PULSED NEUTRON

Thermal Multigate Decay (TMD*)

Chart: TMD-1a (TMD* Ratio Correction: Liquid-Filled Borehole)

Applications: Correction of TMD* detector-count-rate ratio for borehole, casing, tubing, and cement effects

Nomenclature: Ratio . . . . . . TMD* detector-count-rate ratio

Ratiocor . . . . . TMD* detector-count-rate ratio corrected for borehole, casing, tubing, and cement
effects
Ratio 1 . . . . . intermediate value obtained when determining Ratiocor from Ratio
Cn . . . . . . . . correction terms obtained when determining Ratiocor from Ratio; n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

Given: Ratio = 5 (from log)

Borehole salinity = 150 kppm NaCl
Casing OD = 8 in
Tubing OD = 2 in
Cement thickness = 1 in
Cement salinity = 150 kppm NaCl

Find: Ratiocor

Procedure: Begin at the top of the chart. Project down from 5 on the Ratio axis at the top of the Borehole Salinity
block until reaching 5 on the Ratio axis at the bottom of the Tubing Size block. Call the resulting vertical
line segment the Ratio line.

From the point at which the Ratio line intersects the 150-kppm Borehole Salinity line, follow the trend
of the adjacent curves down to the 75-kppm reference line and from there project vertically down to
a point on the 0-kppm line. From the distance between that point and the Ratio line, estimate the bore
hole salinity correction term, C1, to be 0.20. Similarly, using the 8-in Casing Size and 27⁄8-in Tubing Size
lines, estimate the casing size correction term, C2, and the tubing size correction term, C3, to be 0.21
and -0.20, respectively.

Calculate Ratio 1 from

Ratio 1 = Ratio + C1 + C2 + C3

Thus, Ratio 1 = 5 + 0.20 + 0.21 + (-0.20) = 5.21

Now move down to the Ratio 1 block, entering at 5.21 on the Ratio 1 axis. Project horizontally to the
diagonal line, then down to the C4 axis. Estimate C4 to be 0.485. Similarly, by entering the Cement
Thickness block at 1-in and the Cement Salinity block at 150-kppm, estimate C5 and C6 to be -1.175
and 0.91, respectively.

Calculate Ratiocor from

Ratiocor = Ratio 1 + C4 + C5 + C6

Thus, Ratiocor = 5.21 + 0.485 + (-1.175) + 0.91 = 5.43.

Answer: Ratiocor = 5.43

Chart: TMD-1b (Corrected TMD* Ratio versus Porosity: Liquid-Filled Borehole)

Applications: Determination of formation porosity from TMD* detector-count-rate ratio

Nomenclature: Ratiocor . . . . . TMD* detector-count-rate ratio corrected for borehole, casing, tubing, and cement
effects
φ . . . . . . . . . formation porosity

Given: Ratiocor = 5.43

Lithology is dolostone.

Find: φ

Procedure: Enter the chart at 5.43 on the Ratiocor axis. Project horizontally to the Dolostone curve, then vertically
to the TMD* Porosity axis, there estimating φ to be 16.3%.

Answer: φ = 16.3%
φ
Chart: TMD-2 (Capture Cross Section of Water: From Equivalent NaCl Concentration)

Applications: Determination of capture cross section of water from equivalent NaCl concentration

Nomenclature: Cw . . . . . . . . equivalent NaCl concentration of water

Σw . . . . . . . . thermal neutron capture cross section of water

Given: Cw = 195 kppm NaCl

Find: Σw

Procedure: Enter the chart at 195 kppm on the Water Salinity axis. Project horizontally to the NaCl curve, then
vertically to the Σw axis, there estimating Σ w to be 98 c.u.

Answer: Σw = 98 c.u.

Notes: When Cw is expressed in kppm NaCl, you can calculate Σw from

Σw = 22 + 0.3413 Cw + 0.2500E-3 C2w

When Cw is expressed in kppm CaCl2 you can calculate Σw from
Σw = 22.21 + 0.3616 Cw + 0.2786E-3 Cw2 = 0.1837E-6 Cw3 = -0.1069E-10 Cw4
When Cw is expressed in kppm KClº you can calculate Σw from
Σw = 22.2067 + 0.2825 Cw + 0.7486E-4 Cw2 = 0.8015E-6 Cw3 = -0.1659E-8 Cw4
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Σ
Chart: TMD-3 (Liquid Hydrocarbon Capture Cross Section: From Solution Gas-Oil
Ratio)

Applications: Determination of liquid hydrocarbon capture cross section from solution gas-oil ratio

Nomenclature: Σh . . . . . . . . thermal neutron capture cross section of hydrocarbon

GOR . . . . . . solution gas-oil ratio

Given: GOR = 550 ft3/bbl

Find: Σh

Procedure: Enter the chart at 550 ft3/bbl on the Solution GOR axis. Project vertically to the curve in the chart,
then horizontally to the Σh axis, there estimating Σh to be 20.5 c.u.

Answer: Σh = 20.5 c.u.

Notes: The value from this chart should be considered as approximate only. Absolute magnitudes of the
hydrocarbon cross section are dependent on the properties of the specific oil present.

You can estimate Σh from

Σh = 22 - loge (( 1 + 4.38 • 10
-3
• GOR ) + ( 3.5 • 10
-6
• GOR2 ))
where Σh is expressed in c.u. and GOR is expressed in SCF/STB.
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Chart: TMD-4 (Methane Capture Cross Section: From Reservoir Temperature and
Pressure)

Applications: Determination of methane capture cross section from reservoir temperature and pressure

Nomenclature: P . . . . . . . . . reservoir pressure

T . . . . . . . . . reservoir temperature
Σmeth . . . . . . thermal neutron capture cross section of methane

Given: P = 3,000 psi

T = 140°F

Find: Σmeth

Procedure: Enter the chart at 3 kpsi on the Reservoir Pressure axis. Project horizontally to the 140°F Reservoir
Temperature curve, then vertically to Σmeth axis, there estimating Σmeth to be 6.64 c.u.

Answer: Σmeth = 6.64 c.u.

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Σ
Chart: TMD-5 (Wet Gas Capture Cross Section: From Methane Capture Cross Section
and Gas Specific Gravity)

Applications: Determination of wet gas capture cross section from methane capture cross section and gas
specific gravity

Nomenclature: Σmeth . . . . . . thermal neutron capture cross section of methane

Σg . . . . . . . . thermal neutron capture cross section of wet gas
γg . . . . . . . . . specific gravity of gas

Given: Σmeth = 7.8 c.u.

γg = 0.6

Find: Σg

Procedure: Enter the chart at 7.8 c.u. on the Σmeth axis. Project horizontally to the γg = 0.6 curve, then vertically to
the Σg axis, there estimating Σg to be 8.32 c.u.

Answer: Σg = 8.32 c.u.

Notes: You can calculate Σg from

Σg = (0.229 + 1.395 γg) Σmeth
where Σg and Σmeth are expressed in c.u.
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γ

γ
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Chart: TMD-6 (Wet Gas Capture Cross Section: From Methane Cross Section and
Condensate)

Applications: Determination of wet gas capture cross section from methane cross section and condensate ratio

Nomenclature: Σmeth . . . . . . thermal neutron capture cross section of methane

Σg . . . . . . . . thermal neutron capture cross section of wet gas

Given: Σmeth = 7 c.u.

Condensate Ratio = 100 bbl/MMcf

Find: Σg

Procedure: Enter the chart at 9 c.u. on the Σmeth axis. Project horizontally to the 100-bbl/MMcf Condensate Ratio
curve, then vertically to the Σg axis, there estimating Σg to be 10.4 c.u.

Answer: Σg = 10.4 c.u.

Notes: You can calculate Σg from

Σg = Σmeth + 0.339 √Condensate Ratio

where Σg and Σmeth are expressed in c.u. and Condensate Ratio is expressed in bbl/MMcf.
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Chart: TMD-7 (TMD* Water Saturation Determination: Clean Model)

Applications: Determination of formation water saturation from TMD* data in a clean zone

Nomenclature: Vsh . . . . . . . . formation shale volume

Σma . . . . . . . . thermal neutron capture cross section of the matrix
ΣINTfm . . . . . . intrinsic thermal neutron capture cross section of the formation
φ . . . . . . . . . formation porosity
Σf . . . . . . . . . thermal neutron capture cross section of the formation fluid
Σh . . . . . . . . . thermal neutron capture cross section of formation hydrocarbons
Σw . . . . . . . . thermal neutron capture cross section of formation water
Cw . . . . . . . . salinity of formation water
Sw . . . . . . . . formation water saturation

Given: Vsh = 0
Σma = 10 c.u.
ΣINTfm= 23 c.u.
φ= 30%
Σh = 22 c.u. (oil)
Cw = 150 kppm NaCl

Find: Sw

Procedure: Since Sw = 0, the chart is applicable.

Begin with the φ-versus-ΣINTfm grid. From ΣINTfm = 23 c.u. on the axis, project into the grid, following
the trend of the ΣINTfm lines. From φ = 30% on the Porosity axis, project into the grid, following the
trend of the porosity lines. Label as “A” the intersection of the two projections.

Move to the Cw-versus-Σh grid. From Σh = 22 c.u. on the Σh axis, project into the grid, following the
Σh = 22 c.u. line. From Cw = 150 kppm on the Cw axis, project into the grid, following the Cw =
150 kppm line. Label as “B” the intersection of the two projections.

Return to the left of the chart. From Σma = 10 c.u. on the Σma leg, project to the same value on the
adjacent ΣINTfm axis, then on through Point A until reaching the Σf leg. From the Σf leg, project through
Point B until intersecting the Sw leg, there estimating Sw to be 55%.

Answer: Sw = 55%.

Notes: You can calculate Sw directly from

Sw = (Σ INTfm ) (
- Σma + φ Σma - Σh)
φ (Σ - Σ )
w h

where Sw and φ are expressed in decimal form and ΣINTfm, Σma, Σh, and Σw are expressed in c.u. You
can use Chart TMD-2 to obtain Σw from Cw for use in the equation.
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Σ Σ
φ

φ
Chart: TMD-8 (TMD* Water Saturation Determination: Laminated Shale Model)

Applications: Determination of formation water saturation from TMD* data in a laminated shale zone

Nomenclature: Vsh . . . . . . . . formation shale volume

Σsh . . . . . . . . thermal neutron capture cross section of shale
Σma . . . . . . . thermal neutron capture cross section of the matrix
ΣINTfm . . . . . . intrinsic thermal neutron capture cross section of the formation
φ . . . . . . . . . formation porosity
Σh . . . . . . . . thermal neutron capture cross section of formation hydrocarbons
Σw . . . . . . . . thermal neutron capture cross section of formation water
Cw . . . . . . . . salinity of formation water
Sw . . . . . . . . formation water saturation

Given: Vsh = 10% (laminated)

Σsh = 37 c.u.
Σma = 10 c.u.
ΣINTfm= 21 c.u.
φ = 32% (corrected for shale effects)
Σh = 22 c.u. (oil)
Cw = 150 kppm NaCl

Find: Sw

Procedure: Since this is a laminated shale zone, the chart is applicable.

Begin with the Cw-versus-Σh grid on the right half of the chart. From Σh = 22 c.u. on the Σh axis, pro-
ject into the grid, following the Σh = 22 c.u. line. From Cw = 150 kppm on the Cw axis, project into
the grid, following the Cw = 150 kppm line. Label the intersection of the two projections as “X”.

Return to the left of the chart, and note that Σsh - Σma = (37 c.u.) - (10 c.u.) = 27 c.u. From
Σsh - Σma = 27 c.u. on the Σsh - Σma leg, project through Vsh = 0.1 on the φ-Vsh leg until reaching Pivot
Line A. From there, project through ΣINTfm = 21 c.u. on the ΣINTfm leg until intersecting Pivot Line B.
Label the intersection point as “Y.”

Return to the left of the chart again. From Σma = 10 c.u. on the Σma leg, project through φ = 32% on
the φ-Vsh leg until reaching Pivot Line A. From there, project through Point Y on Pivot Line B and con-
tinue until intersecting Pivot Line C. Then project through φ = 32% on the φ leg until meeting Pivot
Line D. Proceed through Point X, intersecting the Sw leg at Sw = 25%.

Answer: Sw = 25%.

Notes: You can calculate Sw directly from

Sw = (Σ INTfm - ( ) (
Σma + φ Σma - Σh + Vsh Σma - Σsh
) )
( )
φ Σw - Σh
where Sw, φ, and Vsh are in decimal form and ΣINTfm, Σma, Σh, and Sw are expressed in c.u. You can
use Chart TMD-2 to obtain Sw from Cw for use in the equation.
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φ
φ

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