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CONTROL
ENGR. ANDY A. DE TORRES
REE MBA MPA MEPF
Instructor
Golden Gate Colleges
Westmead International School
De La Salle University
Lyceum of Batangas
Filipino Academy of Scientific Trades
INSTRUMENTATION AND PROCESS
AND CONTROL
➢ Passing grade
➢ 60%
➢ Below 60% is subject to removal exam
➢ Caught cheating is automatically failed
INSTRUMENTATION & PROCESS
CONTROL
“INSTRUMENTATION”
➢ A collection of instrument or their application for the
purpose of observation, measurement control or any
combination of these.
➢ (Source: ISA 51.1, SAMA PMC 20.1 ANSI C85.1)
INSTRUMENTATION & PROCESS
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DEFINITIONS
“PROCESS CONTROL”
➢ The regulation or manipulation of variables influencing
the conduct of a process in such a way as to obtain a
product of desired quality and quantity in an efficient
manner
➢ Maintenance
➢ Open system interconnection
➢ Management
➢ Process Measurement & Control
➢ Robotics & expert system, mechatronics
➢ Test Measurement
➢ Telemetry & communications
INSTRUMENTATION & PROCESS
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PMathematics PElectronics
PPhysics
PChemistry PNucleonics
IIINSTRUMENTATION
PMechanical & PInformation
Engineering Technology
CONTROL
DISTURBANCE
MV PV
SP
CO PV
INSTRUMENTATION & PROCESS
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Process
➢ A machine or equipment to perform or produce something
(Def: operation involving physical or chemical change of
matter, conversion of energy state composition, dimension
or other procedure. e.g. changer of pressure, temperature
etc.)
Measuring Element
➢ Sensors, transmitter, transducers
Receiving Element
➢ Indicators, recorders, controllers alarm units totalizers,
computer base instruments & system
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PROCESS ELEMENT
INSTRUMENTATION & PROCESS
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TRANSMITTER
PRESSURE SENSORR
PRESSURE TRANSDJCER
INSTRUMENTATION & PROCESS
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RECEIVING ELEMENT
CONTROL ROOM
FAULT RECORDER
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CONTROL VALCE
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DEFINITIONS
Process
➢ Any operation of sequernce of operations involving a
change of energy, state composition, dimensions or
other properties that maybe defined with respect to a
datum
Process Variable or PV
➢ Any variables property of a process
Set Point or SP
➢ An input variable that sets the desired value of the
measured variables.
INSTRUMENTATION & PROCESS
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DEFINITIONS
Controller Output or CO
➢ Output signal generated in response to a change of a
process variable
Manipulated Variable or MV
➢ A process variable linked to the controller output that is
used to influence the measured variables.
INSTRUMENTATION & PROCESS
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Topics Covered:
1. Measurement
2. Signals
3. Range Calculations
4. Measuring Elements Types
5. Transmitter & Transducer
6. Wiring the measurement circuit
7. Smart & Conventional Transmitters
8. Selection Criteria
INSTRUMENTATION & PROCESS
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DISTURBANCE
MV PV
SP
CO PV
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MESUREMENT
➢ The determination of the existence or the magnitude of
a variables.
PV
ProcessVariable
Process Variables
PV Analog Signals
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RANGE
➢ The limit or extent of variation
➢ The lower limit is called LRV
➢ The upper limit is called URV
SPAN (of a Range)
➢ The number of units between two limits,the LRV and
URV (Span = URV – LRV)
INSTRUMENTATION & PROCESS
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Pneumatic Signals
➢ The value of air or gas pressure represents the value of
the measured variables
Hydraulic Signal
➢ The value of the fluid pressure represents the value of
the measured variable
INSTRUMENTATION & PROCESS
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Telemetered Signals
➢ The value of certain frequencies or amplitude of ratio
signals represent the value of measured variables.
Current - 4 – 20 mA dc
Voltage - 1 – 5 V dc
Pneumatic - 3 – 15 psig ; 0.2 – 1.0 bars
Example Problem
If you have a temperature of 32 to 2440F and you measure
12.5 mA, What i temperature does it represent?
Solution:
20 – 4 = 16 mA span of transmitter
12.5 – 4 = 8.5 mA span of measurement
8.5/16 = 0.53 % of measurement
244 – 32 = 212 span of FS
212 (0.53) = 112.36 span of measurement
112.36 + 32 = 144.36 0F answer
INSTRUMENTATION & PROCESS
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CONVERSION OF A PV to SIGNAL
Measuring Range = 0 to 8 Bars
PV
0 Bars 8 Bars
PV Signal
4 mA 20 mA
3 psig 15 psig Output Range
NON-STANDARD SIGNAL
Mechanical:
• Movement, Expansion, Contraction
• Pressure = other than 3 to 15 psig & 0.2 to 1.0 bars or
kg/cm2
Electrical or Electronics
• Current = 0 to 20 mA, 10 to 50 mA, 0 to 1 mA
• Voltage = 0 to 5 V, 0 to 10 V, -10 to 10 V, 0 to 100 mV
• Resistance ● Frequency
• Capacitance ● Inductance
• Telemetry ● Fieldbus
INSTRUMENTATION & PROCESS
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A. SENSOR
That part of a loop or instrument that first senses the
value of a process variable, and that assumes a
corresponding, predetermined, and intelligible state or
output.
B. TRANSMITTER
A device that senses a process variable through the
medium of a sensor and has an output whose steady-state
value varies only as a predetermined function of the
process variable.
INSTRUMENTATION & PROCESS
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C. TRANSDUCER
A general term for a device that receives information in
the form of one or more physical quantities, modifies the
information and/or its form, if required, and process a
resultant output signal.
The transducer can be a primary element, transmitter,
relay, converted or other device.
Because the term “transducer” is not specific, its use for
specific application is not recommended.
INSTRUMENTATION & PROCESS
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BASIC COMPARISON
TRANSMITTER TRANSDUCER
1. Expensive 1. Low Cost Cheap
2. Very accurate 2. Not so accurate
3. Very rugged 3. Not rugged
4. Repairable 4. Not repairable
5. Adjustable range 5. Fixed range
6. Standard signal output 6. Different outputs
by the Manufacturer
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Process Primary
Variable Sensor
Variable Signal
Conversion Transmission
Signal Output
Processing Signal
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+ 4 to 20 mA signal output
2 - Wire -
+ 4 to 20 mA signal output
3 - Wire -
V
24 Vdc Supply
+ 4 to 20 mA signal output
-
4 - Wire H
L 12, 24 Vdc
24, 110,220 Vac
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R V IV = I x R
INSTRUMENTATION & PROCESS
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1. Measuring range
2. Output signal
3. Accuracy
4. Rangeability
5. “Wtted” materials
6. Process connection
7. Built-in indicator
8. Enclosure standard
9. Calibration adjustment
10. Special communications
INSTRUMENTATION & PROCESS
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