 to 8): The port P1 is a general purpose input/output port which can be used for
a variety of interfacing tasks. The other ports P0, P2 and P3 have dual roles or additional
functions associated with them based upon the context of their usage.The port 1 output buffers
can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to portn1 pins are pulled high by the
internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs.

PORT P3 (Pins 10 to 17): PORT P3 acts as a normal IO port, but Port P3 has additional
functions such as, serial transmit and receive pins, 2 external interrupt pins, 2 external counter
inputs, read and write pins for memory access.

PORT P2 (pins 21 to 28): PORT P2 can also be used as a general purpose 8 bit port when no
external memory is present, but if external memory access is required then PORT P2 will act as
an address bus in conjunction with PORT P0 to access external memory. PORT P2 acts as A8-
A15, as can be seen from fig 1.1

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PORT P0 (pins 32 to 39) : PORT P0 can be used as a general purpose 8 bit port when no
external memory is present, but if external memory access is required then PORT P0 acts as a
multiplexed address and data bus that can be used to access external memory in conjunction with
PORT P2. P0 acts as AD0-AD7, as can be seen from fig 1.1

PORT P10: asynchronous communication input or Serial synchronous communication output.

3.8. LED INDICATOR :

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a pn-junction

diode, which emits light when activated.When a suitable voltage is applied to the leads, electrons
are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of
photons. This effect is called electroluminescence, and the color of the light (corresponding to
the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy band gap of the semiconductor.

Total number of parking space is occupied is shown by the different l.e.d. here in this
project we show only 8 l.e.d for 8 different parking palace.

ELECTRONIC SYMBOL:

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3.9.LCD DISPLAY 16*2:

Liquid Crystal Display also called as LCD is very helpful in providing user interface as well as
for debugging purpose. A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a flat panel display that uses the light
modulating properties of liquid crystals (LCs). LCD Modules can present textual information
to user.

How to Interface LCD with 8051:

The 8051 Friendly board is specifically designed to help students to master the required skills
in the area of embedded systems. The kit is designed in such way that all the possible features of
the microcontroller will be easily used by the students. The kit supports in system programming
(ISP) which is done through serial port.

NXP’s 8051 (AT89V51RD2), 8051 friendly Kit is proposed to smooth the progress of
developing and debugging of various designs encompassing of speed 8-bit Microcontrollers.

LCD(LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY)

Liquid Crystal Display also called as LCD is very helpful in providing user interface as well as
for debugging purpose. A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a flat panel display that uses the light
modulating properties of liquid crystals (LCs). LCD Modules can present textual information
to user.

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INTERFACING LCD:

Fig. 1 shows how to interface the LCD to microcontroller. The 2x16 character LCD interface
card with supports both modes 4-bit and 8-bit interface, and also facility to adjust contrast
through trim pot. In 4-bit interface 7 lines needed to create 4-bit interface; 4 data bits (D0 – D3),
three control lines, address bit (RS), read/write bit (R/W) and control signal (E).

Fig. 1 Interfacing 4 bit LCD to Microcontroller

Interfacing 4 bit LCD with 8051

We now want to display a text in 8051 Friendly Board by using 4 bit LCD module.

The 8051 Friendly board has seven numbers of LCD connections are needed to create 4-bit
interface; connected with 4 data bits (P0.4 – P0.7, D4-D7), address bit (RS-P0.0), read/write bit
(R/W-P0.1) and control signal (E-P0.2) to make LCD display.

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Pin Assignment with 8051:

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CHAPTER 4 :- METHODOLOGY

4.1 INTODUCTION
Methodology to accomplish any project may involves the steps are shown in the following block
diagram.

4.2 METHODOLOGY FOR AUTOMATIC CAR PARKING SYSTEM

Methodology of this prototype automatic car parking system mainly classified into two
catagories. First one is simulation operation and second one is hardware operation. At first we
observe the simulation output then making decision for hard-ware implement.

AUTOMATIC CAR PARKING

SYSTEM

SIMULATION HARDWARE OPERATION

CAR PARKING CAR RETREIVING

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4.3 ADOPTED TECHNIQUE
4.3.1 Adopted Technique for Multi-Level Automatic car parking and it’s security
system
For doing the prototype of Multi-level Automatic car parking some technique are adopted. To
adopt this technique we are concern about overall cost, efficiency, component availability, life
time, complexity of operation, initial installment etc. Considering this prescribe concern we are
adopt three basic tech-niques for doing this prototype. Three basic technique are Automation
system, Microcontroller and IR
4.3.2 Automation System
Automation can be defined as a technology concerned with performing a process by means of
programmed commands combined with automatic feedback control to ensure proper execution
of the instructions. The resulting system is capable of operating without human intervention. The
development of this technology has become increasingly dependent on the use of computers and
computer-related technologies. Consequently, automated systems have become increasingly
sophisticated and complex. Advanced systems represent a level of capability and performance
that surpass in many ways the abilities of humans to accomplish the same activities.
4.3.3 Introduction to Microcontroller
A cheap ,universal integrated circuit that could be programmed and used in any field of
electronics, device or wherever needed. Technology has been developed enough as well as the
market. So it happened, body and spirit were united and the first integrated circuit was designed
and called the MICROCONTROLLER.
4.3.4 Programming Language and Technique
Control unit of microcontroller works with instructions in bi-nary form machine language (16-bit
words for AVRs).Com-pose applications in machine code is extremely infective, complicated,
illegible the assembly code is used. Process of translation into machine language is supported by
assembler

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 SOURCE CODE
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE

ASSEMBLER

MACHINE LANGUAGE OF
APPLICATION

4.3.5 Introduction to IR transmission and reception

Infrared (IR) light is electromagnetic radiation with longer wavelengths than those of visible
light, extending from the nominal red edge of the visible spectrum at 0.74 micrometers (µm) to
300 µm.This range of wavelengths corresponds to a frequency range of approximately 1 to 400
THz. Comparison with otherlight has been given in table 1.

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 Table 1

CHAPTER 5:- SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

5.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

POWER
SUPPLY
REED
SENSOR LCD
(TO SENSE THE (TO DISPLAY THE
PARKING AVAILABILITY OF
POSITION) PARKING POSITIONS)
INFRARED
SENSOR TRANSISTORS TO
MICROCONTROL
(TO SENSE THE LER DRIVE THE
CAR AT GATE) MOTORS OF THE
LED LIFT AND THE
INPUT/ ENTRY AND EXIT
OUTPU GATE
T

MANUAL POWER
SWITCHES IN SUPPLY
CASE OF FOR
BREAKDOWN MOTORS

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 5.1 FLOW CHART

START

VEHICLE ENTERED

IR SENSORS INTERUPTED

SPACE AVAILABLE
NO OR NOT

YES

SEND CAR TO THE DESIRED

LOCATION

LED DISPLAY “Full” . LCD SHOWS NO

PARKING AVAILABLE REED SENSORS HAS BEEN
TURNED ON AND THE LED
DISPLYAS THE PARKED
LOCATION

CAR LEAVES THE PARKING SPOT

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LCD DISPLAYS AVAAILABLE
5.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND ITS DESCRIPTION

 This automatic car parking system is mainly classified into hardware operations and
software programming.In the hardware operation, the most important task is done by the
microcontroller.
 In this project, we show the basic elevator system with 2 floors, however this work can be
implemented on multiple floors. The lift carries the vehicles to each floor and parks it in
the nearest available vacancy.

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  This project consists of two IR receiver and transmitter pair that controls the automatic
gates and vehicle detection as it passes through it. An LCD displaying the exact number
of cars parked in the bay and possible space available is mounted outside the parking
gate. If no space is available in the bay, it displays message SPACE NOT AVAILABLE.
 When a vehicle enters the parking area, the sensors are activated which open the gate
automatically if the lift is free. The second sensor placed in the lift aligns the lift properly
on each floor. THE PREFERENCE HAS BEEN GIVEN TO THE FIRST FLOOR. This
sensor output is fed to the microcontroller which controls the lift’s vertical movement and
places the incoming vehicle in the first available space.
 Microcontroller also generates a unique ID number to each car parked in the bay so that
its retrieving becomes easy which is otherwise to be done manually using the control
keys assigned for each floor. The lift takes the vehicle to the assigned floor and the
vehicle is deboarded from the lift section to the assigned parking space in the bay and the
empty lift returns to the entry point for assisting other incoming vehicles.
 The eight LED segment display gives us the number of vehicles that have entered the
parking area.
 For car retrieving, the lift takes the customer to the car where he can drive away his car
from the exit.

5.3 DESIGN

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A catia representation of the model was first designed in the computer for reference purpose of
the final model.

SOME MORE DESIGNS OF THE LIFT, GATE AND MODEL ARE SHOWN BELOW

Fig: lift

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Fig: proposed design for the entry and gate.

CHAPTER 6:-HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION AND

TESTING
6.1INTRODUCTION
Hardware implementation is a great challenge for any kind of project. In this prototype Multi-
Level Automatic car parking with IR sensors and microcontrollers system, we are successfully
implemented this hardware circuit.

6.2 HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION

Hardware implementation is classifying some basic units. It requires the final hardware setup i.e
configuring the microcontrollers and setting up the hardware i.e. lift, dc motors etc.

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Fig:- control circuit Fig:- final prototype

Fig:- LCD display Fig:- Microcontroller circuit

6.3 OVERALL PERFORMANCE TEST

The overall performance test was carried out to ensure the proper functioning of the model
and to make sure that the first preference is always given to the first floor.

And also to make sure that the gates does not open when the parking is full

6.3.1 CASE:- 1 When complete parking space is available:

 When a car enters through the door and the complete parking space is available then the
LCD displays “AUTO PARKING : GO TO FIRST 1
 This means that the parking space is available in first floor and at ‘1’ position.

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6.3.2 CASE:- 2 when 2nd floor is full and parking is available at 1st floor:

 When a car enters a gate and the 2 nd floor is full but the 1st floor is empty then the LCD
displays “AUTO PARKING: GO TO FIRST 3
 This means that the parking space is now available at 1st floor and at position ‘3’

6.3.3 CASE:-3 When 1st floor is full and parking is available in 2nd
floor:-

 When a car enters the gate and the 1 st floor is full and the parking is available at the
second floor the LCD displays “AUTO PARKING: GO TO SECOND 1
 This means that the parking is available at the 2nd floor and at position 1.

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6.3.4 CASE:- 4 When no parking is available

 When a car enters through the gate and no parking is available then the LCD displays
“AUTO PARKING: NO SPACE “
 This means that no more space is available for parking

CHAPTER 7: DISCUSSIONS:- ADVANTAGES AND

DISADVANTAGES:-

7.1 ADVANTAGES

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This microcontroller based parking system profits the human life by reducing the available
territorial land.

The main advantage of the proposed system is optimum utilization of space. In a day and age
where land is becoming a scarcity and the world all over is experiencing a space crunch, the
system offers a solution not only for clearing up the sidewalks for safety of pedestrians but also
doubles up as a cost effective solution involving minimum manual intervention that provides
higher level of organization and efficiency

 Increased rentable Areas

 Customer friendly secure parking
 Undoing mismanagement of resources
 Pollution control
 Effective Space Utilization
 Reduced Building and Construction Material
 Seems highly likely that automated & semi- automated car parking system & Parking
garages will become an integral part of many existing & future business & residential building
 Quick entry and exit due to the independent operation of lifts.

7.2 DISADVANTAGES

 If the lift not work properly then the whole system collapse for some time
 Expensive as the whole parking and retrieval operation is multi-level.
 Any fault in the multi-level car parking system will lead to the great haphazard and
inconvenience to the people.

CHAPTER 8:- CONCLUSION

8.1 Introduction

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The main purpose of our project is to buildup a automatic car parking system demo. To face the
challenge of automation in practical, we need a vast knowledge. In this project, we worked with
Microcontroller based control system. We also tried to differentiate among different types of
automation and control systems. In here we also tried to give proper security of the vehicle. To
increase the knowledge about automation, this project will obviously be very helpful.
Nonetheless, this project can further be modified or developed any time to offer more
flexibilities and facilities

8.2 Conclusion
India is a developing country. Automation facilities are still not available in many of our
industries because of high initial cost. Although there are some limited industries hav-ing
automatic control systems, in case of malfunctioning, trouble-shootings cannot be handled as per
requirements by local engineers. To overcome all these problems, our engineers should have
adequate theoretical as well as technical knowledge about all types of automatic control systems.
To face the challenge of automation in the industrial field we need vast knowledge. In this
project we worked with Microcontroller, IR transmitting and receiving system. To increase the
knowledge about automation this project will be helpful to us. This project can be developed any
time for more flexibility and facilities

REFERENCES
[1] A. Mathijssen and A. J. Pretorius, “Specification, Analysis and Verification of an Automated
Parking Garage”, vol. 40, (2005).

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[2] Nise, N.S., Control Systems and Engineering. Addison Wesley. 2nd edition, 1995

[3] John Webb and Ronald. R, '' Modern Control Technology'', 2nd Edition. Kalian.

[4] Papacostas, C.S. and Prevedouros, P.D., Transportation Engineering and Planning, 2nd
Edition, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1993. [4] M.O. Reza, M.F. Ismail, A.A.
Rokoni, M.A.R. Sarkar, Smart Parking System with Image Processing Facility, I.J. Intelligent
Systems and Applications, Vol. 3, pp. 41-47, 2012

[5] Comparative Implementation of Automatic Car Parking System with least distance parking
space in Wireless Sensor Networks Mala Aggarwal*, Simmi Aggarwal**, R.S.Uppal***

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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1. http://www.ijser.org/researchpaper%5CMulti-Level-Automatic-Car-Parking-With-IR-
Card-Security-System.pdf
2. http://www.ijsrp.org/research-paper-1012/ijsrp-p1007.pdf
3. http://cisjournal.org/journalofcomputing/archive/vol2no12/vol2no12_4.pdf
4. www.iaeme.com/ijecet.aspAUTOMATED CAR PARKING SYSTEM WITH NFC
ACCESS ISSN 0976 – 6464(Print) ISSN 0976 – 6472(Online)
5. Amrita R.Palaskar and Prof Aruna P.Phatale, “RFID Based Automated Guided Vehicle
System for Transportation”, International Journal of Electrical Engineering &
Technology (IJEET), Volume 4, Issue 4, 2013, pp. 56 - 61, ISSN Print : 0976-6545,
ISSN Online: 0976-6553.
6. www.google.co.in
7. www.youtube.com
8. Muhammad Ali Mazidi, Janice Gillespie, The 8051 Microcontroller & Embedded
Systems, Pearson Education Inc. 2nd Edition, 2008.
9. Kenneth J Ayala, The 8051 Microcontroller Architecture, Programming & Applications,
Penram International, 2nd Edition, 1996.

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