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Effects of Biodiesel on Performance and Emissions Characteristics in Diesel

Engine

Article  in  Applied Mechanics and Materials · October 2014

DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.663.39

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Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol. 663 (2014) pp 39-43
© (2014) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland
doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.663.39

Effects of Biodiesel on Performance and Emissions Characteristics in

Diesel Engine
Amir Khalida, M. Jaatb, Norrizal Mustaffac, M.D Anuard, B. Manshoore,
M.F.M. Alif and Zamani Ngalig
Automotive Research Group (ARG), Centre for Energy and Industrial Environment Studies
(CEIES), Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, 86400 Johor, Malaysia.
a
amirk@uthm.edu.my, bnorrizal@uthm.edu.my

Keywords: Diesel engine, biodiesel, emissions, palm oil, alternative fuel.

Abstract. Biodiesel is the alternate fuel which is derived from renewable sources either is vegetable
oils or animal fats. Biodiesel is non-toxic, have higher biodegradability, free of sulphur, no
aromatics and its oxygen content of about 10-11% which is usually not contained in diesel fuel.
These characteristics thus predominantly influences to the emissions of carbon monoxide (CO) and
hydrocarbons (HC) in the exhaust gas. Purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of oil palm
blended fuel, engine speed and test load conditions on the fuel properties, combustion process,
combustion characteristics, exhaust emissions and engine performance. The engine speed was
varied from 1500 to 3000 rpm, load test condition varied by dynapack chassis dynamometer in 0%
,50% and 100% and blends of 5 (B5), 10 (B10) and 15 vol% (B15) palm oil with the diesel fuel.
Increased of blends ratio can improve the combustion process and give less HC and CO emission
and almost nearly engine performance. However, this condition tends to produce high NOx
production due to higher oxygenated fuel in biodiesel content.

Introduction
In a new era of technological world, the researchers put a lot of efforts on finding the new
alternate fuel to replace diesel fuel in worldwide automotive industries. Hence the biodiesel which
can offer the aspects as above is getting the higher attention from human being and the properties,
performance and emissions of biodiesel have been further investigated. However, most biodiesel
fuels have faced the problem where the fuels are not operating efficiently due to the variant in fuel
properties. In diesel engine, the relation between mixture formation during the ignition delay period
and burning process in diesel combustion that strongly affects the exhaust emissions [1-4]. Crude
palm oil (CPO) has considerably biodegradable, higher viscosity and density compared to diesel
fuel. Although the CPO has the similar physical fuel properties with diesel fuels in terms of cetane
number, heat of vaporization, stoichiometric air/fuel ratio. The biodiesel also is renewable, non-
toxic, less sulphur and aromatic contents. It can reduce the HC, CO, and PM which directly causes
less greenhouse gas emissions. However the viscosity of fuels has important effects on the fuel
droplet formation, atomization, vaporization and fuel-air-mixing process, which influencing the
exhaust emissions and performance parameter of the engine [5-7]. In addition, higher viscosity will
increase the fuel quantity, injection timing and spray pattern which influence the initial premixing
and the combustion process. Hence, many researches show emissions concentrations (CO, CO2,
PM, HC, O2 and NOx) vary depending on the properties of biodiesel [8-10]. Adaileh et al. run the
test with seed biodiesel and summarized that HC and smoke emission is lower and decrease as the
blends ratio increase and NOx emission for B10 also shows slightly lower than diesel fuel [4]. It
found that the higher blend ratio of biodiesel will cause higher NOx emission but the lower CO and
CO2 emissions [4]. This research investigate the effects of oil palm blended fuel, engine speed and
test load conditions on the combustion process, combustion characteristics, exhaust emissions and
engine performance. It is expected that this work will provide the knowledge of the effects
oxygenate fuel due to the variant in biodiesel blending ratio on combustion characteristics,
emissions and performance.

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40 Automotive Engineering and Mobility Research

Experimental Setup
The biodiesel used was Crude Palm Oil biodiesel which blended form automotive lab and the
particular of the tested fuel are detailed in Table 1.The fuel tested were grade II diesel and blends of
5 (B5), 10 (B10) and 15 vol% (B15) palm oil with the diesel fuel. The grade II diesel designated as
ordinary diesel (OD).The kinematic viscosity of palm oil blend was measured by Viscolite 700
model VL700-T15. The density properties measured by Metter Toledo Diamond Scale modeled
JB703-C/AF. The water content in biodiesel sample is measured by Volumetric KF Tirator model
v20. The flash point measured by Pensky–Martens PMA 4. The engine fuel consumption measured
by Ono Sokki mass flow meter modeled FM2500

Table 1: Properties of tested fuels

Fig. 1: Blending process of producing biodiesel

Schematic view of blending process is shown in Fig. 1. The crude palm oil was blended with OD
in various concentrations for preparing a biodiesel blend. During blending process, the laboratory
scale blending machine was operated at 60°C and the mixture was stirred at 70°C for 1 hour. The
rotating blade speed was adjusted to maintain the same speed at 270 rpm.

Table 2: Engine specifications

Fig. 2: Schematic of Dynopack chasis setup

A schematic view of the chassis dynamometer testing and summarizes the engine specification
including the operating parameter and fuel injection system are shown in Fig. 2 and Table 2,
respectively. The tested vehicle that used is Mitsubishi PAJERO with Mitsubishi S-L049GV-NTD
Mitsubishi diesel 2476 cc 4 cylinder engine. The engine is equipped with a turbocharger, capable of
maximum power of 62.52 kW (4200 rpm) and having a compression ratio of 21:1. The dynapack
chassis dynamometer (eddy current, max power 850 HP) used to simulate the wide range engine
application similar to actual behavior while operation on the road. The engine together with drive
shaft and chassis are directly mounted to chassis dynamometer through the wheel hub connector.
The running speeds were 1500 rpm, 2000 rpm, 2500 rpm and 3000 rpm. The dynamometer loads
 Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol. 663 41

were at 0%, 50% and 100% load. Measurements vehicle performance data comprised brake power
(kW),flywheel torque (Nm), fuel consumption rate (kg/hr) together with the exhaust emissions like
hydrocarbon (HC), oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides
(NOx) and smoke opacity by using autocheck 5 channel gas emission analyzer and danger MSI. For
this research, B5, B10, B15 are used for running under similar engine in a manner similar operation
conditions. To compare the difference, the measurement process was repeated for 3 cycles per each
condition. Further analysis and presentation of data is based on the average of measurement.

Results and Discussion

The effect of biodiesel blending ratio on the performance and emission was investigated. Fig. 3
clearly shows the performance versus blending ratio in load 0% under different engine speed. The
brake power, flywheel torque and torque were obtained from chassis dynamometer. As seen in Fig.
3, brake power is similar as compared to the ordinary diesel and variant percentage of the BDF. It
may due to complete combustion of oxygenated fuel. The flywheel torque and torque in high engine
speed 3000 rpm decrease with the increasing of blending ratio due to the high viscosity will
increase the mixture momentum and consequently penetration in the cylinder. However, as seen in
Fig. 4 and Fig. 5, the distribution of torque will not affected by the blending ratio in high load
condition and increases as the blending ratio increases. It may attributed to high load propose more
complete combustion and fully utilized high oxygen content in the fuel, thus increase the torque of
the engine.
1500rpm 2000rpm 1 5 0 0 rp m 2 0 0 0 rp m
2500rpm 3000rpm 2 5 0 0 rp m 3 0 0 0 rp m
18 95 139
F/W Torque (Nm)

17 90
85
Torque (Nm)

16 138
80
15
75 137
Torque (Nm)

14 70
13 136
65
12 60
Fuel Consumption (kg/hr)

135
4.0
Brake Power (kW)

5
3.5 134
4 3.0
133
3 2.5 0 5 10 15
2.0
B io d ie s e l B le n d in g R a tio (% )
2
1.5
0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 Fig. 4: Effects of CPO blending ratio on
Biodiesel Blending Ratio (%)
flywheel torque and torque (50% load
Fig. 3: Effects of CPO blending on engine conditions)
performance (0% load conditions) 1 5 0 0 rp m 2 0 0 0 rp m
2 5 0 0 rp m 3 0 0 0 rp m
1500rpm 2000rpm 8 200
2500rpm 3000rpm 175
Nox (ppm)
HC (ppm)

6
150
85 4 125
100
84 2 75
250 4 .0
Torque (Nm)

CO2 (%)
CO (ppm)

83 200 3 .6
150
82 3 .2
100
Smoke Opacity (%)

1 7 .0
81 3
1 6 .5
O2 (%)

80 1 6 .0 2
1 5 .5
1
79 1 5 .0
0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15
0 5 10 15
Biodiesel Blending Ratio (%) B io d ie s e l B le n d in g R a tio ( % )

Fig. 5 : Effects of CPO blending ratio on

Fig. 6: Effects of CPO blending on emissions
flywheel torque and torque (100% load
(0% load condition)
condition) conditions
The increase of blending ratio is found that increase the NOx emission. This behavior could be
associated with the higher oxygen content in high blending ratio thus influences on combustion
42 Automotive Engineering and Mobility Research

process. In addition, higher blends of biodiesel have more oxygen content, which result more
complete combustion and directly decrease CO emission. Fig. 7 compares the effect of blending
ratio and load condition on HC emission. Increase blending ratio (B10) will have the lowest HC
emission either in 50 or 100 loads under all engine speed. It also shows the highest emission during
the B15 under the same condition. It seems that increasing of the blending ratio for all engine speed
will decrease the HC and smoke opacity respectively. The increasing of blending ratio will weaken
the fuel ignitibility and prolongs ignition delay. This circumstances result in lower combustion
pressure and temperature. Thus, the lower HC emissions and smoke opacity is strongly related to
lower combustion temperature.
STD B5 B10 B15
1500rpm 2000rpm 16.0
85

F/W Torque (Nm)

2500rpm 3000rpm 15.8 84

Torque (Nm)
10 8
Load = 100% Load = 50% 15.6 83
82
8 15.4
81
HC (ppm)

HC (ppm)
6 15.2
80
6

Fuel Consumption (kg/hr)

5.0 4.0

Brake Power (kW)

4 4.5 3.5
4
4.0
3.0
3.5
2 2.5
2 3.0
0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 2.5 2.0
Biodiesel Blending Ratio (%) 2.0 1.5
1000 2000 3000 2000 3000
Engine Speed (RPM) Engine Speed (RPM)
Fig. 7: Effects of CPO blending and load
conditions on HC emissions Fig. 8: Effect of biodiesel and engine speed
on performance (50% load conditions)
STD B5 B10 B15
8 200
STD B5 B10 B15
HC (ppm)

175
Nox (ppm)

6 139
150 26.0
F/W Torque (Nm)

138

Torque (Nm)
4 125
100 25.8 137
2
75 136
250 4.0 25.6
CO (ppm)

CO2 (%)

3.8 135
200 3.6 25.4
150 3.4 134
3.2 25.2
Fuel Consumption (kg/hr)

100 3.0 8 4.5

Brake Power (kW)
Smoke Opacity (%)

17.0 4.0 4.0

7
3.5
16.5 3.5
O2 (%)

3.0
2.5 6
16.0 3.0
2.0
15.5 1.5 5 2.5
15.0 1.0
0.5 4 2.0
1000 2000 3000 2000 3000
1000 2000 3000 2000 3000
Engine Speed (RPM) Engine Speed (RPM)
Engine Speed (RPM) Engine Speed (RPM)

Fig. 9: Effect of biodiesel and engine speed Fig. 10: Effects of CPO blending and engine
on performance (100% load conditions) speed on emissions under 0% load conditions

Next, the effects of engine speed on performance and emissions are discussed in this section. As
seen in Fig. 8 and Fig. 9, it is clearly demonstrates that B15 indicates the highest value in flywheel
torque and torque in all engine speed either in 50 or 100 load conditions and this will increases as
the blending ratio increases. It may relate to the high viscosity and lower heating value of biodiesel.
The brake power and fuel consumption rate are directly proportional to engine speed for all tested
fuels and load conditions. Fig. 10 shows that the emission of HC is negligible small and lower
emission for CPO blends compared to diesel. But the emissions will increase as engine speed
increase because the temperature inside combustion chamber will increase under high speed, thus
prevent condensation of HC in sampling line. The reduction of smoke emission may attributed to its
oxygen content and small particle diameter of the injected fuel at a high injection pressure, thus
more oxygen content will produce more NOx, then decrease the smoke emission while increase the
 Applied Mechanics and Materials Vol. 663 43

CO emission when engine speed increases. It will decrease as the engine speed increases because
the increased of the volumetric efficiency and shorter ignition delay inside combustion chamber.

Conclusion
In this research, the CPO biodiesel with different blending ratio (B5, B10, B15) are performed in
diesel engine with 0 %, 50 %, 100% load conditions and engine speed was adjusted at 1500 rpm,
2000 rpm, 2500 rpm, 3000 rpm. The summary as follows:
1 The engine performance doesn't vary significantly with the changes of the CPO blending
ratio for all load conditions.
2 The engine emissions promote the reduction of HC and CO in the range 10% to 15% of
blends due to more oxygen present during combustion, thus the combustion will become
more complete and in oxygenated fuel. However, NOx emissions are higher for higher
blends of CPO but decrease as the engine speed increases. If the engine undergoes high
speed and optimum blend ratio will reduce the emission efficiency.

Acknowledgements
The authors also would like to thank the Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia for supporting this
research under Research Acculturation Grant Scheme (RAGS) Vot. R025 and Short Term (STG)
Vot. 0997.

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