PETROLOGI TGT 1201

Program Studi Teknik Geologi

Fakultas Teknologi Mineral

Kuliah 3
MAGMA
Jenis, Genesa dan Tipe

Subhan Arif
 Magma Types Based on Chemistry

50% SiO2 60% SiO2 70% SiO2

gabbro/basalt diorite/andesite granite/rhyolite

 Processes That Change Magma Compositions

Primary Process  Partial Melting of Different Materials (e.g. mantle, oceanic

crust, continental crust, etc.)

Secondary Processes - “Magmatic Differentiation”

• Fractional Crystallization
• Assimilation/Magma Mixing
• Combined Process
Mantle Melting and the Origin of Basaltic Magma

Seismic evidence -> basalts are generated in the mantle

Mantle melts with no subsequent modification by secondary processes (fractional

crystallization, assimilation, mixing).

Criteria:
MgO = 11 – 17 wt%
Cr > 1000 ppm
Ni > 400-500 ppm
Origin of Basaltic Magmas

1. Decompression melting of
mantle (peridotite) to produce
primary basaltic magmas
2. Fractional crystallization in
shallow crustal magma chambers
Origin of Andesitic Magmas
Modification of a Basaltic “Parent”
1. Crystallization in Magma Chambers

2. Assimilation of Continental Crust

3. Magma Mixing:
(basalt + rhyolite = andesite)

Origin of Granitic/Rhyolitic Magmas

Partial Melting of Continental Crust
(± AFC processes)
 Types of Magma

Type of Viscosity Silica Gas Explosive- Type of Example

Magma Content Content ness Volcano

Basaltic Low 1-2% 50% Least Shield Hawaii

Mt. St.
Andesitic Medium 3-4% 60% Medium Composite Helens
Rhyolitic High Greatest Cinder
4-6% 70% Yellowstone
Cone

*The higher the gas content, the more explosive the magma is going to be
Processes That Change Magma Compositions

Primary Process
Partial Melting of Different Materials (e.g. mantle, oceanic
crust, continental crust, etc.)

Secondary Processes - “Magmatic Differentiation”

• Fractional Crystallization
• Assimilation/Magma Mixing
• Combined Process (AFC = Assimilation + Fractional Crystallization)
 Fractional Crystallization

magma composition progressively changes as crystals are physically “removed” from the magma.
 Bowen’s Reaction Series

• Theoretical order in which common igneous crystallize, and generally speaking correct!
• Used in early 1900’s (by N.L. Bowen) to explain the origin of granite from primary basaltic
magmas. True only in rare cases.

10
 Sandstone

Basalt
Diorite
Sodium-rich
plagioclase feldspar;
Fe-rich pyrox, hbl

245–275 m (800–900 ft)

Gabbro (or

Basaltic intrusion
“diabase”) Calcium-rich
plagioclase feldspar
and pyroxene;

Olivine Olivine, plag, pyrox

gabbro
Basalt

Palisades Sill – (western shore of Hudson River, Sandstone

NJ)

Basalt cooled quickly at the edges of

the intrusion.
Palisades
intrusion

~1200°C ~1100°C ~1050°C ~1000°C

Plagioclase Plagioclase
Olivine Plagioclase
feldspar feldspar
crystals feldspar

Pyroxene Pyroxene
Pyx+Plag
Olivine Olivine Olivine

Magma with Magma with Magma with Magma with

composition A composition B composition C composition D

Olivine Pyroxene and Pyroxene and Plagioclase

crystallizes plagioclase plagioclase feldspar
first. feldspar gradually continues to
crystallize. change in crystallize.
composition.
Assimilation Magma Mixing
Basaltic
magma

Rhyolitic
magma

Basaltic
+
Rhyolitic

Andesitic
magma
THANK YOU

Subhan Arif, S. T., M. T.

+62 852 4693 1409

s.arif@akprind.ac.id
sbhan.arif@gmail.com