Cells

• Batteries consist of two or more voltaic cells that are

connected in series to provide a steady dc voltage at the
battery’s output terminals.
• The voltage is produced by a chemical reaction inside
the cell. Electrodes are immersed in an electrolyte,
which forces the electric charge to separate in the form
of ions and free electrons.

A primary cell cannot be recharged because the internal

chemical reaction cannot be restored.
A secondary cell, or storage cell, can be recharged
because its chemical reaction is reversible.
 Li-ion cell
• Li metal is used since it shows highest oxidation
potential and only 6 gm is required for producing
1 mol of electrons (ie. Li is one of the Lightest
metals)
• Li cobalt oxide and graphite are used
• It is reversible cell
• And it can be Re-charged
• It is safer
• Non Toxic
• High voltage can be produced, upto 4 V

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In Li-Ion cell, Li compounds are used as Anode (eg. Li metal dissolved as
ions into graphite)

In cathode Oxides like LiCoO2 (lithium cobalt oxide) are used

During its discharging , Li ions are moving from Anode to Cathode

through an polymer electrolyte of Lithium

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Reactions

Overall Reaction of Li-ion is

c: charging d: discharging Cn: graphite

 Why is it not advisable to charge a Li-ion cell to 100%?
To optimize the lifespan and safety of Li-ion batteries, many experts
recommend keeping the battery level between 20% and 80% for
day-to-day use

When Li ion cells are allowed to charge completely (x=1) anoid

materials becomes CoO2 which is an explosive material, and this
situation must be avoided.
 Electrode Materials
Electrode materials must be stable over many
charge/discharge cycles. They should be able to
withstand chemical reactions and physical
changes without significant degradation. In the
case of lithium-ion batteries, for example, the
electrodes must remain stable to ensure
long-term battery performance.
● Elemental doping and coatings are used in electrode
materials
● this will lead high diffusivity of Li ions, ionic mobility
and conductivity
● in Cathode: TiO2/MoS2 nanofibres are used as
supporting materials for example - it gives minimal
degradation during charging/discharging
Sb2O3 can also be used
● in Anode: Phosphates such as
■ Li3V2(PO4)3/C or LiFePO4/C
are used as protective layer between the
electrode-electrolyte interface, which allows
higher stability during charging/discharging
LiFePO4 is incombustible. It can withstand high
temperatures without decomposing
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Dry Cell
• Dry cells are a type of electrochemical cell that uses a
paste electrolyte, rather than a liquid electrolyte. This
makes them less susceptible to leakage and more
suitable for portable devices. properties of dry cells:
• Dry cells are relatively inexpensive.
• They are easy to use and dispose of.
• They are available in a wide range of sizes and
voltages.
• Applications of dry cells:
• Dry cells are used in a wide variety of devices
Lead-Acid Cell (accumulator)
• Lead-acid batteries use lead and sulfuric acid as their active
materials.
• Lead-acid batteries are relatively inexpensive to produce.
• Lead-acid batteries have a high energy density, meaning
they can store a lot of energy in a relatively small and
lightweight package.
• Lead-acid batteries are relatively easy to recycle.
• Advantages of lead-acid batteries:
• Low cost: Lead-acid batteries are one of the most
affordable types of batteries available.
• High energy density: Lead-acid batteries have a high energy
density, meaning they can store a lot of energy in a
relatively small and lightweight package.
• Wide operating temperature range: Lead-acid batteries can
operate in a wide range of temperatures, from -40°C to 60°
C.
Disadvantages of lead-acid batteries:
• Low cycle life: Lead-acid batteries have a relatively low cycle life,
meaning they can only be charged and discharged a limited
number of times before they need to be replaced.
• Slow recharge time: Lead-acid batteries can take a long time to
recharge.
• Harmful chemicals: Lead-acid batteries contain lead and sulfuric
acid, which are both harmful chemicals.
Applications of lead-acid batteries:
• Lead-acid batteries are used in a wide variety of applications,
including:
• Vehicles: Lead-acid batteries are the most common type of
battery used in cars, trucks, and other vehicles.
• Solar power systems: Lead-acid batteries are often used in solar
power systems to store the energy generated by the solar panels.
• UPS systems: Lead-acid batteries are often used in UPS systems to
provide backup power in case of a power outage.
 Accumulators
lead-acid batteries are called "accumulators" because
they accumulate and store electrical energy through
chemical reactions when charged and release it when
needed during discharge. While the term "accumulator" is
still used, it has become less common in favor of
"lead-acid battery" in contemporary technical language.
 Fuel-Cell
Fuel cells are electrochemical devices that convert the chemical energy of
a fuel and an oxidant into electrical energy. Fuel cells are different from
batteries in that they do not store energy directly, but instead produce
electricity as long as fuel and oxidant are supplied.

Properties of fuel cells:

High efficiency: Fuel cells can convert the chemical energy of a fuel into
electrical energy with efficiencies of up to 60%. This is much higher than
the efficiency of internal combustion (IC) engines, which are typically only
20-30% efficient.
Low emissions: Fuel cells produce only water, heat, and carbon dioxide as
byproducts. This makes them a very clean and environmentally friendly
source of energy.
the first practical fuel cell
applications happened in the U.S.
space program. In the early
1960s, General Electric developed
the first polymer membrane fuel
cells which were then used in the
Gemini Program. The Apollo
Program then followed by using
the fuel cells to generate
electricity for life support,
H2-O2 Fuell Cell