FMS IV

Immunity & infection

General Parasitology
I April20l3

Sisirawaty, dr, MS, SpParK

Parasitic diseases are yery common in

Introduction to Parasitologt
. Definition Parasitolog)r :
the science that deals with organisms
that take up their abodes, temporarily
or pggl3[Enfly, on or within other
living organims for the purpose of
procuring food,and with the relation-
ship of these organism to their hosts.
the
tropical and sub-tropical regions of the
world
Parasitic diseases have become important
even in the developed countries because of
population movement. air-travel. and
AIDS epidemic

Parasites occur in two distinct forms :

The World Health Organization (WHO) has
proclaimed : The six major unconquered
human tropical diseases

. Malaria
. Filariasis
. Schistosomiasis
. African tyrpanosomiasis
. Leishmaniasis
. Leprosy
 Protozoa
Helminths

Nemathelminthes
Platyhelminthes
(cackE gillkl (crcing pipih)
t
Nematodes
(ruirg3drq) Trematodes Cgstodes
=_=_r-:_i-
roundworms (c*ing daunl {c.cilg Pit )
f,ukes tapeworms

Trematoda Cestoda
Nemathelminthes Platyhelminthes Leaf-shaped Ribbonlike
. No segment Segments or proglottids
l,ong cylindrical Ftattened bodies
Digestive system (+) G)
bodies
. Separate sexes Hermaphrodites
TfirLroltm

7H
ffi
F--i

& gr**,
&yt,f,t.FdSIft*r,
progto0id

General Parasitolory General Parasitology

C lassifi cation of parasites Classification of parasites
All organisms are classified according to
. Traditionally, each species desigrrated under the
binorminal (two names) system in which it
The International code of Zoologinal
carries the name ofthe genus and species, e.g.
Nomeclature:
Asearis (genus) lumbrieoidcs (spec ie s)
Phylum Nemathelminthes
Class Nematoda . Under the rules of nomenclature, the scientific
Order Ascaridida names are printed in italics
Family Ascarididae . The genus always bqlins with a capital letter
Genus Ascork and the species with a small letter
Species Ascaris lumbricoides
 Gencrel Parasitol,ogr
Life cycle of Parasites Life cycle
Helminths
. By studying the life cycle diagrams, should be
able to recognise the stage of the cycle which is . Egg stage
used for diagnosis (the diagnostic stage) & the . Larval stage
stage which initiates infection (the infective stage) . Adult worm
. Knowledge of the life cycle is necessary for
planning a control programme against the
parasite
. If the parasite has an animal reservoir control is
more difficult

Life cycle
Protozoa ta.dm i
st rEl ar{6oai
lFrEa-h* cffiOrq :
iasaqdip*o ,i{is*tt6
* Trophozoite stage i dffiolc* t6ot*L(cd
i

i-:-*x:e
I
bst ,

.e
l-
t'

F #-i .",.*,,
{
it*rorrr
.I'E.a1*
j

I
.tr." .{"
*b
ld{aE
F|*
iffil4Gffi
lbirbctab,1#
-,t
* rk€htu ;Fm.ddalicl

Transmission of helminths
Transmission of Protozoa
lnfection can occurs a{ter :

. Swallowing infective eegs or larvae via . Ingestion of food or water contaminated

fecal-oral route ) e.g. Ascariasis, . - etc. with transmission stages (cysts stage)
. Swallowing infective lawas in the tissues
. Transplacenta (fiom mother to fetus)
of another host ) e.g. Trichinellosis, ..etc. . through sexual activity
. Active penetration of the skin by larval ' By insect vectors
stages ) Strongyloidiasis, .. etc.
".9.
, The bite of an infected blood-sucking insect
vector )".g.Malaria, ... etc
 Term used in Parasitology & Immunity& infcctbr
infectious diseases
. Parasite - -> ec{oparasite, endoparasite,
facultative paarsite, obliagte parasite Protozoal infections
. Host - -> definitive host, intermediate host,
reservoir host,paratenic host
. Vector
. Epidemic, endemic, pandemic
Silinwrty, dr, MS, SpPerK
. Pathogen, virulence,

E.;alrl* lfr -'-

Protozoa fufiil'.*,J ii:.j',{k3
(lad*it
i!\'ai..t ab!:jJj!,
C.+<32>- *r ,{* '.?gw.!!r.
i
itqLo >**
(-,ttr,fd{ iqa*T*ai1 {}!..ut/Jiryr)
*ouzoa I
41i:<xf::, .ds ji<:':t1*;.ri:>':. _
I

i11i7**.aq;t<
:..E !r.6>.xso ,cqi
i :::.?
!-iw 4:*t*
l. ,ya,,?^* i-.,rtlaxt: 'ii4,,1xt*t.
rriarc m I

-.@^"+'v-,at- x.,tac ;. rJr) ! -. ::t,:;::.:'

:-
' o1,gg3'-
\. r:sia l.r;:it:rt I ..',ryt'u.a
tlCrnri.l,r tr'
- ala|*i*I"cltY:
i, ,rc*t*n

Protozoa can infect all the maior

tl*ra
tissues and organs of the body l*L
itr*
Protozoa can infect body tissues and orgaff as :

. Intracellular parasites in a wide viliety of cells

ri.f.r'lll
ii
(red cells, macrophages, epithelial cells, brain,
I..t; fb.,
I rrmi
i
muscle) lwa
lE&/t$
I
!

[-; t.dui.l lcl*

lqchr?
i

. extracellular parasites in blood, intestine or i iLao'f

I

genitourinary system

4
 Maj or pathogeni c protozaa
Major pathogenic protozoa
lype ano Speoes L,lSeal'e
locat on
lntestlnal tract Entamoe6a
histolytica
Giardia lamblia

uryptospono,um uryprosponolosl
parvum s
urooenrtEll TiChomonas Trichomonrasrs
trac{ vaginalis

Major pathogenic protozoa Sexually Transmiffed Diseases

r.ype.pno Specres utsease
Ioc€ltron . lnfectious diseases are transmitted most
Booflftissue uypanosoma Chagas'diseas
commonly or most efficiently by sexual
cruzi
Letshmanta sp. leishmaniasis contact

Le,snmanta Kala-azat . Sexually transmiffed infections are also

donovani responsible for steril ity, stil lbirth, miscarriage,
Lersnman,a uul€rneous blindness, brain disease, disfigurement, cancer,
tropica leimaniasis
and dead through- out the world
LetsIilrtatila
brazilliensis cutaneous
leimaniasis

Urogenital Protozoa
Sexuaily transmitted diseases
Trichomonas vaginalis
. Disease : trichomoniasis

. Epidemiolory:

- One of the most common in infections

Neisseriagoaorrhoeae t,Gononhoeo worldwide most widely prevalent venereal
lirus infection
HIV
Ilerpes sitnplq virus - Roughly 25 - 50 7o of women in the United
..".......-..---- dc
States harbor the parasite
Morphologyr
Trichomonasvaginalis Trichomonas vaginolis

Pear-shaped organism
with cenhal nucleus &
hpl '
,r
four anteror flagella
Has an undulating
rnembrane
Only as a trophozoiteq
thene is no cyst form
r*ttrry +6a
!l!!il;lE

.ffi Transmissron

. Sexual contact
. Contaminated toilet articles & toilet seat

L"awo*
. Notes : the primary location of
Trichomonas vaginalk are the vagina
,4)^,-'V and prostate

=?*;+g
€='*.*"* '-,r"4)^''.
.;-;ii

Laboratory diagnosis
Clinical findings
. Finding"pear'shaped"
. A foul-smelling, frothy, cre{rmy white vaginal trophozoites have a
discharge ) fluor albus (leukorrhoea) typical jerky motion in
thevaginal sesrection
.]:
. Accompanied irching & buming occurs iatl . i.
*'r I
c,.
(or in males, in the

. lnfection in men is usually asymptomatic, but ira*i5l

.w rtF
semer/ prostatic fluid
obtained after prostatic
rqilteE massage)
about l0a/o of infected men have urethritis & . There is no serologic
prostatitis
test

6
 Laboratory diagnosis References
.

W
Buku Parasitologi kedoktera4 FK Ul,edisi keempa!
2008
. Neva FA" Brown HW. Basic Cliaical Parasitologr.
Sixth edition, 1994. Appldon &Larrye.
. Jobn DT, Petri WA. Markell & Voge's Medical
l- Microscopic exanind ion : yasts, blastospores, parasitologr. Ninth editiorl 2006. Samders Elsevier.
& pseudohyphae
2. Sabouraud's agar: forms colonies ofyeasts