Important Theory QSTN (35-54) Part-02 by Md. Ahsan Habib

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Important Theory
From
Previous Year
(Part-02)
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Q-35: Write down the name of some road distresses
and their treatment. [50 BMA]
Some Road Distresses:

● Alligator (Fatigue) Cracking
● Bleeding
● Corrugation and Shoving
● Depression
● Longitudinal Cracking
● Patching
● Potholes
● Rutting
● Transverse (Thermal) Cracking
● Water Bleeding and Pumping
Treatment of Road Distresses:
● Minor bleeding can often be corrected by applying coarse sand
to blot up the excess asphalt binder.
● Major bleeding can be corrected by cutting off excess asphalt
with a motor grader or removing it with a heater planer.
● Small, localized areas of corrugation or shoving. Remove the
distorted pavement and patch.
● Large corrugated or shoved areas indicative of general HMA
failure. Remove the damaged pavement and overlay.
● Depressions should be repaired by removing the affected
pavement then digging out and replacing the area of poor
subgrade
● High severity cracks (> 1/2 inch wide and numerous cracks).
Remove and replace the cracked pavement layer with an
overlay.
● Patches are themselves a repair action. The only way they can
be removed from a pavement’s surface is by either a structural
or non-structural overlay.
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● Slight ruts (< 1/3 inch deep) can generally be left untreated.
Pavement with deeper ruts should be leveled and overlaid.
Q-36: What is the role of using improved subgrade

according to the rules of RHD? [50 BMA]
Where full depth pavement construction is being undertaken

incorporating an improved subgrade (i.e. a sand layer) this should be
extended for the full width of the embankment such that it can act as
a drainage layer.
They are used to prevent mixing of soft or inadequate soil that might
affect the structural capacity of the subgrade.
Q-37: What is a water hammer? Write its effect? [48

BMA]
Water Hammer:
Water hammer is the result of a rapid rise in pressure occurring
in a closed piping system. It normally occurs as a result of
sudden pump startup, stopping (or failing) or in the change in
speed of a pump or the sudden opening or closing of a valve
resulting in a change in water velocity in the system.
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Effects of Water Hammer:
● In the case of an isolated occurrence, it produces a violent
slamming that physically moves the pipe and causes a loud
banging noise.
● Although a water hammer generates considerable noise, the real
damage occurs through mechanical failure.
● Because of the drastic changes from kinetic energy to the static
pipe pressure, water hammer has been known to burst piping or
damage piping supports as well as damage piping connections.
● In valves, water hammer can create severe shock through the
trim, which can cause trim, gasket, or packing failure.
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Q-38: Define Liquefaction. What are the different
criteria of liquefaction? [48 BMA]
Liquefaction:
Liquefaction is a phenomenon in which the strength and stiffness of a
soil is reduced by earthquake shaking or other rapid loading.
Liquefaction occurs in saturated soils, that is, soils in which the
space between individual particles is completely filled with water.
Different Criteria of Liquefaction:

● Liquefaction most often occurs when three conditions are met:
loose, granular sediment or fill. saturation by groundwater.
strong shaking.
● Historically, sands were considered to be the only type of soil
susceptible to liquefaction, but liquefaction has also been
observed in gravel and silt.
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● Strain-softening of fine grained soils can produce effects similar
to those of liquefaction.
Q-39: What is lightweight concrete? [48 BMA]
Lightweight concrete:
Lightweight concrete can be defined as a type of concrete which
includes an expanding agent in that it increases the volume of the
mixture while giving additional qualities such as nailbility and
lessened the dead weight. It is lighter than the conventional concrete.
The main specialties of lightweight concrete are its low density and
thermal conductivity. Its advantages are that there is a reduction of
dead load, faster building rates in construction and lower haulage and
handling costs.
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Q-40: What are the differences between determinate
structure and indeterminate structure? [48 BMA]
Difference Between Determinate and Indeterminate

Structure:
Determinate Structure Indeterminate Structure

In regards to beams, if the On the other hand, if the reaction
reaction forces can be calculated force can't be determined using
using equilibrium equations equilibrium equations only, other
alone, they are statically methods have to be used, and
determinate. the structure is said to be
statically indeterminate.
Temperature variation does not Temperature variation cause
cause stresses. stresses.
The bending moment and shear The bending moment and shear
force at any section is force at any section depends
independent of the cross-section upon the cross-section and
and moment of inertia. moment of inertia.
Q-41: What is gravity dam? Which loads are carried by

gravity dams? [48 BMA]
Gravity Dam:
A gravity dam is a dam constructed from concrete or stone masonry
and designed to hold back water by using the weight of the material
alone to resist the horizontal pressure of water pushing against it.
Gravity dams are designed so that each section of the dam is stable
and independent of any other dam section.
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Loads Carried By Gravity Dam:
When reservoir is full, the major forces acting are
● weight of the dam,
● external water pressure,
● uplift pressure, and
● earthquake forces es in serious seismic zones.
The minor forces are:
● Silt Pressure,
● Ice Pressure, and
● wave Pressure.
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Q-42: What is cellular cofferdam? Write its effect. [48
BMA]
Cellular Cofferdam:
Cellular cofferdams are essential to the construction of dams, locks,
wharfs, bridge piers, and other marine structures.
A typical cellular cofferdam is composed of interconnected cells that
form a watertight wall. These cells are filled with soils to provide
stability against various lateral forces.
Effect of Cellular Cofferdam:

● Easy construction
● Safe due to working in the dry
● Cofferdams could be dismantled after construction hence
minimizing the sheet pile material cost.
● Provides a safe environment to work.
● Materials can typically be reused.
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Q-43: What are the differences between singly and
doubly reinforced beams? [47 BMA]
Differences Between Singly and Doubly Reinforced Beam:
Singly Reinforced Beam Doubly Reinforced Beam

If the reinforcement is only in If the reinforcement is both at
tension zone then it is called Tension and Compression zone
Singly Reinforcement Beam then it is called Doubly
reinforced Beam.
Suitable for unrestricted Suitable for a limited dimension
dimension of beam. of beam.
All the compressive stress is Compressive stress is carried by
carried by concrete. concrete as well as steel.
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Q-44: What is the difference between one way and two
way slab? [47 BMA]
Difference Between One Way and Two Way Slab:
One Way Slab Two Way Slab

One way slab is a slab which is Two way slab is a slab supported
supported by beams on the two by beams on all the four sides
opposite sides to carry the load and the loads are carried by the
along one direction. supports along with both
directions, it is known as two
way slab
The ratio of longer span (l) to In a two way slab, the ratio of
shorter span (b) is equal or longer span (l) to shorter span
greater than 2 (b) is less than 2.
Due to the huge difference in In two way slabs, the load will be
lengths, the load is not carried in both the directions. So,
transferred to the shorter beams. the main reinforcement is
Main reinforcement is provided provided in both directions for
in shorter span and distribution two way slabs.
reinforcement in a longer span.
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Q-45: Draw Stress-Strain Diagram for i) cracked ii)
uncracked iii) ultimate condition [47 BMA]
Q-46: What is Superelevation? What are the factors

superelevation depends on? [47 BMA]
Superelevation:
When a vehicle travels in a circular path or curved path, it is
subjected to an outward force which makes a vehicle to overturn and
skid due to Centrifugal force. To overcome this force and for safe
travel of a vehicle, the outer edge of the road is raised above the inner
edge. This is known as superelevation or banking of the road.
Factors affecting superelevation:

● Design speed of the vehicle
● Radius of the curvature
● No of travel lanes
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Q-47: Define segregation. What are the causes of it?
How it can be avoided?[47 BMA]
Segregation of Concrete:
Segregation of concrete is the separation of cement paste and
aggregates of concrete from each other during handling and
placement. Segregation also occurs due to over-vibration or
compaction of concrete, in which cement paste comes to the top and
aggregates settle at the bottom.
Causes of Segregation of Concrete
● Use of high water-cement ratio in concrete. This general

happens in case of concrete mixed at site by unskilled workers.
● Excessive vibration of concrete with mechanical needle
vibrators makes heavier particles settle at bottom and lighter
cement sand paste comes on top.
● When concreting is done from height in case of underground
foundations and rafts, which causes concrete to segregate.
How to Prevent Concrete Segregation:
Wherever depth of concreting is more than 1.5 meters it should be

placed through temporary inclined chutes. The angle of inclination
may be kept between 1:3 and 1:2 so that concrete from top of chutes
travels smoothly to bottom, use of small quantities of free water from
top at intervals helps in lubricating the path of flow of concrete to
bottom smoothly.
Segregation in deep foundations and rafts of thickness more than 1

meter, there is every possibility of presence of segregated concrete
near bottom or in center if proper supervision is not there. Such
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segregation can be detected by advanced methods of testing like
ultrasonic testing.
In case of doubt random ultrasonic testing should be conducted and
if it is present, the designer's opinion should be taken. This type of
segregation can be rectified by pressure grounding with special
chemical compounds.
Q-48: Define compaction and soil stabilization. [47

BMA]
Compaction:
In geotechnical engineering, soil compaction is the process in which
stress is applied to a soil causing densification as air is displaced
from the pores between the soil grains.
Soil Stabilization:
Soil stabilization is defined as chemical or physical treatments which
increase or maintain the stability of a soil or improve its engineering
properties.
Q-49: What is fly ash? Why is it used in cement? [46

BMA]
Fly Ash:
Fly ash is a fine powder that is a byproduct of burning pulverized coal
in electric generation power plants. Fly ash is a pozzolan, a substance
containing aluminous and siliceous material that forms cement in the
presence of water.
Fly Ash in Cement:

Ordinary Portland cement is made up of about 50% tricalcium silicate –
this is the mineral that binds with other materials when hydrated with
water. The fly ash in cement combines with the wet tricalcium silicate and
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begins to fill up empty spaces within the wet concrete mixture. This gives
concrete its impermeability and strength once it has hardened and cured.
Q-50: What do you mean by geo textile? Mention

some uses of it in civil engineering. [46 BMA]
GeoTextile:
Geotextiles are permeable fabrics which, when used in association
with soil, have the ability to separate, filter, reinforce, protect, or
drain.
Civil engineering works where geotextiles are employed can be

classified into the following categories:
● Road Works
● Railway Works
● River Canals and Coastal Works:
● Drainage
● Sports field construction
● Agriculture
Q-51: What is bitumen? What do you understand by

80/100 bitumen? [46 BMA]
Bitumen:
Bitumen is a substance produced through the distillation of crude oil
known for its waterproofing and adhesive properties. 85% of all
bitumen is used as a binder in asphalt for roads, runways, parking
lots, and footpaths.
A 80/100 grade bitumen indicates that its penetration value lies

between 80 & 100. Penetration value test on bitumen is a measure of
hardness or consistency of bituminous material
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Q-52: Define curing. Discuss different methods of
curing. [46 BMA]
Curing of Concrete:
Curing of concrete is defined as providing adequate moisture,
temperature, and time to allow the concrete to achieve the desired
properties for its intended use.
Different Methods of Curing of Concrete:

● Shading concrete work
● Covering concrete surfaces with hessian or gunny bags
● Sprinkling of water
● Ponding method
● Membrane curing
● Steam curing
Q-53: Write down the parameters of shear strength of

soil. Also write down the name of the test to determine
these. [BCIC’17]
Shear Strength Parameter of Soil:

● Angle of internal friction (Փ)
● Cohesion (c)
Different Test for Determining Shear Strength Parameter:
Laboratory Test:
● Direct Shear Test
● Triaxial Test
Field Test:
● Standard Penetration Test
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● Vane Shear Test
● Static Cone Penetrometer
Q-54: What is the theoretical relationship between

speed, density and volume for a highway? [Dhaka
WASA’17]
The theoretical relationship between speed, density and volume for a

highway can be expressed by the following equation:
q = K*v
Where, q = Flow
k = Density
v = Speed
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Important Theory QSTN (35-54) Part-02 by Md. Ahsan Habib

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Important Theory QSTN (35-54) Part-02 by Md. Ahsan Habib

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Govt Job Preparation

Civil Engineering Bangladesh

Join Our Fb Group for MCQ Exam:

Civil Engineering Study Related Important Video:

Some Road Distresses:

Civil Engineering Study Related Important Video:

Q-36: What is the role of using improved subgrade

Where full depth pavement construction is being undertaken

Q-37: What is a water hammer? Write its effect? [48

Civil Engineering Study Related Important Video:

Civil Engineering Study Related Important Video:

Different Criteria of Liquefaction:

Civil Engineering Study Related Important Video:

Q-39: What is lightweight concrete? [48 BMA]

Civil Engineering Study Related Important Video:

Difference Between Determinate and Indeterminate

Determinate Structure Indeterminate Structure

Q-41: What is gravity dam? Which loads are carried by

Civil Engineering Study Related Important Video:

Civil Engineering Study Related Important Video:

Effect of Cellular Cofferdam:

Civil Engineering Study Related Important Video:

Differences Between Singly and Doubly Reinforced Beam:

Singly Reinforced Beam Doubly Reinforced Beam

Civil Engineering Study Related Important Video:

Difference Between One Way and Two Way Slab:

One Way Slab Two Way Slab

Civil Engineering Study Related Important Video:

Q-46: What is Superelevation? What are the factors

Factors affecting superelevation:

Civil Engineering Study Related Important Video:

Causes of Segregation of Concrete

● Use of high water-cement ratio in concrete. This general

How to Prevent Concrete Segregation:

Wherever depth of concreting is more than 1.5 meters it should be

Segregation in deep foundations and rafts of thickness more than 1

Civil Engineering Study Related Important Video:

Q-48: Define compaction and soil stabilization. [47

Q-49: What is fly ash? Why is it used in cement? [46

Fly Ash in Cement:

Civil Engineering Study Related Important Video:

Q-50: What do you mean by geo textile? Mention

Civil engineering works where geotextiles are employed can be

Q-51: What is bitumen? What do you understand by

A 80/100 grade bitumen indicates that its penetration value lies

Civil Engineering Study Related Important Video:

Different Methods of Curing of Concrete:

Q-53: Write down the parameters of shear strength of

Shear Strength Parameter of Soil:

Civil Engineering Study Related Important Video:

Q-54: What is the theoretical relationship between

The theoretical relationship between speed, density and volume for a

Civil Engineering Study Related Important Video:

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