SECONDARY

BATTERIES
By Sahil Agrawal
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT-

In the accomplishment of this project successfully, many people have best owned upon me their blessings and the heart
pledged support, this time I am utilizing to thank all the people who have been concerned with this project.

Primarily I would thank god for being able to complete this project with success. Then I would like to thank my
Chemistry Teacher Mrs. Anju Saxsena and our school Principal
Mr. Atul Anupam Abraham, whose valuable guidance has been the ones that helped me patch this project and make it
full proof success. His suggestions and his instructions have served as the major contributor towards the completion of
the project.

Then I would like to thank my parents and friends who have helped me with their valuable suggestions and guidance has
been very helpful in various phases of the completion of the project.

Last but not the least I would like to thank my classmates who have helped me a lot.
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that “Sahil Agrawal"

student of class - 12th 'A'
has successfully completed
their Chemistry Project on “SECONDARY BATTERIES" under the
guidance of "Mrs. Anju Saxsena"

Teacher Signature
 SECONDARY CELL

It is also called recharging batteries such as lithium ion

cell.
To recharge the cell , the product of the reaction must
convert back into the original reactant ; the cell reaction
must occur in reverse .
When we applied electrical energy in batteries then they
converted into chemical energy .
TYPE OF SECONDARY BATTRIES

 Lead Acid – This is the oldest rechargeable battery system. Lead acid is rugged,
forgiving if abused and is economically priced, but it has a low specific energy and
limited cycle count. Lead acid is used for wheelchairs, golf cars, personnel carriers,
emergency lighting and uninterruptible power supply (UPS). Lead is toxic and cannot
be disposed in landfills.
 
Nickel-cadmium – Mature and well understood, NiCd is used where long service life, high
discharge current and extreme temperatures are required. NiCd is one of the most
rugged and enduring batteries; it is the only chemistry that allows ultra-fast charging with
minimal stress. Main applications are power tools, medical devices, aviation and UPS.
Due to environmental concerns, NiCd is being replaced with other chemistries, but it
retains its status in aircraft due to its good safety reco
 Nickel-metal-hydride – Serves as a replacement for NiCd as it
has only mild toxic metals and provides higher specific energy.
NiMH is used for medical instruments, hybrid cars and
industrial applications. NiMH is also available in AA and AAA
cells for consumer use.
 
 Lithium-ion – Li-ion is replacing many applications that were
previously served by lead and nickel-based batteries. Due to
safety concerns, Li-ion needs a protection circuit. It is more
expensive than most other batteries, but high cycle count and
low maintenance reduce the cost per cycle over many other
chemistries.
 
cathode (reduction):
PbO2(s)+HSO−4(aq)+3H+(aq)+2e−→PbSO4(s)+2H2O(l)(1)
anode (oxidation):
Pb(s)+HSO−4(aq)→PbSO4(s)+H+(aq)+2e−(2)
overall:
Pb(s)+PbO2(s)+2HSO−4(aq)+2H+(aq)→2PbSO4(s)+2H2O(l)(3)
We can sees these batteries in our daily life
like
1In mobile phone lithium ion batteries
2In inverter Lead Acid batteries