REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

LOADS

ENGINEERING STRUCTURES

The design of bridges, buildings, towers, and

other fixed structures is very important to the
modern world. Such structures are composed
of interconnected members and are supported
in such a manner that they are capable of
carrying the applied external forces in static
equilibrium. A structure must also resist in
equilibrium the gravity forces that are applied
by its self-weight.

In order to make a theoretical structural

analysis mathematically possible, the geometry
and configuration of the structure must be
idealized and simplified to obtain an analytical
model of the actual structure for computational
purposes. As a result, the internal forces,
stresses, strains, and displacements computed
can only be approximations of those quantities
for the actual structure.
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STRUCTURAL DESIGN

A structure is designed to perform a certain function. To perform this function satisfactorily it must
have sufficient strength and rigidity. Economy and good aesthetics are further objectives of major
importance in structural design.

1.) Establishing the general layout to fit the functional requirements of the structure.

2.) Consideration of several possible solutions that may satisfy the functional requirements.

3.) Preliminary structural design of the various possible solutions.

4.) Selection of the most satisfactory solutions, considering the economics, functions, and
aesthetics of the various possible solution.

5.) Detailed structural design of the most satisfactorily solution.

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ELASTIC AND PLASTIC DESIGN

ELASTIC DESIGN : The structure behaves in a linear elastic manner. An elastic analysis is
performed by applying the design loads and then required internal forces in the
structural elements are determined and adequate design strength is provided.
Since the element forces are determined based on elastic behavior, the design
is governed by elastic stiffness distribution among the system elements.

PLASTIC DESIGN : Plastic analysis and design utilize the reserve strength beyond the elastic limit
due to the redistribution of internal forces. The analysis focuses on the internal
forces at the limit level when the yield mechanism forms. Plastic analysis
procedures area based on the consideration of equilibrium, yield mechanism,
and plastic strength condition.
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STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM
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DESIGN CODES

AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials

ACI American Concrete Institute

AISC American Institute of Steel Construction

UBC Uniform Building Code

ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers

ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials

NSCP National Structural Code of the Philippines

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
LOADS

LOADS

Vertical Loads

1.) Dead Loads

2.) Live Loads
3.) Impact Loads
4.) Snow and Ice Loads

Lateral Loads

1.) Wind Loads

2.) Soil Pressure Loads
3.) Hydrostatic Loads
4.) Earthquake Loads
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
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DEAD LOADS

The dead load acting on a structure consists of

the weight of the structure itself and of any
other immovable loads that are constant in
magnitude and permanently attached to the
structures.
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
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LIVE LOADS

Live loads for buildings are usually considered

as movable distributed loads of uniform
intensity. The intensity of the floor loads to be
used depends on the purpose for which the
building is designed.
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
LOADS

IMPACT LOADS

The increase in stress due to a live load over

and above the value that this stress would have
if the live load were applied gradually is known
as impact stress.
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
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SNOW & ICE LOADS

Snow loads are often of importance,

particularly in the design of roofs. Snow should
be considered as movable load, for it will not
necessarily cover the entire roof, and some of
the members supporting the roof may
experience maximum stresses with snow
covering only a portion of the roof.
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WIND LOADS

Wind loads are particularly important in the

design of large structures, such as tall
buildings, telecommunication towers, long
span bridges, and for structures, such as
warehouse buildings, and hangars, that have
large open interiors and walls in which large
openings may be present. The wind velocity
should be considered in the design of a
structure. This will depend on its geographical
location and on the exposure of the structure.
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SOIL PRESSURE LOADS

Loads on retaining walls of buildings, and on

other structures due to pressure of soil must
frequently considered by the structural
engineer. The lateral pressure caused by the
soil on a wall varies based on the wall height
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HYDROSTATIC LOADS

Dams, tanks, and basement walls are

subjected to hydrostatic loads that as a rule
can be calculated in accordance with the
principles of hydraulics.
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EARTHQUAKE LOADS

Important structures located in regions subject

to severe earthquakes are often designed to
resist earthquake effects. During an
earthquake, structural damage may result from
the fact that the foundation of the structure
undergoes accelerations. Such accelerations
are largely horizontal, and vertical components
of are also considered.
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
LOADS

PRIMARY LOADS

𝑫 Dead Loads
𝑬 Earthquake Loads
𝑭 Fluid Loads
𝑯 Soil or Water Lateral Pressure Loads
𝑳 Live Loads
𝑳𝒓 Roof Live Loads
𝑾 Wind Loads
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ALLOWABLE STRENGTH DESIGN LOAD COMBINATIONS

𝑫 𝑭 NSCP 2015, 203-8

𝑫 𝑯 𝑭 𝑳 NSCP 2015, 203-9

𝑫 𝑯 𝑭 𝑳𝒓 NSCP 2015, 203-10

𝑫 𝑯 𝑭 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝑳 𝑳𝒓 NSCP 2015, 203-11

𝑫 𝑯 𝑭 𝟎. 𝟔𝑾 𝒐𝒓 𝑬⁄𝟏. 𝟒 NSCP 2015, 203-12

𝑫 𝑯 𝑭 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝑳 𝑳𝒓 𝟎. 𝟔𝑾 𝒐𝒓 𝑬⁄𝟏. 𝟒 NSCP 2015, 203-13

𝟎. 𝟔𝑫 𝟎. 𝟔𝑾 𝑯 NSCP 2015, 203-14

𝟎. 𝟔𝑫 𝑬⁄𝟏. 𝟒 𝑯 NSCP 2015, 203-15

𝑫 𝑳 𝑳𝒓 NSCP 2015, 203-16

𝑫 𝑳 𝟎. 𝟔𝑾 NSCP 2015, 203-17

𝑫 𝑳 𝑬⁄𝟏. 𝟒 NSCP 2015, 203-18

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
LOADS

ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN LOAD COMBINATIONS

𝟏. 𝟒 𝑫 𝑭 NSCP 2015, 203-1

𝟏. 𝟐 𝑫 𝑭 𝟏. 𝟔 𝑳 𝑯 𝟎. 𝟓𝑳𝒓 NSCP 2015, 203-2

𝟏. 𝟐𝑫 𝟏. 𝟔𝑳𝒓 𝒇𝟏 𝑳 𝒐𝒓 𝟎. 𝟓𝑾 NSCP 2015, 203-3

𝟏. 𝟐𝑫 𝟏. 𝟔𝑾 𝒇𝟏 𝑳 𝟎. 𝟓𝑳𝒓 NSCP 2015, 203-4

𝟏. 𝟐𝑫 𝟏. 𝟎𝑬 𝒇𝟏 𝑳 NSCP 2015, 203-5

𝟎. 𝟗𝑫 𝟏. 𝟎𝑾 𝟏. 𝟔𝑯 NSCP 2015, 203-6

𝟎. 𝟗𝑫 𝟏. 𝟎𝑬 𝟏. 𝟔𝑯 NSCP 2015, 203-7