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Influence of superplasticizer on strength of concrete

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Advances in Applied Sciences
2016; 1(2): 30-36
http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/aas
doi: 10.11648/j.aas.20160102.12

Methodology Article
Influence of Superplasticizer Compatibility on the Setting
Time, Strength and Stiffening Characteristics of Concrete
Muhsen Salam Mohammed1, Salahaldein Alsadey Mohamed2, Megat Azmi Megat Johari3
1
Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Zawia University, Zawia, Libya
2
Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Bani Waleed University, Bani Walid, Libya
3
Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia

Email address:
salahalsadey@yahoo.com (S. Mohamed)

To cite this article:

Muhsen Salam Mohammed, Salahaldein Alsadey Mohamed, Megat Azmi Megat Johari. Influence of Superplasticizer Compatibility on the
Setting Time, Strength and Stiffening Characteristics of Concrete. Advances in Applied Sciences. Vol. 1, No. 2, 2016, pp. 30-36.
doi: 10.11648/j.aas.20160102.12

Received: September 8, 2016; Accepted: September 23, 2016; Published: October 14, 2016

Abstract: The adverse effects of elevated temperatures on the properties of the fresh concrete include increased water
demand, shorter setting time and increased slump loss. Superplasticizer (SP) is important to enhance the workability and
setting time of concrete under hot weather, hence, an experimental investigation was conducted to determine the effect of
dosage of the mentioned admixture. Concrete mixes with SP dosages of 400, 600, 800, 1000 and 1200 ml/100kg of cement
were prepared, together with two control mixes (water/cement ratio were 0.56 and 0.66 respectively). After casting, normal
curing was carried out on the concrete samples. Properties such as compressive strength, porosity, water absorption,
permeability and initial surface absorption were determined, besides determining the workability and setting time of the fresh
concrete. Over dosage of SP were found to deteriorate the properties of concrete with indication of lower compressive strength
and higher porosity. However, if the dosage levels are lower than the optimum dosage, increase in admixture dosage might
help to enhance the concrete characteristics.
Keywords: Superplasticizer, Compatibility, Strength, Dosage

of concrete in which admixtures was used in 1975 in

1. Introduction
Concrete structure is the most common type of structure,
and it keeps developing and improving day after day to meet
up with the global and environmental requirements, this
structure is basically a mixture of cement, water, sand, and
coarse aggregate. However, cement considered as the most
expensive and significant ingredient in concrete production.
Concrete is the major structural material widely consumed in
the world, after water. Most of the infrastructure and building
construction in the world are using concrete as construction
material. An admixture, according to the ASTM C-125-97a
standards, is a material other than water, aggregates or
hydraulic cement that is used as an ingredient of concrete or
mortar, and is added to the batch immediately before or
during mixing. A material such as a grinding aid added to
cement during its manufacture is termed an additive. Most
concrete used contains at least one admixture. The proportion
Australia, Germany and Japan was 80, 60 and 80%,
respectively [1].
Superplasticizer is a type of water reducers; however, the
difference between superplasticizer and water reducer is that
superplasticizer will significantly reduce the water required
for concrete mixing [2]. Generally, there are four main
categories of superplasticizer: sulfonated melamine-
formaldehyde condensates, sulfonated naphthalene-
formaldehyde condensaes, modified lignosulfonates and
others such as sulfonic- acid esters and carbohydrate esters.
Effects of superplasticizer are obvious, i.e. to produce
concrete with a very high workability or concrete with a very
high strength. Mechanism of superplasticizer is through
giving the cement particles highly negative charge so that
they repel each other due to the same electrostatic charge. By
deflocculating the cement particles, more water is provided
for concrete mixing [2]. For general usage, dosage of
31 Muhsen Salam Mohammed et al.: Influence of Superplasticizer Compatibility on the Setting Time,
Strength and Stiffening Characteristics of Concrete
superplasticizer is between 1- 3 l/m3. However, the dosage
can be increased to as high as 5- 20 l/m3. Since concentration
of superplasticizer is different, any comparison of
performance should be made on the basis of the amount of
solids, and not on the total mass. Effectiveness of a given
dosage of superplasticizer depends on the water/cement ratio.
Effectiveness increases when w/c decreases. Compatibility
with actual cement is one of the most important parameters
that needed to be considered, and it is not recommended that
the cement and superplasticizer conform the standard
separately [2]. There are few advantages obtained when
superplasticizer is used: produce high workability concrete
with constant cement content and strength, with objective for
easy placing and compaction; produce concrete with normal
workability, but lower water requirement; production of
concrete with combination of high workability and low water
content; and designing a normal strength and workability
concrete with less cement content [1]. Usage of
superplasticizer becomes famous nowadays since it possesses
advantages for both fresh and hardened concrete. The
utilization of superplasticizer will have positive effects on
properties of concrete, both in the fresh and hardened states.
In the fresh state, utilization of superplasticizer will normally
reduce tendency to bleeding due to the reduction in water/
cement ratio or water content of concrete. However, if water/
cement ratio is maintained, there is tendency that
superplasticizer will prolong the time of set of concrete as
more water is available to lubricate the mix [3]. In the case of
hardened concrete the use of superplasticizer will increase
compressive strength by enhancing the effectiveness of
compaction to produce denser concrete [3]. Risk of drying
shrinkage will be reduced by retaining the concrete in liquid
state for longer period of time. In addition, rate of
carbonation become slower when water/ cement ratio is
decreased with the presence of superplasticizer.
However, different types of superplasticizer will normally
have different effects on properties and performance of
concrete. As studied the effect of two types of
superplasticizers- acrylic polymer (AP) and sulfonated
naphthalene (SN) on concrete containing high volume of fly
ash. From the investigation, they concluded that AP- based
superplasticizer performs significantly better than the SN-
based superplasticizer, where it provides higher slump level,
lower slump loss and higher water reduction. In addition,
concrete containing AP- based superplasticizer gives higher
compressive strength and durability performance (in terms of
CO2 and chloride penetration) [4]. Hence, addition of AP-
based superplasticizer not only improves the slump loss
problem of the concrete, but also it does not cause any
reduction in the early strength development of hardened
concrete. The influence of a superplasticizer by the name of
Mighty 2000 confirmed that slump of fresh concrete can be
optionally controlled in all mix- designs if reactive polymer
is added [5]. Since workability of low water/cement ratio
concrete is difficult to control, addition of reactive polymer
can usefully maintain the initial slump of ready mixed
concrete. In addition, they claimed that superplasticizer can
really produce a good quality concrete by increasing the
density of concrete, through significant reduction in water
requirement and slump loss.
In order to examine the effect of superplasticizer on concrete
containing mineral admixtures and different types of cement,
the addition of fly ash and silica fume affects the
superplasticized concrete. When superplasticizer is added to
fly ash- concrete produced from type III Portland cement,
increase in SP dosage (from 2 to 4%) can advantageously be
used to obtain high strength concrete (80MPa) for massive
concrete structures [6]. However, only marginal advantages
were observed when type I Portland cement was used.
Furthermore, worse condition was found in concrete with the
absence of fly ash. Addition of SP will give no additional
strength increase independent of the Portland cement type.
Hence, they concluded that cement type and addition of
mineral admixture can vitally affect the efficiency of
superplasticizer. For concrete containing silica fume, the effect
of SP is totally different from those containing fly ash. In the
absence of silica fume, compressive strength of SMP
superplasticized concrete appears to be higher than those SNP
superplasticized concrete, regardless of the cement type used.
On the other hand, the presence of silica fume significantly
improve the compressive strength of SMP superplasticized
concrete at 4% dosage, and no substantial difference is
observed when superplasticizer is used at dosage of 2%.
Therefore, conclusion was made that superplasticizer
significantly improves the strength of high strength concrete
with presence of silica fume [6]. Development of strength
superplasticizer (OPC) concrete and concrete containing fly
ash [7] Found more beneficial effect if superplasticizer is
added to lower grade fly ash as compared with higher grade
mix. In addition, they observed that continuous curing is
essential for strength development of fly ash concrete since
they provide lower early strength than plain concrete.
2. Materials Used
Concrete is a composite of cement, aggregate (fine and
coarse) and water. Sometimes, chemical or mineral
admixtures are added in order to change the characteristics of
concrete for certain applications. Since the materials are
important in determining the quality of produced concrete,
they should be properly selected and chosen before the
beginning of the experiment.
2.1. Ordinary Portland Cement
The cement used in this study is a product from Cement
Industries of Malaysia Berhad (CIMA), with a brand name
blue lion. This type-I cement complies strictly with BS 12:
1991 where it is widely used in general construction, for
example buildings, bridges and other precast concrete
products. It is available in 50 kg bag.
2.2. Mixing Water
Water is important to ensure continuous hydration process.
 Advances in Applied Sciences 2016; 1(2): 30-36 32

Along the experiment, tap water is used for mixing and
curing of concrete. The water must be free from reactive
elements such as reactive ions and impurities to guarantee the
quality of the concrete.
2.3. Fine and Coarse Aggregates
The fine aggregate used in this investigation is river sand.
The size range from 150µm, 300 µm, 600 µm, 1.18 mm, 2.36
mm and 5 mm, with the specific gravity and water absorption
of 2.46 and 1.5 respectively. Sieve analysis shows that the
percentage passing 600µm is 26.76%. Coarse aggregate used
in this study is granite with a maximum size of 20mm. Water
absorption and specific gravity of the aggregate are 0.614%
and 2.66 respectively. In addition, aggregates should be
cleaned before mixing to wash away the fine particles that
stick on the surface of the aggregate.
2.4. Superplasticizer
The superplasticizer used in this study is Glenium C380. It
is a new superplasticizer, which not only suitable for
prestressed concrete, but also for other types of concrete. One
Table 1. Mix Design Details.
of its benefits is that it can improve both early and final
strength. In addition, slump retention and workability of
concrete also enhanced by using Glenium C 380 if compared
with traditional superplasticizer.
3. Concrete Mix Proportion
In order to study the effect of superplasticizer on the
properties of fresh and hardened concrete, seven mixes are
prepared. After design calculation, the concrete of Grade 30
with water/cement required to obtain slump between ranges
60- 180 mm is 0.6. However, as the aggregate used in the
experiment is in dry condition, the weight of mixing water had
to be increased by the amount required for absorption by the
aggregates. Hence, water/ cement ratio becomes 0.66 [7]. On
the hand, when superplasticizer is added to the mixes, the
slump becomes higher than 180 mm. As a result, 15% of water
[2] is reduced until the water/ cement ratio is only 0.56.
Therefore, two controls are used in this experiment for
comparison purposes. Details of the mixes are given in table 1.

Concrete Mix with SP (Kg/m3) to the Grade 30

Dimension (mm)
Sample Cement Fine aggregate Coarse aggregate Water SP slump
L×B×H W/C
3 3 3 3 3
kg/m kg/m kg/m kg/m ml/m mm
Control
150×150×150 340 965 865 190 - 0.56 45
Mix M
Control
150×150×150 340 965 865 225 - 0.66 125
Mix M1
MS1 400ml/100kg 150×150×150 340 965 865 190 1360 0.56 140
MS2
150×150×150 340 965 865 190 2040 0.56 155
600ml/100kg
MS3
150×150×150 340 965 865 190 2720 0.56 165
800ml/100kg
MS4 1000ml/100kg 150×150×150 340 965 865 190 3400 0.56 180
MS5 1200ml/100kg 150×150×150 340 965 865 190 4080 0.56 190

4. Results and Discussions

4.1. Effect of Superplasticizer on Setting Time of Concrete

Results for setting time test of concrete with different dosages of superplasticizer concrete is shown in Table 2. Figure 1 is
graphs plotted to present the comparison of setting time of different dosage of superplasticizer with control mix.

Table 2. Setting Time of Superplasticizer Concrete.

Concrete Mix Initial setting time (hours) Final setting time (hours)
Control M 3:55 5:35
Control M1 4:30 6:10
400ml/100 kg of cement (MS1) 5:10 6:30
600ml/100 kg of cement (MS2) 6:10 7:45
800ml/100 kg of cement (MS3) 7:00 8:30
1000ml/100 kg of cement (MS4) 8:30 9:40
1200ml/100 kg of cement (MS5) 8:45 10:15
33 Muhsen Salam Mohammed et al.: Influence of Superplasticizer Compatibility on the Setting Time,
Strength and Stiffening Characteristics of Concrete

Figure 1. Column graph for setting time of superplasticizer.

Concrete with different dosages. After conducting the experiment, graph of compressive
The graphs presented the setting time of earlier concrete strength versus age of concrete is plotted. From the graph,
containing superplasticizer in comparison to the control continuous strength gain for superplasticizer concrete
mixes. By observing the graphs the setting time is longer admixture is observed by the increase in compressive
when either superplasticizer is added to the concrete. In term strength with age. At early age (1- 7 days from casting), the
of dosage, higher dosage of superplasticizer tends to prolong rate of strength gain is high since the reaction between the
the setting time. However, different mechanisms are shown cement particles and water is active. When time goes by, the
by this superplasticizer. However, superplasticizer increases rate become lower, and hence, the slope of curve for age 7 to
setting time through deflocculation by adsorption of negative 28 days is less steep compared with its early age.
charges on the cement particles so that they repel each other When observe the effect of dosage of the admixture,
due to electrostatic force. superplasticizer concrete present different behaviours on the
compressive strength of concrete. The increase in dosage will
4.2. Effect of Superplasticizer on Compressive Strength increase the compressive strength for all ages. Since addition
Compressive strength of concrete with different dosage of of SP will provide more water for concrete mixing, not only
superplasticizer is shown in Table 3. This test is performed the hydration process will not be disturbed, but, it is
on 1, 3, 7 and 28 days. The values of compressive strength accelerated by the additional water from deflocculation of
for the different dosage of superplasticizer are then shown as cement particles. Hence, increase in dosage will increase the
a graph in Figure 2. entrapped water and promote hydration of cement.
Though increment in dosage of superplasticizer will
Table 3. Compressive Strength of Superplasticizer Concrete. enhance the compressive strength, there is still an optimum
Compressive strength in N/mm2
limit for the usage of admixture. When the dosages go
Concrete Mix beyond this limit, increase in dosage will only reduce the
1 day 3 days 7 days 28 days
Control (M) (plain concrete) 15.97 27 36.31 42.22 compressive strength. This phenomenon occur since over
Control (M1) (plain concrete 12.75 23.23 29.99 35.29 dosage of SP will cause bleeding and segregation, which will
400ml/100 kg of cement affect the cohessiveness and uniformity of the concrete. As a
16.77 31.16 36.57 42.77
(MS1)
result, compressive strength will reduce if the used dosage is
600ml/100 kg of cement
(MS2)
20.05 34.18 42.92 44.61 beyond the optimum dosage.
800ml/100 kg of cement
(MS3)
20.41 34.38 41.17 46.79 4.3. Effect of Superplasticizer on Water Absorption and
1000ml/100 kg of cement Porosity
19.78 33.98 40.60 44.21
(MS4)
1200ml/100 kg of cement 4.3.1. Water Absorption of Superplasticizer Concrete
20.00 32.84 40.70 42.46
(MS5) The results for water absorption from 3 to 28 days on
superplasticizer concrete are shown clearly in Table 4. These
values are then used to plot the graphs as in Figure 3.

Table 4. Water Absorption of Superplasticizer Concrete.

Water Absorption of
Concrete Mix Superplasticizer Concrete (%)
3days 7days 28days
Control (Plain Concrete) M 5.13 4.95 4.49
Control (Plain Concrete) M1 5.65 5.34 4.92
400ml/100 kg of cement MS1 5.4 5.26 4.25
600ml/100 kg of cement MS2 5.2 5.16 4.12
800ml/100 kg of cement MS3 4.65 4.38 4.05
1000ml/100 kg of cement MS4 4.88 4.83 4.15
Figure 2. Compressive strength of concrete with different dosages of SP. 1200ml/100 kg of cement MS5 5.09 5 4.21
 Advances in Applied Sciences 2016; 1(2): 30-36 34

Since hydration process continues as long as there is reaction

within the raw materials, further reduction in porosity and
water absorption is expected for age of longer than 28 days.
Coming to the effect of dosage, the higher the dosage of
superplasticizer, the lower the water absorption and porosity
is. The reason for this observation is that increase of dosage
will increase water provided for concrete lubrication. As a
result, effectiveness of compaction increases due to increase
of workability. However, there should be an optimum dosage
that produces lowest water absorption and porosity. Further
increase of dosage that higher than the optimum dosage not
only will give no effect on the water absorption and porosity,
but, on the other hand, increase their ability to absorption
Figure 3. Water absorption concrete with different dosages of SP.
water due to higher porosity for the occurrence of bleeding
and segregation.
Optimum dosage of SP and retarder are found based on the
lowest water absorption that they present at the age of 28 4.4. Effect of Superplasticizer on Permeability
days. From the graphs, it can observe that optimum dosage
for both of the admixtures is 800 ml/ 100 kg of cement. The results for permeability for plain concrete and
Dosage with lower or higher than this optimum value will concrete containing different dosage of superplasticizer are
increase the water absorption. shown in Table 6. These values are then used to plot the
graph as in Figure 5.
4.3.2. Porosity of Superplasticizer Concrete
The results for porosity from 3 to 28 days on Table 6. Permeability of Superplasticizer Concrete.
superplasticizer concrete are shown clearly in Table 5. These Permeability of Superplasticizer
values are then used to plot the graph as in Figure 4. Concrete Mix Concrete (10-17 m2)
3 days 7 days 28 days
Table 5. Porosity of Superplasticizer Concrete. Control (Plain Concrete) M 8.54 5.55 3.92
Control (Plain Concrete) M1 15 9.7 7
Porosity of Superplasticizer
400ml/100 kg of cement MS1 9.7 6.1 3
Concrete Mix Concrete (%)
600ml/100 kg of cement MS2 8.1 4.3 2.4
3days 7days 28days 800ml/100 kg of cement MS3 4.6 3.4 2.1
Control (Plain Concrete) M 13.46 11.95 11.54 1000ml/100 kg of cement MS4 7 5.2 2.9
Control (Plain Concrete) M1 15.48 13.85 13.23 1200ml/100 kg of cement MS5 7.8 5.5 3.4
400ml/100 kg of cement MS1 13.2 11.85 11.11
600ml/100 kg of cement MS2 12.36 11.68 10.65
800ml/100 kg of cement MS3 11.45 11.02 10.33
1000ml/100 kg of cement MS4 11.86 11.31 10.7
1200ml/100 kg of cement MS5 12.1 11.53 10.85

Figure 5. Permeabilty of concrete with different dosages of SP.

Permeability is the ease of fluid to flow through the

Figure 4. Porosity of concrete with different dosages of SP.
From the results, it is clear that both porosity and water
absorption reduce with time. The reason for this phenomenon
is that pore structure and size decreases when the pores are
filled by the hydration product- calcium silicate hydrate.
concrete.The graphs show the permeability of concrete
against age for different dosages of SP. From the graphs, the
trend shown by permeability is similar to those trend
obtained from water absorption and porosity, to the pore size
and pore distribution of the concrete.
As expected, permeability decreases with age. This
situation can be explained by reduction of pore size and pore
size distribution due to the filling of hydration products. The
35 Muhsen Salam Mohammed et al.: Influence of Superplasticizer Compatibility on the Setting Time,
Strength and Stiffening Characteristics of Concrete

longer the hydration process, the smaller the pores within the term of age, the same observation was obtained. Flow of the
concretes are. The decrease of pore size will finally obstruct water reduces with age, where the highest flow value occurs
the ease of fluid to flow through it. Hence, mature concrete at age 3 days, and lowest value derived at age 28 days. The
will have better resistance against aggressive ions and water reason for this phenomenon is that porosity of the concrete
compared with young concrete, which contain high amount reduces with age as hydration process proceeds with time.
of pores. Hence, the ease of the flow become lower and it takes more
As in the case of water absorption and porosity test, time for the water to flow though the desired distance.
increase of SP dosage will first reduce the permeability, as As the dosage of the SP increases, the flow will reduce.
long as the dosage is not above the optimum value. Lowest The reason for this observation is because SP helps to
permeability found in concrete with optimum dosage of SP of accelerate the hydration process by providing more water for
800 ml/ 100kg. When the dosage is beyond this point, no concrete lubrication. As a result, flow reduces with increase
reduction, but increase in permeability was found. The of dosage. However, if the optimum dosage is exceeded,
optimum dosage of SP is found based on the lowest pores in the concrete will increase due to less cohesiveness
permeability that they present at age 28 days. From the resulted from segregation and bleeding. Therefore, over
graphs, we can observe that optimum dosage for SP is 800 dosage lead to higher flow of the distilled water through the
ml/ 100 kg of cement. Dosage with lower or higher than this concrete samples.
optimum value will increase the permeability.
4.5. Effect of SP on Initial Surface Absorption (ISAT) 5. Conclusions
The results for initial surface absorption test are The characteristic behaviour of concrete was studied using
summarized in Table 7. The flow reading presented is at test different doses of superplasticizer. From the test results, the
point 2 hours since the flow is stable at this moment. These following conclusions are offered:
values are then used to plot the graph as shown in Figure 6. a) Setting time is enhanced when superplasticizer is
added to the concrete.
Table 7. Flow of Superplasticizer Concrete at 2 Hours. b) Compressive strength is improved by superplasticizer
Flow of Superplasticizer Concrete
for all ages compared with control.
Concrete Mix Different Age (ml/m2/s) c) Water absorption and porosity reduces when dosage of
3 days 7 days 28 days superplasticizer increases. However, beyond the
Control (Plain Concrete) M 0.12063 0.1023 0.0634 optimum dosage, water absorption/ porosity increases
Control (Plain Concrete) M1 0.14995 0.11333 0.1001 with increase of superplasticizer dosage.
400ml/100 kg of cement MS1 0.09044 0.07153 0.05763
d) Permeability presents similar trend as water
600ml/100 kg of cement MS2 0.07833 0.06732 0.04361
800ml/100 kg of cement MS3 0.05123 0.04058 0.03315 absorption/ porosity does, increase in dosage will
1000ml/100 kg of cement MS4 0.07321 0.05621 0.04492 increase the permeability, when the dosage exceeds
1200ml/100 kg of cement MS5 0.0981 0.07167 0.0543 optimum value.
e) Initial surface absorption test indicates that inclusion
of superplasticizer able to reduce the flow due to lower
porosity. Any dosage that beyond the optimum value,
not only cannot improve the pore structure of concrete,
on the other hand, increases the flow by producing less
dense concrete.

Figure 6. Flow at 2 hours versus age of concrete for different dosages of SP.
Since initial surface absorption depends on the voids that
exist in the concrete, its trend and development are expected
to be similar to the trend obtained from water absorption/
porosity and permeability tests. Within the test period (2
hours), the flow of the distilled water through the concrete
samples reduces with time, which indicates that flow at 10
minutes is the fastest and the lowest flow is at 2 hours. In
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 Advances in Applied Sciences 2016; 1(2): 30-36 36

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