Cambridge International A Level Physics Answers to end-of-chapter questions

Answers to EOC questions

Chapter 30 so the frequency of the light emitted is much
higher.[1]
1 E = hf[1] –34
6.63 × 10  × 3 × 10
8

= 6.63 × 10–34 × 4.0 × 1018 = 2.7 × 10–15 J [1] E = hc

9 a λ =  –9 [1]
590 × 10
–19
E = 3.4 × 10  J [1]
2 For shortest wavelength: b i Electrons have zero potential energy at
E = hc
λ [1] infinity, and less than this near the nucleus.
–34 8
6.63 × 10  × 3 × 10 [1]
= 0.005 = 4 × 10–23 J [1]
so range is from 4 × 10–23 J to 4 × 10–25 J [1] ii Electron is excited from the –5.8 × 10–19 J
level to the –2.4 × 10–19 J level, [1]
E = 1.02 × 10–5 × 1.60 × 10–19 = 1.63 × 10–24 J
3 a [1] absorbing all the energy of the incident
–24
photon.[1]
b f = hE = 1.63 × 10–34 = 2.46 × 109 Hz [1]
6.63 × 10 iii Incident light is directional; light is
8
c λ = f = 3.0 × 10 9 = 0.12 m
c
[1] re‑emitted in all directions. [1]
2.46 × 10
4 a E = 5 × 106 × 1.6 × 10–19 = 8.0 × 10–13 J [1] 10

a Electron is totally removed from the nucleus.
b i 10 000 eV [1] [1]
(accept atom is ionised)
ii E = 10 000 × 1.6 × 10–19 = 1.6 × 10–15 J [1]
–21
b i The potential energy of the electron is less
c E = 6 × 10 –19 = 3.8 × 10–2 eV [1]
1.6 × 10 in level 2 than in level 3, [1]
5 a Charge = 2e[1] so energy is given out (as a photon). [1]
so energy in eV = 2 × 7500 = 15 000 eV [1] ii Change in energy = –2.4 – (–5.4) = 3.0 eV or
–19 –15
b E = 15 000 × 1.6 × 10 = 2.4 × 10  J [1] 4.8 × 10–19 J [1]
–34 8
hc hc 6.63 × 10  × 3 × 10
4.8 × 10
–16
E = λ leads to λ = E =  [1]
c v2 = 2E
m=
10  2 –2
–27 = 7.06 × 10 m  s [1]
–19
4.8 × 10
6.8 × 10 –7
= 4.1 × 10  m [1]
v = 8.4 × 105 m s–1[1]
iii If E is inversely proportional to n , then En2
2
–18
6 a photon energy in eV = 2.5 × 10–19 = 15.625 eV [1] is a constant.
1.6 × 10 n = 1: En2 = –21.9 × 1 = –21.9
Maximum energy
= photon energy – work function [1] n = 2: En2 = –5.4 × 4 = –21.6
= 15.625 – 4.3 = 11.3 eV [1] n = 3: En2 = –2.4 × 9 = –21.6 [1]
All products are approximately the same.
b Converting this to joules:
[1]
maximum energy
= 11.3 × 1.6 × 10–19 = 1.8 × 10–18 J [1] Alternative route is to compare ratios of
E1 : En and 1 2 :  1 2  [1]
(n1) (nn)
7 Minimum frequency = work function[1] with linking comment. [1]
–19 h
= 4.9 × 1.6 × 10
–34 = 1.2 × 1015 Hz [1]
6.63 × 10 11

a i Electromagnetic radiation displays
8 a Energy required = 54.4 eV [1] properties associated both with particles
= 54.4 × 1.6 × 10–19 = 8.7 × 10–18 J [1] [1]
b Energy change = 13.6 – 6.1 = 7.5 eV [1] and with waves. [1]
–19
ii Radiation below certain frequency will
f = hE = 7.5 × 1.6 × 10
–34 = 1.8 × 1015 Hz [1]
6.63 × 10 not produce photoelectrons / maximum
This lies in the ultraviolet region. [1] energy of photoelectrons increases linearly
c The drop in energy from n = 2 to n = 1 is much with frequency. [1]
more than that from n = 3 to n = 2,[1]

Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics © Cambridge University Press 2014

 Cambridge International A Level Physics Answers to end-of-chapter questions

–34 8
Energy of a packet (particle) depends on d λ = hc = 6.63 × 10  × 3 × 10
 [1]
E –19
2.4 × 1.6 × 10
frequency (wave). [1]
= 5.18 × 10–7 m or 520 nm [1]
b Energy of the photon is less than the work
function,[1] 14
a Metal: any 3 from:
which is the minimum energy required to Conduction and valence bands overlap. [1]
remove an electron from the metal surface. There are always electrons in conduction
[1] band.[1]
c Read off frequency = 5.6 × 1014 Hz [1] Number of electrons in conduction band
–34 14
E = hf = 6.63 × 10  × 5.6 × 10 [1] does not change with temperature. [1]
= 3.7 × 10–19 J [1] Higher temperature increases lattice / atomic
d Gradient, e.g. vibration, slowing movement of electrons /
–19 Reducing drift velocity. [1]
gradient =  (1.82 – 0) × 1.6 × 10
14  [1]
4.4 × 10 b Semiconductor: any 3 from:
h = 6.62 × 10–34 ≈ 6.6 × 10–34 J s [1] At low temperatures, conduction band has
few electrons. [1]
12

a Electrons show wave–particle duality. [1]
Band gap in energy exists between valence
The de Broglie wavelength is the wavelength
and conduction bands. [1]
of an electron (of a definite energy). [1]
–19
Electrons need energy to go from valence
b i 5.0 keV or 8.0 × 10  J [1] band to conduction band. [1]
1 2 1 2 2
ii E = 2  mv → Em = 2  m v → mv = p =  2Em[1] Higher temperature gives energy to electrons
p =  2 × 8.0 × 10–19 × 9.1 × 10–31[1] to cross band gap. [1]
= 3.8 × 10–23 N s [1]
–34
h 6.63 × 10
iii λ = p = –23 [1]
3.8 × 10
λ = 1.7 × 10–11 m [1]
c Neutrons have a greater mass than electrons,
so greater momentum [1]
for same energy, [1]
so shorter wavelength [1]

13

a Valence band electrons are not free to move /
are bound to atoms [1]
conduction band above valence band [1]
valence band full and conduction band
empty or only a few electrons. [1]
–34 8
hc 6.63 × 10  × 3 × 10 –19
b E = λ = –9 = 4.42 × 10 [1]
450 × 10
–19
4.42 × 10
= –19 = 2.76 eV [1]
1.60 × 10
c i Photons have enough energy [1]
to promote electrons from the valence
band to the conduction band. [1]
ii Greater intensity of light causes more
photons (per second) to hit the LDR. [1]
More electrons are promoted, the current
is larger and resistance is smaller. [1]

Cambridge International AS and A Level Physics © Cambridge University Press 2014