Electricity

Electricity

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Electric current [I]
 Rate of flow of electric charges
 The amount of charge flowing
through a particular area in unit
time
is called current .
𝑄
I =
𝑡
 Unit of current is ampere ( A )
 Conventional flow of current

The current which is opposite to the

direction of flow of electrons .
Electric charges ( Q )

Electric charge is the fundamental

physical property of matter that
causes it to experience a force.
Scalar quantity

Unit is coulomb (c)

Electric charge …

Two types of charges (e)

 Positive charge (proton)(+e)
 Negative charge (electron)(-e)
 𝑄
• I =
𝑡
1 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏
• 1𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒 = ; when Q=1C and t=1S
1𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑
• then I=1ampere
•When one coulomb of charge flows
through a conductor in one second of time
,the current in the conductor is said to be
one ampere.
Electric circuits

Closed and conducting path for the

flow of electricity is called circuits.
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2−0
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10
20−0
10
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𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑊
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑄
 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑊
•
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑄

𝑊 𝑊
•
𝑄 𝐼𝑡
 Unit of potential difference
𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑊
•
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑄
𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒
𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏

𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
݆‫݈݁ݑ݋‬
ܿ‫ܾ݉݋݈ݑ݋‬
The potential difference is measured by an
instrument called voltmeter
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6𝑉
࢝࢕࢘࢑
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ࢉࢎࢇ࢘ࢍࢋ
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Circuit components
N Current (I) Potential difference (v) 𝑽
𝑰
1 1 10 10
-------
2 2 20
----------
3 3 30
----------
4 4 40

𝑉
=constant
𝐼
 Ohm`s law
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∝
𝑉
• =
𝐼
•
𝑉
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𝐼
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Slope of V I graph gives resistance

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𝑦
slope = 𝑦
𝑥 slope =
𝑥

𝑉 𝐼
= =R =
𝑉
𝐼
1
=
𝑅
R1>R2 T1>T2
Resistance
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∝
 More Blocks

Less block
 1
• ∝ ∝
𝐴
𝐿
• ∝
𝐴

𝐿
ρ
𝐴

• ρ is called resistivity
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𝐿
• ρ
𝐴

𝑨
ρ ρ
𝑳

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Unit of resistance and resistivity
𝑉 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡
•
𝐼 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒

𝑨 𝑚2
• ρ
𝑳 𝑚
•
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A)
• Assertion : The resistivity of a conductor increases with
temperature.
• Reason : The atoms of a conductor vibrate with larger amplitude
• at higher temperatures thereby increasing
resistivity
A) Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct
explanation of the assertion.
B) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct
explanation of the assertion.
C) Assertion is true but reason is false.
D) Assertion and reason both are false.
E) Assertion is false but reason is true.
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A) Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the
correct explanation of the assertion.
B) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the
correct explanation of the assertion.
C) Assertion is true but reason is false.
D) Assertion and reason both are false.
E) Assertion is false but reason is true.
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A) Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the
correct explanation of the assertion.
B) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the
correct explanation of the assertion.
C) Assertion is true but reason is false.
D) Assertion and reason both are false.
E) Assertion is false but reason is true.
Textbook Exercise
 𝐿
• ρ
𝐴
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Which is the better conductor 1. iron
2. mercury?
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Compare resistance and resistivity of three
conductors?(2018)
• L 3L L/3
A/3
A

3A
 𝑳
• ρ
𝑨

𝟑𝑳 𝑳
ρ ρ
𝑨/𝟑 𝑨

𝑳/𝟑 𝟏 𝑳 𝟏
ρ ρ
𝟑𝑨 𝟗 𝑨 𝟗

ρ ρ ρ
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• ρ
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1
2

ʹ
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𝑉
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𝐼

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𝑉
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𝑅
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220
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100
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𝑉 60
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𝐼 4

𝑉 120
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𝑅 15
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2
𝐿
• ρ
𝐴

𝒓𝟐
ρ
𝑳

ρ
1
 𝑳
• ρ
𝑨

𝑳/𝟐 𝑳 𝟏 𝑳
• ρ ρ ρ
𝟐𝑨 𝟒𝑨 𝟒 𝑨

𝟏 𝑳
• ρ
𝟒 𝑨

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I(amperes) 0.5 1 2 3 4

V(volts) 1.6 3.4 6.7 10.2 13.2

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Combination of resistors
• Resistors can be joined together in two different ways
• Parallel combination .
• Series combination .
Can you ??
 Voltmeter and ammeter
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𝑉
•
𝑅
𝑉 𝑉 𝑉
•
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3
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𝑽 𝑽 𝑽 𝑽
•
𝑹 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟑

𝑉 1 1 1
•
𝑅 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
• =
𝑹 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟑
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V 6
𝑅 25
The value of mA and μA are…..
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 𝑹𝟏 𝐿1 𝐴2
𝑳𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝐿2 𝐴1
• ρ
𝑨𝟏
𝑹 𝑙 𝐴2
𝑳𝟐 𝟎.𝟓𝑹 2.5 𝑙 𝐴
ρ
𝑨𝟐
1 𝐴2
ρ ρ 2.5 𝐴
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𝑉
𝑅

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1 1
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𝑅1 𝑅2
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 𝐴

𝑳
ρ
𝑨

𝟐𝑳 𝑳 𝑳
• ρ ρ ρ
𝑨/𝟐 𝑨 𝑨

•
𝑳
• ρ
𝑨
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𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝑹 𝟒 𝟖 𝟐𝟒 𝟏𝟐
•
𝟏𝟐 𝟏
•
𝟐𝟒 𝟐
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•
𝑉
•
𝑅
12
18
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𝟒.𝟏𝟖𝟔
• •
𝑽 𝑽
• •
𝑹 𝑰

𝑽𝟐 𝑽
• • x
𝑹𝟐 𝑰

•
𝑽𝟐 • =
𝑹

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𝑽𝟐
•
𝑹
𝑽𝟐
• 𝐭
= 𝑹
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𝒕
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• 𝑽𝟐
𝑹 𝑽𝟐
𝑽𝟐 𝒕 𝑹
•
𝑹
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𝑊
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𝑡

1
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 –

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• x t
𝑝

•
𝑠

𝑅𝑠 2𝑅 4
•
𝑅𝑝 𝑅/2 1
2
𝑅 •
4
𝑅 1
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2
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𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡 𝑥 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟

=
1000

400𝑊 𝑥 8 ℎ 𝑥 30
• =
1000
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T 176
= =
N 𝑛

176
𝑛

=
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𝑥 4840
• R =
𝑛 𝑛
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4840
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44
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
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
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
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[2013]
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• The device used to change resistance without changing the voltage

source is called a rheostat.
 Charge
(Q)=It
Potential Unit –
difference (V) coulomb(C) Current
W/Q I= Q/t
Unit=Volt ampere (A)

Electric energy
Factors
Resistance
= W/Q affecting
(R)
resistance
= I 2Rt -
R=V/I
= V2t/R Length
R = ρ L/A Area
= VIt Temperat
Unit -ohm
Unit =kilowatthour ure
Material
Or unit

Joules law Resistivity

H=I2Rt ρ =R L / A
H=V2t/R unit is ohm m
H=VIt

Power (P)
P=I2R
P=V2/R
P=IV
P=W/t