Day_1

PVT & EOS Modelling

Using PVTsim Software
Eng.Mohamed Abdel Ghani
Senior Reservoir Engineer
AGENDA
• PVT Data Importance
• Reservoir Fluid Properties
• Reservoir Fluids Classification
• Reservoir Fluids Sampling
• Bottom Hole Sampling
• Surface Sampling
• Sampling Criteria
PVT Data Importance
PVT data importance
• There are several application for PVT in designing the FDP:
• Reservoir fluid typing
• Field Potential Evaluation
• Expected Production Performance.
• Recovery Strategy; Primary, Secondary and EOR.
• Well lifting and Production Facilities Design.
• Flow Assurance and HSE
PVT data importance
Prod.Engineer
needs PVT to
Size the facilities

Process Engineer
needs PVT to
design PLs and
make flow
assurance study
PT.Engineer
RE needs PVT to needs PVT to
evaluate the compute the VLP
reservoir
PVT data importance
PVT data importance
• Example: Field Potential Evaluation:
• The first step in potential evaluation is to calculate the hydrocarbon
volume (OOIP/OGIP) volumetrically by the following equation:

PVT
Property
PVT data importance
• Example: Field Potential Evaluation:
• What if we don’t have PVT study?  We will assume it 
• What if we didn’t assume it accurately?  We will have a catastrophic 

Our Assumption 

The Correct Value 

Difference= 13 mm$
PVT data Acquisition Workflow
Well site
Fluid Sampling

Compositional
LAB
Analysis

PVT
Experiments

Analysis & PVT-model

1. Data QC Generation
2. Interfacing
The Only Conclusion is …
Listen to your reservoir PVT…
Reservoir Fluid Properties
 Phase diagram
• In reservoir, We do not deal with solid state
as oil and gas were formed from solid
kerogen and migrated so they are liquid (oil
& condensate) or Vapor (gas or vaporized
oil).
• To be liquid or gas, It depends on reservoir
pressure and temperature and their
location on P-T diagram (Phase diagram).
Phase diagram
Reservoir Fluid Properties
 Reservoir
Fluids

Gas Oil Water

 Reservoir fluid properties
Gas properties
1-Apparent molecular weight
1-Compressibility factor, z 2-Specific gravity, γg
2- Density, ρg 3-Pseudo critical Pressure,Ppc
Unique
3-Isothermal gas 4-Pseudo critical temperature,Tpc
Properties
compressibility coefficient, cg
4-Gas formation volume factor, Bg

Volumetric
Properties

Gas
Flow Properties

Viscosity, μg
 Reservoir fluid properties
Gas Unique properties
1-Apparent Molecular Weight
 Reservoir fluid properties
Gas Unique properties
2-Specific Gravity
 Reservoir fluid properties
Gas Unique properties
3 &4 - Pseudo critical Pressure,Ppc & critical temperature,Tpc
 Reservoir fluid properties
Gas Unique properties
• In cases where the composition of a natural gas
is not available, the pseudo-critical properties,
i.e., ppc and Tpc, can be predicted solely from
the specific gravity of the gas using Brown’s
method.
 Reservoir fluid properties
Gas Volumetric properties
• 1-Compressibility factor, z
• At higher pressures, the use of the ideal gas equation-of-state may lead to errors as
great as 500%, as compared to errors of 2–3% at atmospheric pressure.

• To account for the departure of gases from ideality, The equation has the following
form:

• z is a dimensionless quantity and is defined as the ratio of the actual volume of n-

moles of gas at T and p to the ideal volume of the same number of moles at the same
T and p:
Reservoir fluid properties
Gas Volumetric properties
To determine Compressibility factor, z
1. Having Ppc,Tpc
Tpr
2. Calc Ppr,Tpr Z

3. Using Standing and Katz (1942)

presented a generalized gas
compressibility factor chart
Ppr
 Reservoir fluid properties
Gas Volumetric properties
2- Density, ρg
 Reservoir fluid properties
Gas Volumetric properties
3-Isothermal gas compressibility coefficient, cg
• The isothermal gas compressibility is the change in volume per unit volume for a
unit change in pressure

It should be pointed out that Equation is

useful in determining the expected order of
magnitude of the isothermal gas
compressibility.

Diff Substitution

• Values of (∂z/∂ppr)Tpr can be calculated from the slope of the Tpr isotherm on the
Standing and Katz z-factor chart.
 Reservoir fluid properties
Gas properties
3-Isothermal gas compressibility coefficient, cg
 Reservoir fluid properties
Gas properties
4-Gas formation volume factor, Bg
• Defined as the actual volume occupied by a certain amount of gas at a specified
pressure and temperature, divided by the volume occupied by the same amount of
gas at standard conditions.
 Reservoir fluid properties
Gas properties
Viscosity, μg
• The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of the internal fluid friction (resistance) to flow.
• The gas viscosity is not commonly measured in the laboratory because it can be
estimated precisely from empirical correlations.
• The correlation proposed by Lee, Gonzalez & Eakin can be used to calculate the
viscosity of natural gases. This method is however not applicable for sour gases and
is less accurate for higher specific gravity gases
 0.02050

0.01850

0.01650
Gas Visocity, cp

0.01450

0.01250

0.01050
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Pressure, psig
Fig. 13 Gas Viscosity Versus Pressure
 Reservoir fluid properties
Oil properties
1-Gas solubility,Rs 1-Specific gravity, API
2-Oil formation volume factor, Bo 2-Bubble-point pressure
3-Total formation volume factor,Bt Unique 3-Surface tension
4-Isothermal Properties
compressibility coefficient, co
5-Oil Density,

Volumetric
Properties

Oil
Flow Properties

Viscosity, μo
 Reservoir fluid properties
Oil properties
1-Oil gravity, API

• The API gravities of crude oils usually range from 47° API for the lighter crude oils to
10° API for the heavier asphaltic crude oils.
 Reservoir fluid properties
Oil properties
2-Bubble-Point Pressure
• is defined as the highest pressure at which a
bubble of gas is first liberated from the oil.
• Bubble-point pressure is a strong function of
gas solubility Rs, gas gravity γg, oil gravity API,
and temperature T.
 Reservoir fluid properties
Oil properties
2-Bubble-Point Pressure
• It can be defined from production
performance
 Reservoir fluid properties
Oil properties
3-Surface tension
• Surface tension is the tendency of fluid
surfaces to shrink into the minimum surface
area possible.
• The surface tension is an important property
in reservoir engineering calculations and
designing enhanced oil recovery projects.
 Reservoir fluid properties
Oil properties
• 1-Gas solubility , Rs
• The gas solubility Rs is defined as the
number of standard cubic feet of gas
that will dissolve in one stock-tank
barrel of crude oil at certain pressure
and temperature.
• The solubility of a natural gas in a crude
oil is a strong function of the pressure,
temperature, API gravity, and gas
gravity.
 Reservoir fluid properties
Oil properties
Instantaneous GOR Vs Solution GOR Vs Cumulative GOR
• Instantaneous GOR is the ratio between gas produced (Free and
associated) and oil produced at any time
• At reservoir pressure above bubble point, they are equal.

• The Cumulative GOR is

 Reservoir fluid properties
Oil properties
Instantaneous GOR Vs Solution GOR Vs Cumulative GOR
•
 Reservoir fluid properties
Oil properties
2-Oil formation volume factor, Bo
• The oil formation volume factor, Bo, is
defined as the ratio of the volume of oil
(plus the gas in solution) at the prevailing
reservoir temperature and pressure to
the volume of oil at standard conditions..
 Reservoir fluid properties
Oil properties
3-Total formation volume factor,Bt
• is defined as the ratio of the total volume of the hydrocarbon mixture (i.e., oil and gas, if
present), at the prevailing pressure and temperature per unit volume of the stock-tank oil.
• Because naturally occurring hydrocarbon systems usually exist in either one or two
phases, called also two-phase formation volume factor
• Above the bubble point pressure Bt=Bo,
• Below Pb
 Reservoir fluid properties
Oil properties
4-Isothermal compressibility coefficient, co
• The isothermal oil compressibility is the change in volume per unit volume for
a unit change in pressure.
Above the bubble-point Below Pb
 7.40

7.10
Compressibility (Co x 106),psi-1

6.80

6.50

6.20

5.90

5.60

5.30
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500

Pressure, psi

Fig. 3 Oil Compressibility versus Pressure

(above Bubble Point Pressure)
 Reservoir fluid properties
Oil properties
4-Isothermal compressibility coefficient, co
• Typical Values:
• Oil: 5 to 20 x 10^-6 (P>Pb) & 30 to 200 x 10^-6 (P<Pb)
• Gas: 50 to 1000 x 10^-6
• Water: 3 to 5 x 10^-6
 Reservoir fluid properties
Oil properties
5-Crude Oil Density
• The crude oil density is defined as the mass of a unit volume of the crude at a specified
pressure and temperature. It is usually expressed in pounds per cubic foot.
• Below or equal to the bubble-point pressure
 0.890

0.885
Density, gm/cc

0.880

0.875

0.870
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Pressure, psi

Fig. 4 Oil Density versus Pressure

(above Bubble Point Pressure)
 Reservoir fluid properties
Oil properties
5-Crude Oil Density
• The specific gravity is the ratio between oil density and 62.4 (water density).
• It can be compared to the specific gravity from RDT/MDT pressure measurements.
 Reservoir fluid properties
Oil properties
Crude Oil viscosity
• is defined as the internal resistance of the oil to flow.
• The oil viscosity is a strong function of the temperature, pressure, oil gravity, gas
gravity, and gas solubility.
 Reservoir fluid properties
Oil properties
Crude Oil viscosity & Secondary recovery:
• It is known that that the objective of
secondary recovery methods like gas
injection or water injection, is to maintain
the reservoir pressure.
• In your opinion, what is the best time to
apply pressure maintainace injection?
A. Wait until P<Pb
B. Just Below Pb
C. @ Pb
D. Just Above Pb
E. Above Pb
 Reservoir fluid properties
Water properties
• Unique property for water is its salinity, chemical properties; PH &
Resistivity.
• Water has four main properties:
1.Water Formation Volume Factor
2.Gas Solubility in Water Water
3.Viscosity
4.Water Isothermal Compressibility
• Water properties is never measured but calculated using correlations
Complete Water Analysis
 Application of formation water analysis
1. The chemical composition analysis of formation water can help us
determine the source of water and possible water production rate.
2. Oil and gas saturations can be determined, and oil and gas reservoirs
can be identified using logging data of formation water resistivity, Rw.
3. The type and tendency of scale, as well as the compatibility with drilling
and completion, perforating, killing, fracturing, and acidizing fluids, can
be identified using formation water analysis data.
• The completion fluid required for reservoir protection can be formulated on the
basis of formation water analysis data.
• Experimental fluid can be prepared, and reservoir sensitivity and degree of
working fluid damage can be evaluated using formation water property data.
Reservoir Fluids
Classification
Reservoir Classification According To
Reservoir Fluids
Ordinary Retrograde
black oil gas-
condensate

Low-
shrinkage
crude oil Oil Near-
critical
crude oil
Dry gas
Gas Near-
critical gas-
condensate

volatile
crude oil Wet gas
 Reservoir Classification According To
Reservoir Fluids
• Three methods to identify reservoir fluid type:
1. Allocation initial reservoir pressure and temperature on P-T diagram.
2. Monitor production performance.
3. Reservoir classification according to composition. “McCain (1994)”
 Oil Reservoirs
Ordinary
black oil

Low-
shrinkage
crude oil Oil Near-
critical
crude oil

volatile)
crude oil
Reservoir classification according to reservoir fluids
Oil Reservoirs, Ordinary black oil
1. Allocation initial reservoir pressure and temperature on P-T diagram.
• Quality lines are approximately equally spaced
• The liquid shrinkage curve approximates a straight line except at very low pressures.
Reservoir classification according to reservoir fluids
Oil Reservoirs, Ordinary black oil
2. Production performance
• Initial GOR : 200 – 700 SCF/STB
• API : 15° to 35°
Reservoir classification according to reservoir fluids
Oil Reservoirs, Low-shrinkage oil.
1. Allocation initial reservoir pressure and temperature on P-T diagram.
• Quality lines that are closely spaced near the dew-point curve.
• liquid recovery at separator conditions as indicated by point G on the 85% quality
line.(advantage)
Reservoir classification according to reservoir fluids
Oil Reservoirs, Low-shrinkage oil.
2. Production performance
• Initial GOR : less than 200 SCF/STB
• API : less than 35°
Reservoir classification according to reservoir fluids
Oil Reservoirs, Volatile crude oil
1. Allocation initial reservoir pressure and temperature on P-T diagram.
• Quality lines are close together near the bubble-point line.
• liquid recovery at separator conditions as indicated by point G (low/Disadvantage)
Reservoir classification according to reservoir fluids
Oil Reservoirs, Volatile crude oil
2. Production performance
• Initial GOR : 2,000 and 3,200 SCF/STB
• API : 45° and 55°
• API gravity of the stock-tank liquid will increase in the later life of the reservoirs. The
gas that comes out of solution in a volatile oil reservoir as pressure drops below Pb is
a retrograde gas – rich enough to release considerable quantities of condensate at
surface conditions. Therefore, during the early life of the reservoir stock-tank liquid
comes from the oil phase, but late in the life of the reservoir, stock-tank liquid is
mostly condensate from reservoir gas. Oil API gravity increases steadily during the
life of the reservoir due to the increasing amount of condensate in the production
stream.
Reservoir classification according to reservoir fluids
Oil Reservoirs, Near-critical crude oil.
1. Allocation initial reservoir pressure and temperature on P-T diagram.
• The crude oil shrink from 100% of the hydrocarbon pore volume at the bubble-point to
55% or less at a pressure 10 to 50 psi below Pb.
Reservoir classification according to reservoir fluids
Oil Reservoirs, Near-critical crude oil.
2. Production performance
• Initial GOR : Excess of 3,000 SCF/STB
• Compositions of near-critical oils are usually characterized by 12.5 to 20 mol% C7+,
35% C2 – C6, and the remainder C1.
Reservoir classification according to reservoir fluids
Oil Reservoirs, Summary
• The petroleum fluid spectrum is
gradational. There is no strict
definition of volatile and black oils;
there are only general guidelines and
characteristics.
• Usually, Oil reservoirs can be
classified as BLACK OR VOLATILE only.
• As quality line approaches dew point
line and reservoir temperature is far
from critical temperature, Black oil
performance is the dominant and vice
versa.
Reservoir classification according to reservoir fluids
Oil Reservoirs, Summary
• The defining property that distinguishes black and volatile oils is the volatilized-oil
content Rv (Yield) of their equilibrium gases (Modified Black oil Model).
• The volatilized-oil content of a gas represents its condensable liquid portion during
pressure reduction and ultimately results as stock-tank liquid.
• Physically, intermediate-hydrocarbon components, typically C2 through C7, dominate
this fraction.
• Rv for black oils is usually less than 1 to 10 STB/MMscf (usually is ignored)
• Rv for volatile oils ranges from 10 to 300 STB/MMscf
Reservoir classification according to reservoir fluids
Oil Reservoirs, Summary
Reservoir classification according to reservoir fluids
Oil Reservoirs, Summary
Reservoir classification according to reservoir fluids
Gas Reservoirs
Retrograde
gas
condensate

Dry gas
Gas Near-critical
gas
condensate

Wet gas
Reservoir classification according to reservoir fluids
Gas Reservoirs, Dry gas
• Exists as a gas both in the reservoir and in the surface facilities.
• GOR : more than 100,000 scf/STB
Reservoir classification according to reservoir fluids
Gas Reservoirs, Wet gas
• Reservoir temperature exceeds the cri-
condentherm of the hydrocarbon system, the
reservoir fluid will always remain in the vapor
phase region as the reservoir is depleted
isothermally.
• As the produced gas flows to the surface,
however, the pressure and temperature of the gas
will decline. If the gas enters the two-phase
region, a liquid phase will condense out of the gas
and be produced from the surface separators.
• GOR : between 60,000 and 100,000 scf/STB
• API : above 60°
Reservoir classification according to reservoir fluids
Gas Reservoirs, Retrograde gas-condensate reservoir
• Reservoir temperature T lies between the critical temperature
Tc and cri-condentherm Tct of the reservoir fluid.
• As the reservoir pressure declines isothermally below the dew
point pressure, attraction between the heavy component
molecules becomes more effective than the attraction
between the molecules of the light and heavy
components(mass diff effect); thus, liquid begins to condense
until the liquid dropout reaches its maximum.
Reservoir classification according to reservoir fluids
Gas Reservoirs, Retrograde gas-condensate reservoir
• Further reduction in pressure permits the heavy molecules to commence the normal
vaporization process.
• GOR : 8,000 to 70,000 scf/STB.
• Generally, GOR for a condensate system increases with time due to the liquid
dropout and the loss of heavy components in the liquid.
• API : above 50°
Reservoir classification according to reservoir fluids
Gas Reservoirs, Near-critical gas-condensate reservoir
• Reservoir temperature is near the critical temperature.
• Quality lines converge at the critical point, a rapid liquid buildup will immediately occur below
the dew point like retrograde but faster at pressure scale.
Reservoir classification according to reservoir fluids
Gas Reservoirs, Summary
Reservoir classification according to reservoir fluids
Gas-condensate vs Volatile oil
• Reservoir fluids that contain heptanes and are heavier in concentrations of more than 12.5
mol% are almost always in the liquid phase in the reservoir “Volatile oil”.
• Gas-condensate GOR > 3500 - 4000 scf/stb .
 Reservoir classification according to composition

• McCain (1994) suggested that

the heavy components in the
hydrocarbon mixtures have the
strongest effect on fluid
characteristics.
• The ternary diagram, as shown
in Figure, with equilateral
triangles can be conveniently
used to roughly define the
compositional boundaries that
separate different types of
hydrocarbon systems.
Reservoir classification according to reservoir fluids
Production performance

• Caution should be taken as the production performance is result of interaction of reservoir

fluid properties, reservoir rock properties and reservoir drive mechanism (Gas cap, Solution
gas and water drive).
Reservoir classification according to reservoir fluids
Summary
 Fluid
Sampling
 Fluid Sampling
• Objectives
• To obtain a representative samples of the original reservoir fluid with enough
volume for lab experiments.
• It’s a must to sample early in the life time of the reservoir

• Sampling Techniques
• Bottom hole sample
• Surface recombination sample
 Fluid Sampling
Sampling Techniques, Bottom Hole Sampling
• Bottom Hole Sampling Techniques:
1-Formation Tester (MDT) 2-W/L sample catcher 3-DST sample catcher
 Fluid Sampling
Sampling Techniques, Bottom Hole Sampling
• Open hole testers (RFT / MDT) :
• The tool is lowered by wireline means into the well to the depth required, which is
recognized by comparing the gamma ray readings from a gamma ray sensor
attached to the tool with previously taken logs.
• Using Low Shock Sampling technique to limit pressure drawdown during fluid
sampling and is frequently used in unconsolidated formations and for sampling
above the bubble point.
• The shock is minimized by pumping formation fluids into the MDT tool against
piston chambers held at borehole pressure, as opposed to drawing formation fluid
into chambers at atmospheric pressure.
 Fluid Sampling
Sampling Techniques, Bottom Hole Sampling
• Open hole testers (RFT / MDT) options:
• Fluid analysis:
• Composition fluid analyzer (CFA) determine the weight percent of each molecular
group in a sample (quantitative analysis).
• Live fluid analyzer (LFA) :The LFA analyzer detects and measures dissolved methane in
live fluids and provides a predictable cleanup period for quality sample collection and
reliable discrimination between water, oil and gas. The amount of light absorbed by the fluid
depends on the composition of the fluid. Water and oil are reliably detected by their unique
absorption spectra. A second sensor in the LFA module is the gas refractometer, which can
be used to differentiate between gas and liquid.
 Fluid Sampling
Sampling Techniques, Bottom Hole Sampling
• Open hole testers (RFT / MDT) options:
• Fluid analysis(LFA):
 Fluid Sampling
Sampling Techniques, Bottom Hole Sampling
• Fluid analysis(LFA):
 Fluid Sampling
Sampling Techniques, Bottom Hole Sampling
• Composition fluid analyzer (CFA)
 Fluid Sampling
Sampling Techniques, Bottom Hole Sampling
• Open hole testers (RFT / MDT) options:
• Fluid analysis (Resistivity & Pressure):
 Fluid Sampling
Sampling Techniques, Bottom Hole Sampling
Bottom Hole Sampling Techniques (Formation
Tester (MDT/RFT):
• Steps:
1. Choose the most likely good facies
2. Measure reservoir pressure & Mobility
3. In case of not very low mob. ( > 0.5), Pump out and
monitor contamination by Res/LFA or OFA.
4. Avoid sampling below saturation pressure
5. Take more than 1 sample bottle as back up.
Note: Sampling time is according to cleaning and formation
mobility.
 Fluid Sampling
Sampling Techniques, Bottom Hole Sampling
Bottom Hole Sampling Techniques (Formation Tester (MDT/RFT):
 Fluid Sampling
Sampling Techniques, Bottom Hole Sampling
• 2-W/L sample catcher
• Electro line
• Run in closed position
• Opened and sealed via surface control
• Surface BHP / BHT readout possible
• Slick line
• Flow through device
• Closed by clock mechanism
• Run with BHP gauge
• Notes
1. Plan to obtain triplicate samples
2. Check bubble point immediately at surface
3. Plot P-V relation
 Fluid Sampling
Sampling Techniques, Bottom Hole Sampling
Bottom Hole Sampling Techniques (As general):
• Disadvantages:
1. Only small samples
2. Stuck can occur
3. Depth control
4. Not good for:
1. viscous crudes
2. wells with water cut
3. wells producing free gas
4. Seal failures (H2S, CO2) / Wash-out holes
5. Solids may prevent valves sealing
 Fluid Sampling
Sampling Techniques, Surface Recombination Sample
 Fluid Sampling
Sampling Techniques, Surface Recombination Sample
Required Data:
1. Well head conditions: WHP, WHT, FLP
2. Test parameter: Sep. Pressure & temperature
3. Flow rates: Gas rate, Oil rate & Water Rate.
4. Separator fluid properties: Sep. gas gravity, Sep oil/condensate gravity
 Fluid Sampling
Sampling Techniques, Surface Recombination Sample
• Advantages
• Relatively easy, convenient and less expensive.
• Avoids production loss during required shut-in period for subsurface sampling
• More safe, no well intervention required.
• Applicable in cases where water is suspected in the well bore at the perforation depth
• Large sample could be obtained under reasonably defined conditions
 Fluid Sampling
Sampling Techniques, Surface Recombination Sample
• Disadvantage
• Well must be conditioned and fully stabilized
• Stable flow rate (no heading or slugging)
• Accurate and reliable metering is essential
• Error will lead to incorrect GOR and therefore wrong reservoir fluid.
• higher GOR oils will need very close attention to the metering at the separator.
• Low GOR oils is very hard to have correct recombination.
• Correction for GOR is needed.
 Fluid Sampling
Sampling Techniques, Surface Recombination Sample

• Correction for Separator GOR:

• The flow rate for gas through a given orifice area is obtained by:
 Fluid Sampling
Sampling Techniques, Surface Recombination Sample

• Correction for Separator GOR:

• So the gas flow rate is inversely proptional to (Z*Molecular weight)^1/2
• If there is difference between lab and field measurement for Z and Molecular weight, GOR
should be corrected.
 Fluid Sampling
Sampling Techniques, Surface Recombination Sample

• Example for Separator GOR Correction :

 Fluid Sampling
Sampling Techniques, Surface Recombination Sample
• Well Conditioning
• Is to replace the non-representative near well bore fluid by displacing it out of the well with
original reservoir fluid
• Judging when a well is adequately conditioned for sampling requires careful interpretation of
the trends of:
• The wellhead and bottom hole pressures
• The rates of oil and gas flow
• Gas oil ratio
 Fluid Sampling
Sampling Techniques, Well Conditioning
• Well Conditioning Reduce the flow
rate by 30%-
1. If the well being sampled has 50%
been flowing for 24 hrs at its Under-saturated oil
1. Use production
normal producing rate. data to estimate
GOR No
GOR decreases
This an indication of
the Psat and yes
remain presence of free gas
2. Accurately measure the compare it to Pwf
constant saturation around the
Using correlations
well bore
flowing rates and the bottom 2. Take the sample

hole flowing pressure

Reduce the flow rate
3. If the rate is steady use the Is the GOR on stages while
yes stabilized monitoring the GOR
following procedure: (minimum
GOR ) No
Take the sample Try the method
in the following
slide
 Fluid Sampling
Sampling Techniques, Well Conditioning
• Well Conditioning
• If the GOR is not stabilized even at the
Initial GOR/CGR
lowest possible production rates, you
can do the following:
1. Try to flow the well at different bean

GOR/CGR
sizes and then different flow rates.
2. Plot a relation between GOR vs Qo or
CGR vs Qg
3. Extrapolate the relation to zero flow rate,
the intercept will be GOR/CGR
4. You should know that you have
Qo or Qg
uncertainty in GOR/CGR in this case.
 Fluid Sampling
Sampling Techniques, Sample Data Sheet
Sample type Condensate Gas Condensate Gas Condensate Gas
Sample No: 1.01 1.02 2.01 2.02 3.01 3.02
Bottle No: CSB 8012-QA GSB 3449 CSB 8275-QA GSB 3447 CSB 14416-QA GSB 4464
Sample Bottle Volume: 700 cc 20 L 700 cc 20 L 700 cc 20 L
Sample Volume: 600 cc 20 L 600 cc 20 L 600 cc 20 L
Final Tempreature °C 20 20 20 20 19 19
Final Pressure, Psia 215 325.1 209 318.5 210 319.1
Sample Data Sheet
 Fluid Sampling
Sampling Techniques, Sampling program
• Ideal situation:
• To obtain a sample of the original reservoir fluid
• To collect sample before the Pwf went below the Psat of the reservoir fluid
1-Time to sample:
• If the Pres is highly above the fluid Psat, sampling could be delayed for the next wells
• The delay time depend on degree of under-saturation and decline of the reservoir
pressure
• If the Psat Pres sample should be taken as soon as possible after the well completion and
cleanup
• For dry and wet gases (single phase), Representative sample can be obtained at any time
• For Retrograde gas condensate, Sample should be taken as early as possible as the Pwf or
Pres < Psat liquid phase starts to condense in the near well bore area and the reservoir
 Fluid Sampling
Sampling Techniques, Sampling program
2. How to sample: General rules:
BHS is relatively expensive but is more preferred to avoid the combined errors of surface
sampling unless:
1. There is a well integrity problem; stuck or mechanical issues (Very risky)
2. The current reservoir pressure is under initial bubble point pressure (Not
representative sample)
3. The bottom hole sampling will lead that sampling pressure will be under bubble point
pressure and the sample will be not representative (Near critical reservoir fluids /
Tight formations)
4. The reservoir will remain as a single phase like Dry/wet gas reservoirs (Sample is
representative whether surface or subsurface so go to cheaper option)
 Fluid Sampling
Sampling Techniques, Sampling program
2. How to sample:
 Fluid Sampling
Sampling Techniques, Sampling program
• 3. What is sample volume :
 Fluid Sampling
Sampling Techniques
• Factors affecting Sampling Techniques Choice:
1. Aim of PVT study
2. H2S existence
3. Degree of reservoir pressure depletion
4. Well mechanical condition or hole cleaning issuses
5. Available gas/oil separation production facilities
6. Reservoir rock & fluid quality (Mobility)
7. Fluid PVT properties variation Vertically or Laterally throughout the field
specially for in thick, steeply dipping reservoirs should be considered