Chemical Process Principles

CHE 113

Instructor:
Dr. Faisal Ahmed
Course Learning Outcomes
 Explain basic concepts of stoichiometry necessary for applying material and energy balance

 Apply stoichiometry and material balance strategies for solving recycle, purge and by-pass for
single and multiple unit problems

 Calculate internal energy and enthalpy changes in single phase and multiphase systems using
thermodynamic information from Steam tables, pressure-enthalpy charts etc.; Mechanical
energy balance

 Apply first law of thermodynamics to perform, energy balances on steady-state, unsteady state,
non-reactive, reactive processes; and simultaneous material and energy balances on different
types of chemical processes
Reference Books
• “ Basic Principles & Calculations in Chemical Engineering” , Himmelblau David, Prentice Hall
PTR

• “ Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes ” , Felder Richard M., Rousseau Ronald W. 3rd
Ed. John Willey & Sons

• “ Chemical Processes Principles ” , Hougen Olaf A., Watson Kenneth M., John Willey & Sons
 CHEMICAL REACTION STOICHIOMETRY
Stoichiometry
Stoichiometry is the theory of the proportions in which chemical species combine with one another.

The stoichiometric equation of a chemical reaction is a statement of the relative number of molecules or
moles of reactants and products that participate in the reaction. For example, the stoichiometric
equation

Stoichiometric ratio
LIMITING & EXCESS REACTANTS
The reactant that would run out if a reaction proceeded to completion (even if the
reaction does not proceed to completion!) is called the limiting reactant and the other
reactants are termed excess reactants.

 A reactant is limiting if it is present in less than its stoichiometric proportion relative

to every other reactant

 If all reactants are present in stoichiometric proportion, then no reactant is limiting

(or they all are, depending on how you choose to look at it).
 The fractional excess of the reactant is the ratio of the excess to the stoichiometric
requirement:

[ (n ) - (n ) ]
Fractional excess of A  A feed A stoich
(n )
A stoich.
 The percentage excess of A is 100 times the fractional excess.
Fractional Conversion
The fractional Conversion of a reactant is the ratio

moles reacted
Fractional conversion of A 
moles fed

Extent of reaction
The extent of reaction, ξ, is based on a specified stoichiometric equation and denotes how
much reaction occurs. Its units are “moles reacting.”

The extent of reaction is calculated by dividing the change in the number of moles of a species that
occurs in a reaction, for either a reactant or a product, by the associated stoichiometric coefficient
(which has the units of the change in the moles of species i divided by the moles reacting).

n -n
Extent of reaction ( )  i i0
ν
i
It has the same value for each molecular species involved in a reaction.

For multiple reactions, extent of reaction may be expressed as:

Problem:
Solution:
Yield and Selectivity:
The terms Yield and Selectivity are used to describe the degree to which a desired
reaction predominates over competing side reactions.