Ho Chi Minh City

University of Technology and Education

AUTOMOBILE AND EV
BATTERIES

Do Van Dung, Ass. Prof. PhD

Faculty of Vehicle Engineering
Email: dodzung@hcmute.edu.vn
Mobile: 0903644706
 Introduction
• Why the battery in cars called: Cranking or starting battery?
• Invented in 1859 by Gaston Plante (France)
• A lead-acid storage battery is an electrochemical device that produces
voltage and delivers electrical current, mainly for cranking.
• Battery does not store electricity, but through a chemical process
electricity is produced.
 VIDEO CLIPS TO WATCH for battery
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VnPRX5zQWLw
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N0eE_5GZZiE
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VxMM4g2Sk8U&t=78s
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VxMM4g2Sk8U
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NTb3SNtwTjg
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DOBBwx3Cbbk
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gJ1etjdsZAg
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oh5ULFMsQHU
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JwB7_QnJkk0
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vMNMA93YsQ4
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GXYJ1xC10j4
• https://www.redarc.com.au/explication-alternateur-intelligent-vs-alternateur-%C3%A0-tension-fixe
 Video clips to watch for EVB
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CXyK083QCZA 4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ewcWN-rHQ6Q
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OSL_935l568
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MQV3D8F6gvw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eWYtq0hxhQg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5BasO1xLVlw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q5GGCVIEYts
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3SAxXUIre28
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_FdlQdi9_L0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CcRAEAtRlFE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jM1wTNQERAU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3pz5LxiEndA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qi9A_NOD0Aw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WSLo1rAx5x4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VxMM4g2Sk8U
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5xm2rLlJeg4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OvGB4ZyMvBU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p2xOcFAyHXs
https://e-lyte-innovations.de/knowledge/working-principle-lithium-ion-battery/
 PURPOSE
 ENGINE IS OFF: battery is used to operate lighting accessories, or other electrical systems.
 ENGINE IS STARTING: The battery is used to operate the starter motor.
 ENGINE IS RUNNING: To supply electricity to load in overload case.
 BATTERY CONSTRUCTION
An car battery contains a diluted sulfuric acid electrolyte and positive
and negative electrodes, in the form of several plates.
 PLATES
Battery plates are constructed of a lead alloy containing a percentage
of either Antimony or Calcium.

The grid provides the necessary

framework for active material to be pasted
onto the plate.

The active material on a charged positive

plate is Lead Dioxide (PbO2), the active
material on a charged negative plate is a
Sponge Lead (Pb).
 CELL ELEMENTS
Positive plates and negative plates are each connected together by separate plate straps.
Grouping the plates in this way serves to enlarge the surface area between the active materials
and the electrolyte.

8
 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF ELECTROLYTE
9

Electrolyte in a charged battery is stronger and heavier than electrolyte in a

discharged battery.
The specific gravity of water is 1.000, and the specific gravity of sulfuric acid is
1.835, which means the acid is 1.835 times heavier than the water.
 REACTIONS
• Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + 2H2SO4(aq) → 2PbSO4(s) + 2H2O 10
 ELECTROLYTE
Battery electrolyte is a mixture of 36% sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and 64% distilled
11

water (H20).
Batteries today have an electrolyte with a specific gravity of 1.270 (at 200C) when
fully charged.
 ELECTROCHEMICAL PROCESSES
The cycle of discharging and charging is repeated continuously and is called
12

“Battery Cycling”
 CHARGING PROCESS
• There are 2 kinds of charging: constant voltage and constant current
• Read more at: https://circuitglobe.com/lead-acid-battery-charging-methods.html
DISCHARGING PROCESSES
BATTERY’S CHARGING CHARACTERISTICS
15
BATTERY’S DISCHARGING & CHARGING
CHARACTERISTICS 16
BATTERY’S CHARGING CHARACTERISTICS
WITH CONSTANT CURRENT 17
 BATTERY PARAMETERS
18
Capacity: A.h
Voltage: depend on discharged rate. Full charge: 12.6V
Peukert law: C=Ikt
Reserve capacity: This is quoted as a time in minutes for which
the battery will supply 25 A at 25°C to a final voltage of 1.75V
per cell.
CCA (Cold Cranking Amps): 170A means that the battery will
supply this current for one minute at a temperature of -18°C, at
which point the cell voltage will fall to 1.4 V
PEUKERT CURVE 19
 SELF DISCHARGE RATE
 Self-discharge is a phenomenon in which internal chemical reactions reduce the
stored charge of the battery.
 Self-discharge is dependent on the type of battery, state of charge, charging current,
ambient temperature and other factors.
 Self-discharge is a chemical reaction, a closed-circuit discharge, occur more quickly
at higher temperatures.
 EV BATTERIES
An electric-vehicle battery (EVB, traction battery) is used 21
to
power the electric motors of EV or hybrid electric vehicle (HEV).
These batteries are usually rechargeable, are typically lithium-ion
batteries with high A.h (kW.h) capacity.
EVB are characterized by relatively high power-to-weight ratio,
specific energy and energy density; smaller, lighter. The most
common battery type in modern electric vehicles are lithium-ion
and lithium polymer.

The amount of electricity stored in batteries is measured in

ampere hours or in coulombs, with the total energy often
measured in kilowatt-hours.
 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES EV
ADVANTAGES 22

- Reduce dependences on oil and gasoline.

-Energy efficient
-Pollutant and noise free
-Recyclable batteries.
-No fire hazard.
-Low maintenance and operation cost
DISADVANTAGES
•More expensive
•Less distance
•Long charging
•Charging stations
EVB
23
EV CONSTRUCTION
24
EVB
25
EVB
26
EVB WORKING PRINCIPLE
27
EVB WORKING PRINCIPLE
28
BMS – BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
29
12V LEAD ACID BATTERY IN EV
30
EVB CHARGER
31
EV WIRELESS CHARGING PRINCIPLE
EVB WIRELESSCHARGER
33
 HOMEWORKS AND TASKS
1. Comparison between lead acid battery, lithium-ion battery, solid state
battery.
2. Batteries for EV (Electric vehicles)
3. Study on automatic battery charging control systems
4. Study on pulse current charging for battery
5. Research on fuel cells using for EV
6. Wireless charger for vehicle battery
7. Design a Jump Starter
8. Develop the solar energy charger for car batteries
9. New battery technologies
10. Ultra-capacitors and application for vehicles
 HOMEWORKS AND TASKS
11. Charging stations for EV
12. Charging levels of EV batteries
13. EV battery management systems
14. Self discharge of batteries and method to its reduction
15. Design an IoT device to monitor car battery’s status (project)
16. Environment impacts of batteries and recycling
17. Temperature effects on lead acid and lithium ion batteries and control methods
18. Fast and super fast charging for EV
19. Design and manufacture a motorcycle super-capacitor starting system
20. EV Battery Swapping and swapping station
21- EV charging ecosystem.