1. Which of the following is correct for a gated D-type flip-flop?

A. The Q output is either SET or RESET as soon as the D input goes HIGH or LOW.
B. The output complement follows the input when enabled.
C. Only one of the inputs can be HIGH at a time.
D. The output toggles if one of the inputs is held HIGH.
2. When both inputs of a J-K flip-flop cycle, the output will:
A. be invalid
B. not change
C. change
D. toggle
3. Latches constructed with NOR and NAND gates tend to remain in the latched condition
due to which configuration feature?
A. asynchronous operation
B. low input voltages
C. gate impedance
D. cross coupling
4. The 555 timer can be used in which of the following configurations?
A. astable, monostable
B. monostable, bistable
C. astable, toggled
D. bistable, tristable
5. A basic S-R flip-flop can be constructed by cross-coupling which basic logic gates?
A. AND or OR gates
B. XOR or XNOR gates
C. NOR or NAND gates
D. AND or NOR gates
6. One example of the use of an S-R flip-flop is as a(n):
A. transition pulse generator
B. astable oscillator
C. racer
D. switch debouncer
7. If both inputs of an S-R NAND latch are LOW, what will happen to the output?
A. The output would become unpredictable.
B. The output will toggle.
C. The output will reset.
D. No change will occur in the output.
8. An astable multivibrator is a circuit that:
A. has two stable states
B. is free-running
C. produces a continuous output signal
D. is free-running and produces a continuous output signal
9. What is another name for a one-shot?
A. monostable
B. bistable
C. astable
D. tristable
10. The truth table for an S-R flip-flop has how many VALID entries?
A. 3
B. 1
C. 4
D. 2
110 What is the significance of the J and K terminals on the J-K flip-flop?
A. There is no known significance in their designations.
B. The J represents "jump," which is how the Q output reacts whenever the clock goes
HIGH and the J input is also HIGH.
C. The letters represent the initials of Johnson and King, the co-inventors of the J-K flip-
flop.
D. All of the other letters of the alphabet are already in use.
12. What is one disadvantage of an S-R flip-flop?
A. It has no Enable input.
B. It has a RACE condition.
C. It has no clock input.
D. It has only a single output.
13. The 555 timer can be used in either the bistable mode or the monostable mode.
A. True
B. False
14. J-K flip-flops are often used as switch debouncers.
A. True
B. False
15. A one-shot is a special type of multivibrator, which must be triggered to produce each
output pulse.
A. True
B. False
16. Which of the following is a type of error associated with digital-to-analog converters
(DACs)?
A. nonmonotonic error
B. incorrect output codes
C. offset error
D. nonmonotonic and offset error
17. In a flash analog-to-digital converter, the output of each comparator is connected to an
input of a:
A. decoder
B. priority encoder
C. multiplexer
D. demultiplexer
18. Which is not an analog-to-digital (ADC) conversion error?
A. differential nonlinearity
B. missing code
C. incorrect code
D. offset
19. When an IC has two rows of parallel connecting pins, the device is referred to as:
A. a QFP
B. a DIP
C. a phase splitter
D. CMOS
20. Low power consumption achieved by CMOS circuits is due to which construction
characteristic?
A. complementary pairs
B. connecting pads
C. DIP packages
D. small-scale integration
21. The time needed for an output to change as the result of an input change is known as:
A. noise immunity
B. fanout
C. propagation delay
D. rise time
22. Totem pole output circuits can change states faster than open-collector output circuits.
A. True
B. False
23. The term buffer/driver signifies the ability to provide low output currents to drive light
loads.
A. True
B. False
24. Power that is measured in volt-amperes is called
A. impedance power
B. reactive power
C. true power
D. apparent power
25. Which statement about a series RC circuit is true?
A. The capacitor's voltage drop is in phase with the resistor's voltage drop.
B. The current leads the source voltage.
C. The current lags the source voltage.
D. The resistor voltage lags the current.
26. What is the effect of increasing the resistance in a series RC circuit?
A. There will be no effect at all.
B. The current will increase.
C. The phase shift will decrease.
D. The input voltage will increase
27. Resistance is the same as impedance in an RC circuit.
A. True
B. False
28. If the frequency increases in a parallel RC circuit, the phase angle decreases.
A. True
B. False
29. If the bandwidth of an RC low-pass filter is 20 kHz, the cut-off frequency is also 20 kHz.
A. True
B. False
30. A decoder converts n inputs to __________ outputs.
a) n
b) n2
c) 2n
d) nn
31. Which of the following are building blocks of encoders?
a) NOT gate
b) OR gate
c) AND gate
d) NAND gate
32. Which of the following can be represented for decoder?
a) Sequential circuit
b) Combinational circuit
c) Logical circuit
d) None of the mentioned
33. Which of the following is a decoder IC?
a) 7890
b) 8870
c) 4047
d) 4041
34. Decoder is constructed from ________________
a) Inverters
b) AND gates
c) Inverters and AND gates
d) None of the mentioned
35. Decoders and Encoders are doing reverse operation.
a) True
b) False
36. The problem with the single operational difference amplifier is its
a) High input resistance
b) Low input resistance
c) Low output resistance
d) None of the mentioned
37. The other name for Miller Circuit is
a) Non-Inverting Integrator
b) Inverting Integrator
c) Non-Inverting Differentiator
d) Inverting Differentiator
38. The slope of the frequency response of an integrator is
a) Linear with negative slope
b) Linear with positive slope
c) Exponential increase
d) Exponential decrease
39. One example of the use of an S-R flip-flop is as ___________
a) Transition pulse generator
b) Racer
c) Switch debouncer
d) Astable oscillator
40. The truth table for an S-R flip-flop has how many VALID entries?
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
41. When both inputs of a J-K flip-flop cycle, the output will ___________
a) Be invalid
b) Change
c) Not change
d) Toggle
S.NO Synchronous Counter
1. In synchronous counter, all flip flops
are triggered with same clock
simultaneously.
2. Synchronous Counter is faster than
asynchronous counter in operation.
3. Synchronous Counter does not produce
any decoding errors.
4. Synchronous Counter is also called
Parallel Counter.
5. Synchronous Counter designing as
well implementation are complex due
to increasing the number of states.
6. Synchronous Counter will operate in
any desired count sequence.
7. Synchronous Counter examples
are: Ring counter, Johnson counter.
8. In synchronous counter, propagation
delay is less.
Asynchronous Counter
In asynchronous counter, different flip flops
are triggered with different clock, not
simultaneously.
Asynchronous Counter is slower than
synchronous counter in operation.
Asynchronous Counter produces decoding
error.
Asynchronous Counter is also called Serial
Counter.
Asynchronous Counter designing as well as
implementation is very easy.
Asynchronous Counter will operate only in
fixed count sequence (UP/DOWN).
Asynchronous Counter examples
are: Ripple UP counter, Ripple DOWN
counter.
In asynchronous counter, there is high
propagation delay.

Parameter Half Adder Full Adder

Definition Half adder is a combinational Full adder is a combinational digital circuit
digital circuit which can add which can add three single-bit binary number,
two 1-bit binary numbers. where two are the inputs and the third is the
carry forwarded from the previous output.
Circuit The circuit of the half adder The circuit of full adder consists of two EX-
components consists of one EX-OR gate OR gates, two AND gates and one OR gate.
and one AND gate.
Addition of The half adder does not add In case of full adder, the carry produced in the
carry bit the carry generated in the previous addition is added in the next
previous addition to the next addition.
addition.
Number of Half adder circuit has two Full adder circuit has three input terminals
input and input terminals viz. A and B viz. A, B and Cin and two output terminals,
output and two output terminals, viz. i.e., Sum and Carry.
terminals Sum and Carry.
Logical For half adder circuit, the For full adder circuit, the logical expressions
Expressions logical expressions of the of the outputs are −
outputs are − S=A⊕B⊕CinS=A⊕B⊕Cin
S=A⊕BS=A⊕B
C=AB+BCin+ACinC=AB+BCin+ACin
C=A.BC=A.B
Substitution A half adder circuit cannot be A full adder circuit can substitute a half adder
used as a full adder circuit. circuit.
Design The circuit of a half adder is The circuit of a full adder has relatively
simple and easy to implement. complex design.
Alternate For half adder, there is no Full adder is also called ripple-carry adder.
name alternate name.
Applications Half adder circuits are used in Full adders are mainly used for multiple bit
computers, calculators, and addition, in digital processing devices, etc.
various digital measuring
instruments.
 Flip-Flop Types, Conversion and Application
The flip-flops are basically the circuits that maintain a certain state unless and until directed by the input
for changing that state. We can construct a basic flip-flop using four-NOR and four-NAND gates.

What are Flip-Flops?

The flip-flops are basically the circuits that maintain a certain state unless and until directed by the input
for changing that state. We can construct a basic flip-flop using four-NOR and four-NAND gates.

Types of Flip-Flops
The flip-flops are of the following types:
1. S-R Flip Flop, 2. J-K Flip Flop, 3. T Flip Flop, 4. D Flip Flop
Below, you can find the logic diagrams along with the truth tables of all the various types of flip-flops:

S-R Flip Flop

J-K Flip Flop

T Flip Flop

D Flip Flop

Conversion for Flip-Flops

Converting Flip-Flops
Here we will discuss the steps that one must use to convert one given flip-flop to another one. Let us
assume that we have the required flip-flops that are to be constructed using the sub-flip-flops:
1. Drawing of the truth of the required flip-flop.
2. Writing of the corresponding outputs of those sub-flip-flops that are to be used from the given excitation
table.
3. Drawing of the K-Maps using the required inputs of the flip-flops and then obtaining the excitation
functions for the inputs of the sub-flip-flops.
4. Construction of the logic diagram in accordance with the functions that we have obtained.

i) Conversion of SR to JK Flip-Flop

Excitation Functions
ii) Conversion of SR to D Flip Flop

Excitation Functions
R = D‘
S=D
Applications of Flip-Flops
In this article, we have summed up the different types of flip-flops that we use in digital electronic circuits.
You can find the various applications of the flip-flops below:

• Frequency dividers
• Counters
• Storage registers
• Shift registers
• Data storage
• Bounce elimination switch
• Latch
• Data transfer
• Memory
• Registers