Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Credit – the credit of a person means his ability to borrow money by virtue of the confidence or
trust respond in him by the lender that he will pay what he may promise.
- It is the trust or belief reposed by a person in another, of the latter’s ability to comply
with an obligation.
Credit Transactions – agreements based on trust or belief of someone on the ability of another
person to comply with his obligations.
- Includes all transactions involving loans of money, goods or services extended to
another either gratuitously or onerously.
(2) Contracts of personal property- contracts where performance by the principal debtor is not
supported by collateral/s but only by a promise to pay or by the personal undertaking or
commitment of another person. Examples : Surety, guaranty
- Unsecured transactions
(2) Accessory Contracts – they have to depend on another contract. Examples: Guaranty
proper, suretyship, pledge, mortgage and antichresis
Bailment- the delivery of a property of one person to another in trust for a specific purpose,
with a contract, express or implied, that the trust shall be faithfully executed and the property
returned or duly accounted for when the special purpose is accomplished or kept until the bailor
reclaims it.
- Generally, no fiduciary relationship is created by a bailment.
(1) Bailor- the one who gives or delivers the property bailed.
- It is also known as comodatario or commodans.
(2) Bailee- the one who receives the things delivered or bailed.
- It is also known as comodante or commodatarius
Letter of Credit- Trust Receipt Transaction Arrangement – a bank extend to a borrower a loan
covered by the letter of credit, with the trust receipt as a security of loan.
Bridge Financing- to obtain funds through an interim loan, while the main loan is not yet
available.
TITLE XI – LOAN
Article 1933:
Contracts of Mutuum- where money or other consumable thing is delivered by the lender to the
borrower subject to the condition that the same amount of the same kind and quality shall be
paid.
Non- consumable- is a movable thing which can be used in a manner appropriate to its nature
without it being consumed. Examples: Car, television, radio
Kinds of COMMODATUM:
(1) Precarium- where the bailor may demand the thing loaned at will under the conditions set forth
in Article 1947. The use of the thing by the bailee depends on the pleasure of the bailor.
(2) Ordinary Commodatum-where the bailor cannot just demand the return of the things at will
because there is a period agreed upon which must be respected.
Credit Vs Loan
Credit- his ability to borrow money by virtue of the confidence or trust reposed by the lender
unto him that he will pay what he has promised
Loan- the delivery by one party and the receipt by the other party of a given sum of money,
upon an agreement, express or implied, to repay the sum loaned, with or without interest
Take Note:
Deposit with Interest is LOAN
Article 1934:
LOAN vs DEPOSIT
CHAPTER 1
NATURE of COMMODATUM
Article 1935:
Characteristics of Commodatum:
1. It is essentially gratuitous.
2. Its purpose is to transfer the temporary use of the thing loaned to the bailee.
3. The use of the thing is for a “certain time”.
4. It is a real contract because:
-it requires delivery of the object
5. It is a principal contract because:
-it does not depend upon another contract
6. It is a unilateral contract because:
-after the object had been delivered by the bailor,(lender) it creates obligations to be performed
by the bailee alone(borrower)
7. It is purely personal because:
- of the trust and belief reposed on the bailee
Take Note:
GENERAL RULE: The bailor does not enjoy the fruits
EXCEPTION: When there is a stipulation in the contract allowing the bailee to enjoy the fruits of
the thing loaned (Article 1940)
Article 1936:
Subject of Commodatum
- Must be NON-CONSUMABLE
- Not to consume them
Article 1937:
Object of Commodatum
- Both movable and immovable property
Article 1938:
Article 1939:
Commodatum :
Is purely a PERSONAL CONTRACT.
THUS, the rights and obligations arising from the same are extinguished by:
- The death of either the bailor or the bailee
The bailee can neither lend nor lease the object of the contract to a third person exept:
- The member of the household of the bailee
Exception to the exception:
- There is stipulation to the contrary
- The nature of the thing forbids such use
Article 1940:
A stipulation that the bailee may make use of the fruits of the thing loaned is valid.
Article 1941:
If the EXTRAORDINARY expenses are incurred during the actual use of the thing:
- The bailee and the bailor shall equally bear the expenses UNLESS there is a stipulation
to the contrary
Article 1942:
GENERAL RULE : No person shall be responsible for those events which could not be foreseen,or
which, though foreseen, were inevitable (art 1174)
EXCEPTION : The bailee is liable for the loss of the things if it should be through a fortuitous
event:
(1) If he devotes the thing to any purpose different from that for which it has been loaned.
REASON:
- He is in bad faith
- He deviated the purpose for which the thing was borrowed.
(2) If he keeps it longer than the period stipulated or after the accomplishment of the use for
which the commodatum has been constituted.
REASON:
- He is guilty of mora or default
- Liable due to delay
(3) If the thing loaned has been delivered with appraisal of its value, unless there is stipulation
exempting the bailee from responsibility in case of a fortuitous event
REASON:
- Assessment of its value serves as an early warning
(4) If he lends or leases he thing to a third peson who is not a member of his household.
REASON:
- Violated the pure personal character of the commodatum
- Abused the trust reposed in him by the bailor
(5) If, being able to save either the thing borrowed or his own thing, he chose to save the latter.
REASON:
- Committed an act tantamount to ingratitude
Loss – when it perishes, or goes out of commerce of man, or disappears in such a way that its
existence is unknown or cannot be recovered. (art 1189)
Article 1943:
GENERAL RULE: Bailee does not answer for the deterioration of the thing loaned due only:
- To the use thereof ( wear and tear)
- Without his fault
EXCEPTION: If the deterioration is caused by:
- The fault or negligence of the bailee
Article 1944:
GENERAL RULE : Bailee has no right to retain the thing loaned on the ground that:
- The bailor owes him something including claims for extraordinary expenses by
him(bailee)
REASON:
- Bailment implied trust that as soon as the time has expired, or the purpose
accomplished, the bailed property must be restored by the bailor
EXCEPTION: Bailee can retain the thing loaned when claims for damages which the bailee
suffered by reason of:
- Hidden defects or flaws of the thing loaned
- He was not warned or advised by the bailor
Take Note: He has no right to sell the thing to satisfy his claims for damages
Article 1945:
Solidary Obligation – each one of the debtors is obliged to pay the entire obligation,
- and where each one of the creditors has the right to demand from any of the debtors ,
the payment or fulfillment of the entire obligation
Article 1946:
The bailor cannot demand the return of the thing loaned till:
- After the expiration of the period stipulated; or
- After the accomplishment of the use for which the commodatum has been constituted.
EXCEPTION to the RULE : When the bailor in the meantime, has urgent need of the thing
loaned,he may demand its :
- Return , or;
- Its temporary use
Take note:
in case of temporary use
-the commodatum is not extinguished
- it is merely suspended
However, if the period had already expired
-the bailor can no longer demand the return of the thing
Damages are not recoverable by the bailee in the absence of bad faith on the part of the bailor
If the loan is executed for illegal or immoral purpose or use, the contract is VOID.
Article 1947:
Precarium- the bailee(borrower) is bound to return the thing upon the demand of the bailor
(lender) in any of the following circumstances:
Article 1948:
(2) If the bailee imputes to the bailor any criminal offense, or any act involving moral turpitude,
even though he should prove it, unless the crime or act has been committed against the bailee
himself, his wife or children under his authority; and
(3) If the bailee unduly refuses the bailor support when the bailee is legally or morally bound to give
support to the bailor
Article 1949:
Ordinary expenses for the use and preservation of the thing shall:
- Shall be paid by the bailee or borrower
- Because he has the obligation to return the thing at the proper time and in good
condition
Extraordinary Expenses incurred by the bailee on the occasion of the actual use of the thing :
- Expenses shall be divided equally between the bailor and bailee.
REASON:
- The bailee pays one half because of the benefit derived from the use of the thing
loaned to him
- The bailor pays the other half because he is the owner of the thing and the thing will be
returned to him
Article 1950:
Article 1951:
If the bailor is AWARE of any defects or flaws of the thing loaned and failed to advise the bailee :
- There is tort or quasi-delict
- The bailor is liable
- The bailor is deemed to have acted in bad faith
The bailee has the right to retain the thing loaned for damages he suffered
Article 1952:
The bailor CANNOT EXEMPT HIMSELF from the payment of the expenses or damages by:
- Abandoning the thing to the bailee
Renunciation of one’s right over the property is not sufficient to satisfy an obligation for
expenses incurred.
CHAPTER 2
SIMPLE LOAN OR MUTUUM
Article 1953:
Mutuum- a contract whereby one of the parties called the lender delivers to another called the
borrower, money or other consumable thing with the condition or agreement that the same
amount of the same kind and quantity shall be paid.
The cause in a contract of loan :
- As to the borrower : the acquisition of the thing
- As to the lender: the right to demand the return of the thing loaned or its equivalent
Ownership of the thing is transferred:
- Borrower becomes the owner of the thing or property delivered to him
MUTUUM VS RENT
Article 1954:
Barter – a contract where one of the parties binds himself to give one thing to another in
consideration of the latter’s promise to give another thing.
- The transfer of an ownership of non-fungible things to a party with obligation on his
part to give things of the same kind quantity and quality to another party
Article 1955:
FORM OF PAYMENT
If the object is a fungible thing other than money – Borrower must pay lender another thing of
the same kind, quality, and quantity.
In case it is impossible to do so, the borrower shall pay its value at the time of the perfection of
the loan.
Article 1956:
Interest- is nothing more than the compensation agreed to be paid by the borrower for the use
of the money lent to him by the lender
Classes of Interest
Simple- which is paid for the use of the principal at a certain rate stipulated in writing by the
parties
Compound- which is imposed upon the accrued interest that is, interest due and unpaid.
Legal- that interest which the law directs to be paid in the absence of any agreement as to the
rate. It is fixed 6% per annum.
Stipulation of interest
1. The interest rate stipulated by the parties, not the legal rate of interest, is applicable.
2. Default rule: If the parties do not stipulate an interest rate, the legal rate for loans and
forbearances of money is 12%.
- For other sources of obligations, such as sale, and damages arising from injury to
persons and loss of property which do not involve a loan, the legal rate of interest is 6%.
4. It is only in contracts of loan, with or without security, that interest may be stipulated and
demanded.
5. Stipulation of interest must be mutually agreed upon by the parties and may not be
unilaterally increased by only one of the parties. This would violate consensuality and
mutuality of contract (PNB v. CA).
Indemnity for damages – The debtor in delay is liable to pay legal interest as indemnity for
damages even without a stipulation for the payment of interest.
Where to base the rate of damages:
a. Rate in the penalty clause agreed upon by the parties
b. If there is no penalty clause, additional interest based on the regular interest rate of
the loan
c. If there is no regular interest, additional interest is equivalent to the legal interest rate
(12%)
Interest accruing from unpaid interest – Interest due shall earn interest from the time it
is judicially demanded although the obligation may be silent on this point (Art. 2212.)
If interest is payable in kind:
If interest is payable in kind, its value shall be appraised at the current price of the products or
goods at the time and place of payment.
The borrower pays interest when there is no stipulation providing for it:
- If the debtor pays unstipulated interest by mistake, he may recover, since this is a case
of solution indebiti or undue payment.
- But if the debtor voluntarily pays interest (either unstipulated or stipulated by not in
writing) because of some moral obligation, he cannot later recover. The obligation to
return the interest is a natural obligation.