Energy Storage

Shruti Prins
08.04.2023

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Agenda
• EV Overview

• Conceptual illustration

• Batteries

• Ultracapacitors

• Flywheels

• Hybridisation

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EV

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Conceptual illustration

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Energy Storages

• Devices that store , deliver and accept energy.

• Several types of energy storages have been proposed for electric vehicles.

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Electrochemical batteries

Charging
Electrical Energy Chemical energy
Discharging

• Composed of several cells stacked together.

• Cell is an independent and complete unit that possesses all the electrochemical properties.

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Battery

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Battery and BMS

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Cell

A battery cell consists of three primary elements:

• Positive electrode
• Negative electrodes
• Electrolyte

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Battery Basics

Terminal Voltage (V)

The voltage between the battery terminals with load
applied.

Open-circuit voltage (V)

The voltage between the battery terminals with no load
applied.

Coulometric capacity (amp-hours)

Number of amp-hours gained when discharging the battery

from a fully charged state until the terminal voltage drops to
its cut-off voltage.

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Terms

C-rate
measure of the rate at which a battery is discharged relative to its maximum capacity

State of Charge (SOC)(%)

An expression of the present battery capacity as a percentage of maximum capacity.

Depth of Discharge (DOD) (%)

The percentage of battery capacity that has been discharged expressed as a percentage of maximum capacity.

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Battery Technical Specifications

Nominal Voltage (V)

The reported or reference voltage of the battery.

Cut-off Voltage
The minimum allowable voltage.

Capacity or Nominal Capacity

The coulometric capacity, the total Amp-hours available when the battery is discharged at a certain discharge current
from 100 percent state-of-charge to the cut-off voltage

Energy or Nominal Energy (Wh)

The “energy capacity” of the battery, the total Watt-hours available when the battery is discharged at a certain discharge
current (specified as a C-rate) from 100 percent state-of-charge to the cut-off voltage.

Cycle Life
The number of discharge-charge cycles the battery can experience before it fails to meet specific performance criteria.

Specific Energy (Wh/kg)

The nominal battery energy per unit mass, sometimes referred to as the gravimetric energy density. Specific energy is a
characteristic of the battery chemistry and packaging.
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Battery Technical Specifications
Specific Power (W/kg)
The maximum available power per unit mass.

Energy Density (Wh/L)

The nominal battery energy per unit volume, sometimes referred to as the volumetric energy density.

Power Density (W/L)

The maximum available power per unit volume.

Maximum Continuous Discharge Current

The maximum current at which the battery can be discharged continuously.

Maximum 30-sec Discharge Pulse Current

The maximum current at which the battery can be discharged for pulses of up to 30 seconds.

Charge Voltage
The voltage that the battery is charged to when charged to full capacity.

Float Voltage
The voltage at which the battery is maintained after being charge to 100 percent SOC to maintain that capacity by
compensating for self-discharge of the battery.
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Classification of battery

Batteries are typically classified into one of two categories:

• Primary
• Secondary

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Non- Lithium based chemistries

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Lead Acid

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Nickel Metal based chemistries

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Sodium based chemistries

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Li Ion chemistries

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Lithium ion cells

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Components in Li Ion cells

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Li ion cell components

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Types of Li ion batteries

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Fuel cells

chemical energy of a fuel is converted directly into electrical energy by means of electrochemical processes.

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Types of fuel cells

• Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

• Alkaline Fuel Cells
• Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells
• Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells
• Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
• Direct Methanol Fuel Cells

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Ultra capacitors
• The ultracapacitor is characterized by much higher
specific power, but much lower specific energy
compared to the chemical batteries.
• Its specific energy is in the range of a few watt-hours per
kilogram.
• specific power can reach up to 3 kW/kg, much higher
than any type of battery.
• battery and ultracapacitor hybrid energy storage system
- Specific energy and specific power requirements can be
decoupled
• The performance of an ultracapacitor may be
represented by terminal voltages during discharge and
charge with different current rates.
• There are three parameters in a capacitor:
• capacitance
• series resistance
• dielectric leakage resistance

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Operating principle

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Ultra High Speed flywheels

• Massive steel rotor with hundreds of kilograms that spins on the order of ten hundreds of rpm.
• The advanced flywheel is a lightweight composite rotor with tens of kilograms and rotates on the order
of 10,000 rpm; it is the so-called ultrahigh-speed flywheel.
• The concept of ultrahigh-speed flywheels appears to be a feasible means for fulfilling the stringent
energy storage requirements for EV and HEV applications,
• high specific energy
• high specific power
• long cycle life
• high-energy efficiency
• quick recharge
• maintenance free characteristics
• cost effectiveness
• environmental friendliness.

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Typical flywheel

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Flywheel basics

• A rotating flywheel stores energy in the kinetic form

• A speed of over 60,000 rpm has been achieved in some prototypes.

• Couple an electric machine to the flywheel directly or through a transmission to constitute a

so-called mechanical battery.

• The electric machine, functioning as the energy input and output port, converts the
mechanical energy into electric energy .

• A lightweight flywheel should be designed to achieve moment of inertia per unit mass and
per unit volume by properly designing its geometric shape

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Flywheel Technologies

• There is a limit to which the tensile

strength σ of the material constituting
the flywheel can withstand the stress
resulting from the centrifugal force.

• A constant-stress principle may be

employed for the design of ultra
highspeed flywheels.

• To achieve the maximum energy storage,

every element in the rotor should be
stressed equally to its maximum limit.
This results in shape of gradually
decreasing thickness that theoretically
approaches zero as the radius
approaches infinity

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Hybridisation of energy sources

• The hybridization of energy storage is to combine two or more energy storages together so that the
advantages of each one can be brought out and the disadvantages can be compensated by others.

• Hybridized energy storage consists of two basic energy storages: one with high specific energy and
the other with high specific power.

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Hybridisation

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Hybridisation

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Example of hybridisation

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