Functional Analysis: Exercise sheet 1

Date of Submission: Thursday, March 3, 12.00 pm (noon)

1 Problem
Determine whether or not the following spaces X are normed spaces. If they are, state whether
or not they are Banach spaces.
(
x if x ≥ 0,
(i) Let X = R, with kxk =
−2x if x < 0.
(ii) Let X be the vector space whose elements are the sequences of real numbers {an }such that an = 0
for all except finitely many n. On X consider the norm k{an }k∞ := sup |an |.
n≥1
∞
X
(iii) Let X = `1 , namely the set of the sequences of real numbers {an } such that |an |converges.
n=1
∞
X
On X consider the norm k{an }k := |an |.
n=1

2 Problem
Determine which of the following are Cauchy sequences in C 0 ([0, 1]):

(i) fn (x) = xn ,
1
(ii) fn (x) = cos(x + ), (Hint: use Lipschitz continuity)
n
(iii) fn (x) = sin(nx).

3 Problem
Consider the set
X = C 0 ([−1, 1]) := u : [−1, 1] → R : u is continuous


and consider the norm Z 1

kuk := |u(x)|dx.
−1

Prove that (X, k · k) is a normed space. Next, consider the following sequence of functions

1
1, when x ≥ n

fn (x) := nx, when − n1 ≤ x ≤ n1
−1, when x < − n1



and
(i) show that {fn } is a Cauchy sequence in X;
(ii) show that {fn } does not admit a limit in C 0 ([−1, 1]);
(iii) conclude that (X, k · k) is not a Banach space.

1
4 Problem
Caution: this a more difficult exercise than the previous ones.
ShowP that a normed space (X, k · k) is a Banach space if and only if for all sequences {xn } such
∞
that n=1 kxn k converges, there exists x ∈ X such that
k
X
x = lim xn
k→+∞
n=1
.