THE PAPER

DEFINING PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY, DISTINGUISHING

SOUNDS,SPELLING AND SYMBOLS
Arranged to fulfill one of the tasks of English phonetics and phonology courses

Created by:

Group I

Monica 2109190029
Raihan 2109190028
Mochamad Zulfan Rinaldy 2109190052
Asri Nurjanah Selan 2109190059
Tania Alivia 2109190056

ENGLISH EDUCATION PROGRAM

FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
GALUH UNIVERSITY
CIAMIS
2019/2020
 PREFACE

First of all, thanks to Allah SWT because of the help of Allah, writer finished writing
the paper entitled “Defining Phonetics and Phonology, distinguishing sounds, spelling, and
symbol” right in the calculated time.
The purpose in writing this paper is to fulfill the assignment that given by Mr. Wawan
Tarwana, S.Pd., M.Pd as lecturer in English Phonetics And Phonology.

In arranging this paper, the writer trully get lots challenges and obstructions but with help of
many indiviuals, those obstructions could passed. writer also realized there are still many
mistakes in process of writing this paper.

Because of that, the writer says thank you to all individuals who helps in the process of
writing this paper. hopefully Allah replies all helps and bless you all.the writer realized tha
this paper still imperfect in arrangment and the content.  then the writer hope the criticism
from the readers can help the writer in perfecting the next paper.last but not the least
Hopefully, this paper can helps the readers to gain more knowledge about Phonetics and
Phonology major.

Ciamis, November 2019

Author

English Phonetics And Phonology Page i

 TABLE LIST OF CONTENT

Covers
Preface........................................................................................................................................i
Table List Of Content………………………………………………………………………..ii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background..........................................................................................................................1
1.2 Problem Formulation............................................................................................................1
1.3 Objective Problem…………………………………………………………………………1

CHAPTER II DISCUSSION

2.1 Phonetics…………………………………………………………………………………..2

2.1.1 Part of Phonetics …………………..………………………………………………...2

2.1.2 Sounds Of Phonetics………………………………………………………………...3

2.1.3 The sounds of English and the International Phonetics Alphabet………………..….4

2.2 Phonology………………………………………………………………………………...10

2.2.1 Observations On Phonology………………………………………………………10

2.2.2 Speeling of Phonology………………………………….…………………………13

2.2.3 Different of Phonetics and Phonology…………………………….………………14

CHAPTER III CONCLUSION

3.1 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………..18

3.2  Suggestion……………………………………………………………………………….18

REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………….19

English Phonetics And Phonology Page ii

 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

1.4 Background
Language that produced through the articulation of human called substitutions,
sentences or utterances, namely system of regular sound or list of sounds that presents
repeatedly or sequentially. Language come from sounds called speech-sounds. Language
acts through two forms namely involving language sounds that produced by means of
speech of human and stimulate the ideas, situation of social and meaning. Sound has two
fields,Namely Phonetics and Phonology.
This paper is arranged to introductory on English phonology of the sort taught in
the first year of The English Language. The students on such courses can struggle with
phonetics and phonology ; it is sometimes difficult to see past the new symbols and
terminology, and the apparent assumption that we can immediately become consciously
aware of movements of the vocal organs which we have been making almost
automatically for the last eighteen or more years. This paper attempts to show us why we
need to know about phonetics and phonology, if we are interested in language and our
knowledge of it, as well as introducing the main units and concepts we require to describe
speech sounds accurately.
When it’s arranged to presenting the details of phonology, I have also chosen to
use verbal descriptions rather than diagrams and pictures in most cases. The reason for
this is we need to learn to use our own intuitions, and this is helped by encouraging us to
introspect and think about our own vocal organs, rather than seeing disembodied pictures
of structures which don’t seem to belong to them at all.
1.5 Problem Formulation
1. What is the Phonetics ?
2. What is the Phonology ?
3. What are different of Sound, Spelling, and Symbol?
1.6 Objective Problem
1. To know definition of Phonetics
2. To know definition of Phonology
3. To know different of Sound, Spelling, and Symbol?

English Phonetics And Phonology Page 1

 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

2.1 Phonetics

Phonetics is the systematic study of speech and the sounds of language.

Traditionally phoneticians rely on careful listening and observation in order to describe
speech sounds. In doing this, a phonetician refers to a classificatory framework for speech
sounds which is based on how they are made and on aspects of the auditory impression
they make. The best known such framework is that of the International Phonetic
Association. Much of our knowledge of the sounds of the world's languages comes from
this kind of description, which is still an important aspect of phonetics today.

       Phonetics is often defined with respect to phonology. Both disciplines are

concerned with the sound medium of language, and it is not useful to draw a hard and fast
line between them. The centre of gravity of the two fields is, however, different. In
general, phonology is concerned with the pattering of sounds in a language (and in
language in general), and is thus comparable to areas of linguistics such as syntax and
morphology which deal with structural elements of language at other levels. Phonetics is
more centred on the way those structural elements are "realised" in the world, through
movements of the speech organs which create the acoustic signal. Phonetics therefore has
important links not only to linguistics but to natural sciences such as physics and
anatomy.

       Phonetics has always had applications. Traditionally it has been important for
language teaching, and for speech and language therapy. Nowadays it contributes to
speech technology, and increasingly to forensic science (in cases, for instance, where
speaker identification is at issue).

2.1.1   Part of Phonetics

Phonetics has three parts, namely:

1.      Articulatory Phonetics

Articulatory phonetics is interested in the movement of various parts of the

vocal tract during speech. The vocal tract is the passages above the larynx where

English Phonetics And Phonology Page 2

 air passes in the production of speech. In simple terms which bit of the mouth
moves when we make a sound.

2.      Acoustic Phonetics

This is the study of the sound waves made by the human vocal organs for
communication and how the sounds are transmitted. The sound travels through
from the speaker's mouth through the air to the hearer's ear, through the form of
vibrations in the air. Phoneticians can use equipment like Oscillographs and
Spectographs in order to analyse things like the frequency and duration of the
sound waves produced. Acoustic phonetics also looks at how articulatory and
auditory phonetics link to the acoustic properties.

3.      Auditory Phonetics

This is how we perceive and hear sounds and how the ear, brain and
auditory nerve perceives the sounds. This branch deals with the physiological.

2.1.2 Sounds Of Phonetics

Sound is created when something vibrates and sends waves of

energy (vibration) into our ears. The vibrations travel through the air or
another medium (solid, liquid or gas) to the ear. The stronger the vibrations, the
louder the sound. Sounds are fainter the further you get from the sound source.
Sound changes depending on how fast or slow an object vibrates to
make sound waves. Pitch is the quality of a sound (high or low) and
depends on the speed of the vibrations. Different materials produce different
pitches; if an object vibrates quickly we hear a high-pitched sound, and if an
object vibrates slowly we hear a low-pitched sound. Sounds are usually a
mixture of lots of different kinds of sound waves.
 Identity of Speech Sounds
• Our linguistic knowledge allows us to ignore nonlinguistic differences in
speech (such as individual pitch levels, rates of speed, coughs)
• We are capable of making sounds that are not speech sounds in English but
are in other language.

English Phonetics And Phonology Page 3

 – The click tsk that signals disapproval in English is a speech sound in
languages such as Xhosa and Zulu where it is combined with other sounds
just like t or k is in English.
2.1.3 The sounds of English and the International Phonetics Alphabet

The symbol from the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), as used in

phonetic transcriptions in modern dictionaries for English learners — that is,
in A. C. Gimson’s phonemic system with a few additional symbols.

 The chart represents British and American phonemes with one symbol.
One symbol can mean two different phonemes in American and British
English. See the footnotes for British-only and American-only symbols.

 Two English words which use the sound. The underline shows where
the sound is heard.
 The links labeled AM and BR play sound recordings where the words
are pronounced in American and British English. The British version is
given only where it is very different from the American version.

 This list includes phonetic symbols for the transcription of English

sounds, plus others that are used in this class for transliterating or
transcribing various languages, with the articulatory description of the
sounds and some extra comments where appropriate.

These symbols do not always follow the standard IPA (International Phonetic
Alphabet) usage — rather, they reflect the practices for the languages treated in
this course, which are sometimes a bit idiosyncratic due to separate scholarly
traditions. In some cases, a second line shows a different use of the same
symbol, normally for another language or family of languages. Nevertheless,
the list is by no means exhaustive; for example, most pinyin symbols for
transcribing Mandarin are not listed here; see week 5.

You certainly don't need to memorize all these symbols, but you can use this
page as a reference if you're not sure what a particular symbol means when you
encounter it. Remember that you need a Unicode-compatible browser to see

English Phonetics And Phonology Page 4

 these symbols correctly. If you're not sure how to produce special symbols in
your word processor, you can cut and paste from this page.

See the bottom of the page for diacritic marks on vowels :

Symbol Phonetic value Example

a low central (or front) unrounded vowel French la
ä central vowel ranging between [ɛ] and [ə] Ethiopic
ɑ low back unrounded vowel; often written Spa
[a]
ɒ low back rounded vowel British hot
æ low front unrounded vowel cat, laugh, plaid

b voiced bilabial stop Bib

ḇ spirantized [b]; historically [β], modern Hebrew
[v]
β voiced bilabial fricative Spanish haber
c voiced bilabial fricative Italian zucchero, German zu,
Yiddish tsimmes
č voiceless palatoalveolar affricate; IPA [ʧ] church, watch
or [tʃ]
ɔ lax mid back rounded vowel dog (for many speakers)
ɕ voiceless alveolopalatal fricative Mandarin xi
ç voiceless palatal fricative German ich
d voiced alveolar stop Dad
ḏ palatalized [dʸ]; can be pronounced [ǰ] Egyptian, Ancient Hebrew
or  spirantized [d], same as [ð]
ḍ Indic, Semitic
voiced retroflex stop; IPA [ɖ]

or  emphatic, i.e. pharyngealized [dˁ]

ð voiced dental fricative this, either
e tense mid front unrounded vowel bait, made
ə lax mid central vowel (unstressed in about, sofa
English); "schwa"

ɚ rhotacized schwa, essentially [ər] butter, actor

ɛ lax mid front unrounded vowel bet, head
ɝ stressed [ɚ] in English; often transcribed bird, learn
the same way

English Phonetics And Phonology Page 5

f stressed [ɚ] in English; often transcribed fife, laugh
the same way
g voiced velar stop Gag
ḡ spirantized [g]; same as [ɣ] Ancient Hebrew
h voiceless glottal fricative Hit
ʰ aspiration of preceding sound top vs. stop
ḥ voiceless pharyngeal fricative; IPA [ħ] Arabic hummus
ḫ voiceless uvular fricative; same as [χ] Egyptian, Semitic
ẖ voiceless fricative; probably palatal [ç] Egyptian
i tense high front unrounded vowel see, diva
ɪ lax high front unrounded vowel Hit
ỉ special transcriptional symbol; also [j] Egyptian
ɨ high central unrounded vowel Roses
j voiced palatal glide; same as [y] in other standard IPA; Mycenaean Greek
systems or  alternate transliteration for [ỉ] Egyptian
ʲ palatalization of preceding sound; also [ʸ] roughly canyon vs. cannon
ǰ voiced palatoalveolar affricate; IPA [ʤ] Judge
or [dʒ]
k voiceless velar stop kick, cake
ḳ voiceless uvular stop; same as [q] Egyptian
ḵ spirantized [k]; same as [x] Ancient Hebrew
l voiced alveolar lateral liquid Lip
ḷ voiced retroflex lateral liquid; IPA [ɭ] Indic
ɬ voiceless alveolar lateral fricative Hull
ɫ velarized voiced alveolar lateral liquid Mom
m voiced bilabial nasal None
n voiced alveolar nasal Singer
Ŋ voiced velar nasal; don't confuse with Indic
sequence [ŋg]
ṇ voiced retroflex nasal; IPA [ɳ] Spanish ñ, Italian gn
ɲ voiced palatal nasal Japanese word-final "n"
ɴ voiced uvular nasal go, hope, boat
o tense mid back rounded vowel Korean "eo"
ŏ mid central unrounded vowel, similar to (like blowing out a match)
[ə]
ɸ voiceless bilabial fricative thing, myth
θ voiceless dental fricative Pep
p voiceless bilabial stop Hebrew
p̅ spirantized [p]; historically [ɸ], modern Icelandic
[f]
þ runic letter equivalent to [θ] or runic Old English, some Scandinavian
letter that can be read as either [θ] or [ð]
q voiceless uvular stop Arabic Qatar
r voiced alveolar trill (often used for other Spanish perro

English Phonetics And Phonology Page 6

 types of "r")
ɹ voiced (post)alveolar liquid, the English run, sorry
"r"; often just written [r]
ɾ voiced alveolar tap; sometimes written Am Engl city; Spanish pero
[ᴅ]
ʀ voiced uvular tril some French dialects, etc.
ʁ voiced uvular fricative French, German, Modern Hebrew
"r"
ṛ voiced retroflex flap; IPA [ɽ] Indic
s voiceless alveolar fricative sit, hiss, rice, cent
š voiceless postalveolar fricative; IPA [ʃ] ship, push, delicious
ś voiceless alveolopalatal fricative; IPA [ɕ] Indic Egyptian (often just "s")
or  voiceless alveolar fricative; Hebrew, other Semitic
historically distinct from [z] or voiceless
fricative; historically distinct from [s]
ṣ voiceless retroflex fricative; IPA [ʂ] Indic, Mandarin ("sh") semitic
or  emphatic, i.e. pharyngealized [sˁ]
ʃ voiceless postalveolar fricative; same as ship, push, delicious
[š]
t voiceless alveolar stop Stop
ṭ voiceless retroflex stop; IPA [ʈ] Indic semitic
or  emphatic, i.e. pharyngealized [tˁ]
ṯ palatalized [tʸ]; can be pronounced [č] Egyptian Ancient Hebrew
or  spirantized [t], same as [θ]
ʨ voiceless alveolopalatal affricate Mandarin ji (cf. aspirated qi)
tʂ voiceless retroflex affricate Mandarin zhi (cf. aspirated chi)
u tense high back rounded vowel ooze, prune
ʊ lax high back rounded vowel put, book
ŭ high central unrounded vowel, similar to Korean "eu"
[ɨ]
ü tense high front rounded vowel French, German, Mandarin
v voiced labiodental fricative Verve
ʌ mid central unrounded vowel; stressed in cut, love
English
ɣ voiced velar fricative Spanish haga
w voiced labial-velar glide Witch
ʍ voiceless labial-velar fricative which for some speakers
x voiceless velar fricative chutzpah, German ach
X voiceless uvular fricative Semitic, Egyptian
y voiced palatal glide (in many Yes French u, German ü
transcription systems); IPA [j]

English Phonetics And Phonology Page 7

 high front rounded vowel (in IPA)
ʸ palatalization of preceding sound; IPA [ʲ] roughly canyon vs. cannon
ʎ voiced palatal lateral Italian gli, Castilian ll
z voiced alveolar fricative fizz, his, rose
ẓ voiced retroflex fricative; IPA [ʐ] Indic, Mandarin ("r") semitic
or  emphatic, i.e. pharyngealized [zˁ] or
[ðˁ]
ž voiced palatoalveolar fricative; IPA [ʒ] rouge, vision
ʒ voiced palatoalveolar fricative; same as rouge, vision
[ž]
’ glottalization of preceding sound Mayan, Ethiopic
(ejective)
‘ aspiration of preceding sound; same as Chinese (not Pinyin)
[ʰ]
ʔ glottal stop; also written ’ or ʾ medial sound in uh-oh
ʕ voiced pharyngeal fricative; also written ‘ Arabic ‘ayn
or ʿ

English Phonetics And Phonology Page 8

2.2 Phonology

Phonology is the study of the patterns of sounds in a language and across

languages. Put more formally, phonology is the study of the categorical organisation of
speech sounds in languages; how speech sounds are organised in the mind and used to
convey meaning. In this section of the website, we will describe the most common
phonological processes and introduce the concepts of underlying representations for
sounds versus what is actually produced, the surface form.
Phonology can be related to many linguistic disciplines, including
psycholinguistics, cognitive science, sociolinguistics and language acquisition. Principles
of phonology can also be applied to treatments of speech pathologies and innovations in
technology. In terms of speech recognition, systems can be designed to translate spoken
data into text. In this way, computers process the language like our brains do. The same
processes that occur in the mind of a human when producing and receiving language
occur in machines. One example of machines decoding language is the popular
intelligence system, Siri.
Phonology is the branch of linguistics concerned with the study
of speech sounds with reference to their distribution and patterning.
Adjective: phonological. A linguist who specializes in phonology is known as
a phonologist.
In Fundamental Concepts in Phonology (2009), Ken Lodge observes that
phonology "is about differences of meaning signaled by sound."
As discussed below, the boundaries between the fields of phonology
and phonetics are not always sharply defined.
Etymology: From the Greek, "sound, voice"
2.2.1 Observations On Phonology

 "One way to understand the subject matter of phonology is to contrast it with other
fields within linguistics. A very brief explanation is that phonology is the study of
sound structures in language, which is different from the study of sentence structures
(syntax), word structures (morphology), or how languages change over time

English Phonetics And Phonology Page 9

 (historical linguistics). But this is insufficient. An important feature of the structure of
a sentence is how it is pronounced--its sound structure. The pronunciation of a given
word is also a fundamental part of the structure of a word. And certainly the principles
of pronunciation in a language are subject to change over time. So phonology has a
relation to numerous domains of linguistics."
(David Odden, Introducing Phonology, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 2013)

 The Aim Of Phonology

"The aim of phonology is to discover the principles that govern the way
sounds are organized in languages and to explain the variations that occur. We begin
by analyzing an individual language to determine which sound units are used and
which patterns they form--the language's sound system. We then compare the
properties of different sound systems, and work out hypotheses about the rules
underlying the use of sounds in particular groups of languages. Ultimately,
phonologists want to make statements that apply to all languages. . . .
"Whereas phonetics is the study of all possible speech sounds, phonology studies the
way in which a language's speakers systematically use a selection of these sounds in
order to express meaning.

 "There is a further way of drawing the distinction. No two speakers have anatomically
identical vocal tracts, and thus no one produces sounds in exactly the same way as
anyone else. . . . Yet when using our language we are able to discount much of this
variation, and focus on only those sounds, or properties of sound, that are important
for the communication of meaning. We think of our fellow speakers as using the
'same' sounds, even though acoustically they are not. Phonology is the study of how
we find order within the apparent chaos of speech sounds."
(David Crystal, How Language Works. Overlook Press, 2005)
- "When we talk about the 'sound system' of English, we are referring to the number
of phonemes which are used in a language and to how they are organized."
(David Crystal, The Cambridge Encylopedia of the English Language, 2nd edition.
Cambridge University Press, 2003)

English Phonetics And Phonology Page 10

  Phoneme Systems

"[P]honology is not only about phonemes and allophones. Phonology also

concerns itself with the principles governing the phoneme systems--that is, with what
sounds languages 'like' to have, which sets of sounds are most common (and why) and
which are rare (and also why). It turns out that there are prototype-based explanations
for why the phoneme system of the languages of the world have the sounds that they
do, with physiological/acoustic/perceptual explanations for the preference for some
sound sover others.

"(Geoffrey S. Nathan, Phonology: A Cognitive Grammar Introduction. John

Benjamins, 2008)

 The Phonetics-Phonology Interface

"Phonetics interfaces with phonology in three ways. First, phonetics defines

distinctive features. Second, phonetics explains many phonological patterns. These
two interfaces constitute what has come to be called the 'substantive grounding' of
phonology (Archangeli & Pulleyblank, 1994). Finally, phonetics implements
phonological representations.
"The number and depth of these interfaces is so great that one is naturally moved to
ask how autonomous phonetics and phonology are from one another and whether one
can be largely reduced to the other. The answers to these questions in the current
literature could not differ more. At one extreme, Ohala (1990b) argues that there is in
fact no interface between phonetics and phonology because the latter can largely if
not completely be reduced to the former. At the opposite extreme, Hale & Reiss
(2000b) argue for excluding phonetics entirely from phonology because the latter is
about computation, while the former is about something else. Between these extremes
is a large variety of other answers to these questions . . .."
(John Kingston, "The Phonetics-Phonology Interface." The Cambridge Handbook of
Phonology, ed. by Paul de Lacy. Cambridge University Press, 2007)

 Phonemics and Phonology

"Phonemics is the study of phonemes in their various aspects, i.e. their
establishment, description, occurrence, arrangement, etc. Phonemes fall under two

English Phonetics And Phonology Page 11

 categories, segmental or linear phonemes and suprasegmental or non-linear
phonemes . . .. The term 'phonemics,' with the above-mentioned sense attached to
it, was widely used in the heyday of post-Bloomfieldian linguistics in America, in
particular from the 1930s to the 1950s, and continues to be used by present-day post-
Bloomfieldians. Note in this connection that Leonard Bloomsfield (1887-1949) used
the term 'phonology,' not 'phonemics,' and talked about primary
phonemes and secondary phonemes while using the adjectival form 'phonemic'
elsewhere. The term 'phonology,' not 'phonemics,' is generally used by contemporary
linguists of other schools."
(Tsutomu Akamatsu, "Phonology." The Linguistics Encyclopedia, 2nd ed., edited
by Kirsten Malmkjaer. Routledge, 2004)

2.2.2 Speeling of Phonology

Spelling is a set of conventions that regulate the way of using graphemes to

represent a language in its written form.[1] In other words, spelling is the rendering of
speech sound (phoneme) into writing (grapheme). Spelling is one of the elements
of orthography, and highly standardized spelling is a prescriptive element.

Spellings originated as transcriptions of the sounds of spoken language according

to the alphabetic principle. They remain largely reflective of the sounds, although fully
phonemic spelling is an ideal that most languages' orthographies only approximate,
some more closely than others. This is true for various reasons, including that
pronunciation changes over time in all languages, yet spellings as visual norms may
resist change. In addition, words from other languages may be adopted without being
adapted to the spelling system, and different meanings of a word or homophones may
be deliberately spelled in different ways to differentiate them visually.

Example :
 Car = c-a-r
 Someone= s-o-m-e-o-n-e
 Phonetics= P-h-o-n-e-t-i-c-s
 Phonologgy = p-h-o-n-o-l-o-g-y

English Phonetics And Phonology Page 12

2.2.3 Different of Phonetics and Phonology

1. Phonetics vs. phonology

Phonetics deals with the production of speech sounds by humans, often

without prior knowledge of the language being spoken. Phonology is
about patterns of sounds, especially different patterns of sounds in different
languages, or within each language, different patterns of sounds in different
positions in words etc.

2. Phonology as grammar of phonetic patterns

 The consonant cluster /st/ is OK at the beginning, middle or end of words in

English.
 At beginnings of words, /str/ is OK in English, but /ftr/ or / tr/ are not (they are
ungrammatical).
 / tr/ is OK in the middle of words, however, e.g. in "ashtray".
 / tr/ is OK at the beginnings of words in German, though, and /ftr/ is OK word-
initially in Russian, but not in English or German.

3. A given sound have a different function or status in the sound patterns of different
languages

For example, the glottal stop [ ] occurs in both English and Arabic BUT ...

In English, at the beginning of a word, [ ] is a just way of beginning vowels, and does
not occur with consonants. In the middle or at the end of a word, [ ] is one possible
pronunciation of /t/ in e.g. "pat" [pa ].

In Arabic, / / is a consonant sound like any other (/k/, /t/ or whatever): [ íktib]
"write!", [da íi a] "minute (time)", [ a ] "right".

4. Phonemes and allophones, or sounds and their variants

English Phonetics And Phonology Page 13

 The vowels in the English words "cool", "whose" and "moon" are all similar but
slightly different. They are three variants or allophones of the /u/ phoneme. The different
variants are dependent on the different contexts in which they occur. Likewise, the
consonant phoneme /k/ has different variant pronunciations in different contexts.
Compare:
 

The place of articulation is fronter in the

keep /kip/ [k+h]
mouth
The place of articulation is not so front in the
cart /k t/ [kh]
mouth
The place of articulation is backer, and the lips
coot /kut/ [khw]
are rounded
seek /sik/ There is less aspiration than in initial position [k`]
/
scoop There is no aspiration after /s/ [k]
skup/

These are all examples of variants according to position (contextual variants). There
are also variants between speakers and dialects. For example, "toad" may be pronounced
[tëUd] in high-register RP, [toUd] or [to d] in the North. All of them are different
pronunciations of the same sequence of phonemes. But these differences can lead to
confusion: [toUd] is "toad" in one dialect, but may be "told" in another.

5. Phonological systems

Phonology is not just (or even mainly) concerned with categories or objects (such as
consonants, vowels, phonemes, allophones, etc.) but is also crucially about relations.

Voiceless/aspir p t k
h h h
f s h
ated
Voiced/unaspir (unpair
b d v z ð
ated ed)

Examples:
 

Patterns lead to expectations: we expect the voiceless fricative [h] to be paired

with a voiced [ ], but we do not find this sound as a distinctive phoneme in English.

English Phonetics And Phonology Page 14

 And in fact /h/ functions differently from the other voiceless fricatives (it has a
different distribution in words etc.) So even though [h] is phonetically classed as a

voiceless fricative, it is phonologically quite different from /f/, /s/, / / and / /.

Different patterns are found in other languages. In Classical Greek a three-way

distinction was made between stops:
 

Voiceless/aspirated h h h

Voiced/unaspirated
Voiced (and
unaspirated)

In Hindi-Urdu a four-way pattern is found, at five places of articulation:

 

Voiceless aspirated h h h h h

Voiceless unaspirated

Voiced unaspirated
tc.
Breathy voiced ("voiced
aspirates") tc.

6. Shapes Of Vowels System:

Triangular: 3 Triangular: 5 vowels

(e.g. Arabic) vowels (e.g. Japanese)
i ui u
e o
a a
Triangular: 6 Triangular: 7 vowels
(e.g. Tübatulabal)vowels (e.g. Italian)
i ui u
e oe o

a a
Triangular: 6 Rectangular: 6 vowels
(e.g. Bulgarian) vowels (e.g.
Montenegrin)

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 i ui u
e oe o
a a

How many degrees of vowel height are there in Bulgarian? On the face of
things, it appears to be not very different from Tübatulabal, which has three heights:
three high vowels, two mid vowels and one low vowel. But if we look more closely
into Bulgarian phonology, we see that the fact that schwa is similar in height to /e/
and /o/ is coincidental: the distinction that matters in Bulgarian is /i/ vs. /e/, /u/ vs. /o/
and / / vs. /a/, i.e. relatively high vs. relatively low. As evidence for this statement,
note that while all six vowels may occur in stressed syllables, only /i/, /e/, / / and /u/
occur in unstressed syllables.

7. Phonology as interpretation of phonetic patterns: Fang (Bantu: Cameroon, Gabon,

Equatorial Guinea)

Fang English Fang English

1) etf - shoulder 7) t m branch
2) v bi, v -bi hippopotamus 8) bik q back teeth
3) ndv ( ) dam 9) el n water tortoise
4) kf -l tortoise 10) f q bag
5) kf - salt 11) t neck
6) k l rope 12) os n squirrel

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 CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION

3.1 Conclusion

       There are many tools of human articulation and each of them has a different
position and function in generating the sounds of language. However, there is an element
that is not categorized as a human articulation, but has a very important role in
generating the sound. The element is air and is the primary source of energy to produce
sound. Vowel or consonant sounds is the sounds of language by tools of human
articulation. All vowels are voiced sounds, consonants has a voiced sound and voiceless
sound. Voiced and voiceless sound is related with condition of the vocal cords.
Condition of the vocal cords (glottis) tightly closed when air out through it, then it will
apply the vibration of the vocal cords and the resulting sound is the voice
sounds. Conversely, if the vocal cords were stretched or open when the air through
it, the vibration of the vocal cords do not apply, the resulting sound is voiceless sounds.

3.2  Suggestion

                   Suggestion to the students to be more rigorous in understanding the

phonetics and field of study.  Because the phonetic is not only learn about the various
sounds, but also to learn about the lack of launch its means students can also learn about
the human deficiencies in speaking. The students can distinguish the type and can apply
it.

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 REFERENCES

http://kennyjulita.blogspot.com/2016/04/makalah-phonetics.html

http://www.antimoon.com/how/pronunc-soundsipa.htm

https://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/phoneticsymbolsforenglish.htm

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