PVT Modelling Fundamentals

Day_2
PVT & EOS Modelling

Using PVTsim Software
Eng.Mohamed Abdel Ghani
Senior Reservoir Engineer
AGENDA
• Laboratory reservoir fluid studies
• Crude oil lab studies
• Gas lab studies
• Adjusting PVT lab data
• Why adjusting?
• Adjusting techniques
Fluid
Sampling
Fluid Sampling
• Objectives
• To obtain a representative samples of the original reservoir fluid with enough
volume for lab experiments.
• It’s a must to sample early in the life time of the reservoir
• Sampling Techniques
• Bottom hole sample
• Surface recombination sample
Fluid Sampling
Sampling Techniques, Surface Recombination Sample
Fluid Sampling
Required Data:
1. Well head conditions: WHP, WHT, FLP
2. Test parameter: Sep. Pressure & temperature
3. Flow rates: Gas rate, Oil rate & Water Rate.
4. Separator fluid properties: Sep. gas gravity, Sep oil/condensate gravity
Fluid Sampling
• Advantages
• Relatively easy, convenient and less expensive.
• Avoids production loss during required shut-in period for subsurface sampling
• More safe, no well intervention required.
• Applicable in cases where water is suspected in the well bore at the perforation depth
• Large sample could be obtained under reasonably defined conditions
Fluid Sampling
• Disadvantage
• Well must be conditioned and fully stabilized
• Stable flow rate (no heading or slugging)
• Accurate and reliable metering is essential
• Error will lead to incorrect GOR and therefore wrong reservoir fluid.
• higher GOR oils will need very close attention to the metering at the separator.
• Low GOR oils is very hard to have correct recombination.
• Correction for GOR is needed.
Fluid Sampling
• Correction for Separator GOR:

• The flow rate for gas through a given orifice area is obtained by:
Fluid Sampling
• Correction for Separator GOR:

• So the gas flow rate is inversely proptional to (Z*Molecular weight)^1/2
• If there is difference between lab and field measurement for Z and Molecular weight, GOR
should be corrected.
Fluid Sampling
• Example for Separator GOR Correction :

Fluid Sampling
• Well Conditioning
• Is to replace the non-representative near well bore fluid by displacing it out of the well with
original reservoir fluid
• Judging when a well is adequately conditioned for sampling requires careful interpretation of
the trends of:
• The wellhead and bottom hole pressures
• The rates of oil and gas flow
• Gas oil ratio
Fluid Sampling
Sampling Techniques, Well Conditioning
• Well Conditioning Reduce the flow
rate by 30%-
1. If the well being sampled has 50%
been flowing for 24 hrs at its Under-saturated oil
1. Use production
normal producing rate. data to estimate
GOR No
GOR decreases
This an indication of
the Psat and yes
remain presence of free gas
2. Accurately measure the compare it to Pwf
constant saturation around the
Using correlations
well bore
flowing rates and the bottom 2. Take the sample
hole flowing pressure

Reduce the flow rate
3. If the rate is steady use the Is the GOR on stages while
yes stabilized monitoring the GOR
following procedure: (minimum
GOR ) No
Take the sample Try the method
in the following
slide
Fluid Sampling
Sampling Techniques, Well Conditioning
• Well Conditioning
• If the GOR is not stabilized even at the
Initial GOR/CGR
lowest possible production rates, you
can do the following:
1. Try to flow the well at different bean
GOR/CGR
sizes and then different flow rates.
2. Plot a relation between GOR vs Qo or
CGR vs Qg
3. Extrapolate the relation to zero flow rate,
the intercept will be GOR/CGR
4. You should know that you have
Qo or Qg
uncertainty in GOR/CGR in this case.
Fluid Sampling
Sampling Techniques, Sample Data Sheet
Sample type Condensate Gas Condensate Gas Condensate Gas
Sample No: 1.01 1.02 2.01 2.02 3.01 3.02
Bottle No: CSB 8012-QA GSB 3449 CSB 8275-QA GSB 3447 CSB 14416-QA GSB 4464
Sample Bottle Volume: 700 cc 20 L 700 cc 20 L 700 cc 20 L
Sample Volume: 600 cc 20 L 600 cc 20 L 600 cc 20 L
Final Tempreature °C 20 20 20 20 19 19
Final Pressure, Psia 215 325.1 209 318.5 210 319.1
Sample Data Sheet
Fluid Sampling
Sampling Techniques, Sampling program
• Ideal situation:
• To obtain a sample of the original reservoir fluid
• To collect sample before the Pwf went below the Psat of the reservoir fluid
1-Time to sample:
• If the Pres is highly above the fluid Psat, sampling could be delayed for the next wells
• The delay time depend on degree of under-saturation and decline of the reservoir
pressure
• If the Psat Pres sample should be taken as soon as possible after the well completion and
cleanup
• For dry and wet gases (single phase), Representative sample can be obtained at any time
• For Retrograde gas condensate, Sample should be taken as early as possible as the Pwf or
Pres < Psat liquid phase starts to condense in the near well bore area and the reservoir
Fluid Sampling
2. How to sample: General rules:
BHS is relatively expensive but is more preferred to avoid the combined errors of surface
sampling unless:
1. There is a well integrity problem; stuck or mechanical issues (Very risky)
2. The current reservoir pressure is under initial bubble point pressure (Not
representative sample)
3. The bottom hole sampling will lead that sampling pressure will be under bubble point
pressure and the sample will be not representative (Near critical reservoir fluids /
Tight formations)
4. The reservoir will remain as a single phase like Dry/wet gas reservoirs (Sample is
representative whether surface or subsurface so go to cheaper option)
Fluid Sampling
2. How to sample:
Fluid Sampling
• 3. What is sample volume :
Fluid Sampling
Sampling Techniques
• Factors affecting Sampling Techniques Choice:
1. Aim of PVT study
2. H2S existence
3. Degree of reservoir pressure depletion
4. Well mechanical condition or hole cleaning issuses
5. Available gas/oil separation production facilities
6. Reservoir rock & fluid quality (Mobility)
7. Fluid PVT properties variation Vertically or Laterally throughout the field
specially for in thick, steeply dipping reservoirs should be considered
Laboratory reservoir fluid studies
Routine / Basic Workflow
Well site
Fluid Sampling
Compositional
LAB
Analysis
PVT
Experiments
Analysis & PVT-model

1. Data QC Generation
2. Interfacing
Before going to lab, Let’s ask
question:
WHY WE NEED PVT
Experiments??
23
Routine laboratory tests
• Oil Reservoir
• Compositional analysis of the system
• Surface Recombination
• Constant-composition expansion
• Differential liberation
• Separator tests
• Gas Condensate & volatile Oil Reservoir
• Compositional Analysis of the system
• Surface Recombination
• Constant composition Expansion
• Constant-volume depletion
24
for
Oil reservoir sample
PVT Laboratory Procedures and Report: Gas-Crude Oil Sample
The laboratory procedure for sample analysis generally follows this procedure
the following :
1. Determine the sample Composition, GOR, API, Gas gravity (Zero flash test).
2. Recombine the surface oil and gas samples
3. Perform PV Test
4. Perform a differential liberation
5. Perform separator separation test
6. Determine the fluid viscosity over a range of pressures
PVT Experiments 26
RESERVOIR FLUID COMPOSITION
DETERMINATION
FID1 A, (M0000462.D)
Norm.
C9
400
350
C15
C10
C12
300
C20
C17
C18
250
200
C25
C30
C35
150
100
C40
50
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 min
1. Hydrocarbon Composition
• Hydrocarbon Composition determination has several application in reservoir
and production engineering :
1. Reservoir fluid behavior modelling and prediction of its physical properties
2. The design of the refinery
3. Existence of corrosive compounds such as H2S
4. Fingerprint analysis & Contamination of reservoir fluid by drilling mud
PVT Experiments 28
• The procedure of determining the composition of bottom hole samples is expressed
as (Whitson, 1998; Whitson and Brulé, 2000):
1. Flashing the sample to atmospheric standard conditions
2. Measuring the quantities of surface gas and oil
3. Determining the normalized weight fractions (𝑤 ̅𝑖 ,𝑤 ̅𝑖) of surface samples by gas
chromatography
4. Measuring molecular weight (𝑀 ̅) and specific gravity of the surface oil (𝛾 ̅)
5. Converting weight fractions to normalized mole fractions (𝑦𝑖,𝑥𝑖)
6. Recombining mathematically to the reservoir oil composition (𝑧𝑖)
PVT Experiments 29
• The procedure of determining the composition of surface samples :
1. Flashing the sample to atmospheric conditions
2. Measuring the quantities of surface gas and oil
3. Determining the normalized weight fractions (𝑤 ̅𝑖 ,𝑤 ̅𝑖) of surface samples by gas
chromatography
4. Measuring molecular weight (𝑀 ̅) and specific gravity of the surface oil (𝛾 ̅)
5. Converting weight fractions to normalized mole fractions (𝑦𝑖,𝑥𝑖)
6. Recombining mathematically to the reservoir oil composition (𝑧𝑖)
PVT Experiments 30
• 1. Hydrocarbon Composition
• Recombination:
• The recombination is based on the ratio between the Oil and Gas volumes as following:
1. In case of BHS samples will be recombined depending on the flash GOR value.
2. The separator gas and oil samples will be recombined depending on the separator GOR
value while In field, Gas rate is measured using Orifice meter where the gas gravity and
gas compressibility is input for the correlation ((𝑧𝑔∙𝛾𝑔)−1/2.
3. Before sample recombination a correction must be made for gas gravity and gas
compressibility.
4. After recombination, the resultant reservoir fluid composition will be calculated.
PVT Experiments 31
• Separator GOR correction example:
PVT Experiments 32
• Recombination: Flashed oil vol Oil density
• Reservoir fluid composition calculation:
Flashed gas vol
Oil mole weight
• Note: Multiple recombination can be made according to separation stages.

PVT Experiments 33
Component MW Flashed Gas Stock Tank Oil Well Stream
Hydrogen sulphide 34.080 0.000 0.000 0.000
Carbon dioxide 44.010 1.098 0.000 0.317
Reservoir fluid composition Nitrogen
Methane
28.013
16.043
0.453
75.646
0.000
0.000
0.131
21.807
Ethane 30.070 5.060 0.038 1.486
calculation example for single Propane
I-Butane
44.097
58.123
11.115
1.801
0.647
0.846
3.664
1.122
n-Butane 58.123 3.431 1.196 1.840
separation stage: neo-Pentane
I-Pentane
72.150
72.150
0.000
1.041
0.000
2.008
0.000
1.729
n-Pentane 72.150 0.089 0.890 0.659
Hexanes 86.180 0.201 4.420 3.204
Me-Cyclo-Pentane 84.160 0.020 0.995 0.714
Benzene 78.110 0.006 0.077 0.056
Cyclo-Hexane 84.160 0.016 1.201 0.859
Heptanes 100.200 0.013 2.997 2.137
Atmospheric Flash Data at Standard Conditions Me-Cyclo-Hexane 98.190 0.008 0.900 0.643
Toluene 92.140 0.000 2.297 1.635
Octanes 114.230 0.001 3.062 2.180
Ethyle-Benzene 106.170 0.000 0.442 0.315
Pressure, Flashed Gas Oil Oil Density, Meta/Para-Xylene 106.170 0.000 1.470 1.046
Temperature, o F Oil API, gravity
psi Ratio, SCF/STB gm/cm3 Ortho-Xylene 106.170 0.000 0.606 0.431
Nonanes 128.260 0.000 3.301 2.349
Tri-Me-Benzene 120.190 0.001 0.297 0.211
Decanes 142.285 0.000 5.304 3.775
0.00 60.00 1345.84 0.82742 39.35 Undecanes 147.000 0.000 5.746 4.090
Dodecanes 161.000 0.000 5.525 3.932
Tridecanes 175.000 0.000 5.304 3.775
Tetradecanes 190.000 0.000 5.010 3.565
Pentadecanes 206.000 0.000 4.715 3.356
Hexadecanes 222.000 0.000 4.494 3.198
Heptadecanes 237.000 0.000 4.199 2.989
Octadecanes 251.000 0.000 3.978 2.831
Nondecanes 263.000 0.000 3.757 2.674
Eicosanes 275.000 0.000 3.536 2.517
Heneicosanes 291.000 0.000 3.315 2.359
Docosanes 305.000 0.000 3.094 2.202
Tricosanes 318.000 0.000 2.618 1.864
Tetracosanes 331.000 0.000 2.199 1.565
Pentcosanes 345.000 0.000 1.885 1.342
Hexacosanes 359.000 0.000 1.362 0.969
Heptacosanes 374.000 0.000 1.152 0.820
Octacosanes 388.000 0.000 0.943 0.671
Nonacosanes 402.000 0.000 0.733 0.522
Triacosanes 416.000 0.000 0.419 0.298
Hentriacosanes 430.000 0.000 0.516 0.367
Dotriacosanes 444.000 0.000 0.352 0.251
Tritriacosanes 458.000 0.000 0.314 0.223
Tetratriacosanes 472.000 0.000 0.291 0.207
PVT Experiments
Pentatriacosanes 486.000 0.000 0.283
34
0.202
Hexatriacosanes Plus 518.273 0.000 1.265 0.900
• Reservoir fluid composition calculation example for 2 separation stages:
PVT Experiments 35
• Reservoir fluid finger print: to compare between samples from same
reservoir (indicate variant reservoir PVT)
FID1 A, (M0000462.D)
Norm.
C9
400
350
C15
C10
C12
300
C20
C17
C18
250
200
C25
C30
C35
150
100
C40
50
0
0 10 20 30
PVT Experiments
40 50 60 70 80 min 36
Constant Composition Expansion
CCE/CME/CMD/FV/PV-Expansion/CCVE
2. Constant Composition Expansion Test
• Applications in reservoir and production engineering :
1. Saturation pressure (bubble-point or dew-point pressure)
2. Isothermal compressibility coefficients and oil density of the single-phase
fluid above saturation pressure.
3. Compressibility factors of the gas phase (z factors)
PVT Experiments 38
• Test Procedure:
This Test commonly called:

1. Constant mass expansion
2. pressure-volume
relations flash liberation
3. flash vaporization
4. flash expansion.
PVT Experiments 39
• Test Procedure:
1. The sample is brought to reservoir temperature and held constant, while the
pressure is above the initial reservoir pressure.
2. The pressure is lowered stepwise and equilibrium is obtained at each new
pressure.
3. The cell contents are agitated at each pressure to aid the equilibration process
4. The oil expands and its volume is recorded
5. Below the bubble point, the measured volume will increase more rapidly
because gas evolves from the oil, yielding a higher fluid compressibility.
PVT Experiments 40
• Test Procedure:
PVT Experiments 41
• Test Procedure:
PVT Experiments 42
• Calculations:
1. Oil volume is recorded (Vo) so by knowing
the initial mass of the sample, the density
can be easily calculated above bubble
point.
2. Isothermal oil compressibility above bubble
point :
3. Plotting hydrocarbon volume versus

pressure will yield the bubble point
pressure at the slope change point.
4. Plotting (Vrel = (V @ Any P)/(V @ Psat) to
recognize saturation point easily.
43
Pressure-Volume Relations at 191.7oF
Relative Volumes
Pressure Y-Correlation
psig Reservoir Oil Oil and Gas (b)
Vol/Vol (a) Vol/Vol (a)
3625.0 0.9761
3300.0 0.9788
3000.0 0.9814
2755.0 0.9836
2310.8 0.9877
1885.0 0.9919
1450.0 0.9964
1115.0 1.0000 #DIV/0!
725.0 1.2253 2.3402
652.5 1.3257 2.1285
580.0 1.4693 1.9168
507.5 1.6823 1.7051
435.0 2.0125 1.4934
362.5 2.5565 1.2817
290.0 3.5304 1.0700
Reservoir Pressure
Bubble Point Pressure 44
A problem frequently occurred in many labs due to human error like not
proper agitation and also oil nature that the data below the bubble point
is not smoothed
A GENERAL RULE: WE NEED SMOOTHED DATA TO BE ENTERED IN
RESERVOIR SIMULATION STUDY SO THAT WE GET RESULTS WITHOUT ANY
ERRORS WITHIN ACCEPTED SIMULATION TIME.
SO WE NEED SMOOTHING.
45
• Smoothing:
1. The relative volume data frequently require smoothing to correct for laboratory
inaccuracies in measuring the total hydrocarbon volume just below the saturation
pressure and also at lower pressures.
2. Assuming that the volume variation with respect to the same pressure variation
increases as the pressure declines below saturation pressure (inversely proportional
to pressure value below the bubble point pressure) due to high gas compressibility.
Delta V / Delta P = 1 / (parameter * P)
3. Calculating this parameter called (Y) at every step then plotting it versus pressure to
get a Y-function.
4. Using Y value at every step get the smoothed new value for Vrel.
46
• Smoothing:
2
1
4 47
• Report:
Pressure-Volume Relations at 191.7oF
Relative Volumes
Pressure Y-Correlation
psig Reservoir Oil Oil and Gas (b)
Vol/Vol (a) Vol/Vol (a)
3625.0 0.9761
3300.0 0.9788
3000.0 0.9814
2755.0 0.9836
2310.8 0.9877
1885.0 0.9919
1450.0 0.9964
1115.0 1.0000 #DIV/0!
725.0 1.2253 2.3402
652.5 1.3257 2.1285
580.0 1.4693 1.9168
507.5 1.6823 1.7051
435.0 2.0125 1.4934
362.5 2.5565 1.2817
290.0 3.5304 1.0700
48
• Report:
Physical Properties of Reservoir Fluid above Saturation Pressure at T=191.7 oF
Oil
Pressure Compressibility Density Formation
psig Co ro Volume Factor
(psi)-1*10-6 g/cc bo (Res. Bbl/bbl)
3625.0 --- 0.89684 1.0944
3300.0 8.5121 0.89436 1.0974
3000.0 8.8121 0.89199 1.1003
2755.0 9.0571 0.89002 1.1028
Resevoir Pressure 2310.8 9.5013 0.88626 1.1075
1885.0 9.9271 0.88251 1.1122
1450.0 10.3621 0.87854 1.1172
Bubble Point Pressure 1115.0 10.6971 0.87539 1.1212 49

Differential Vaporization Test
DV/DL
3. Differential Vaporization Test
• is designed to approximate the depletion process of an oil reservoir, and
thereby provide suitable PVT data for calculating reservoir performance
1. Amount of gas in solution as a function of pressure, Rs.
2. The shrinkage in the oil volume as a function of pressure, Bo.
3. Properties of the evolved gas including:
• The composition, specific gravity and compressibility factor of the liberated gas
4. Density of the remaining oil as a function of pressure
PVT Experiments 51
• Test Procedure:
PVT Experiments 52
• Test Procedure:
1. The pressure is decreased below the bubble point and the cell is agitated until
equilibrium is reached.
2. All gas is removed at constant pressure, and the volume (ΔVg), moles (Δng),
and specific gravity of the removed gas (γg) are recorded.
3. This procedure is repeated 10 to 15 times at decreasing pressures, and finally
at atmospheric pressure.
4. Oil density and viscosity are measured.
5. The final residual oil is cooled, where the resulting residual oil volume and
specific gravity are measured at ambient temperature.
PVT Experiments 53
• Test Procedure:
PVT Experiments 54
• Calculations:
55
• Report: Summary of PVT Analysis
Adjusted
Solution Gas/oil Compressibilit
Pressure Oil Density Gas Gravity Z-Factor Oil F.V.F. Adjusted Oil F.V.F. Gas F.V.F. Solution Oil Viscosity Gas Viscosity
ratio y
Gas/oil ratio
Bo Bo Bg Rs Rs Co
psig g/cc Air=1.000 bbL/STB bbL/STB CF/SCF SCF/STB SCF/STB cp cp psi-1x10-6
5800.0 0.64391 1.73063 1.73063 1440.244 1345.838 0.3745
5437.5 0.64049 1.73985 1.73985 1440.244 1345.838 0.3599 14.7050
5075.0 0.63676 1.75005 1.75005 1440.244 1345.838 0.3458 16.1712
4712.5 0.63272 1.76124 1.76124 1440.244 1345.838 0.3324 17.6391
4350.0 0.62836 1.77344 1.77344 1440.244 1345.838 0.3197 19.1085
3987.5 0.62371 1.78667 1.78667 1440.244 1345.838 0.3079 20.5794
3625.0 0.61876 1.80095 1.80095 1440.244 1345.838 0.2969 22.0519
3258.4 0.61347 1.81650 1.81650 1440.244 1345.838 0.2868 23.5448
3150.0 0.61189 1.85762 1.82119 1440.244 1345.838 0.2841 23.8384
2756.3 0.63140 0.76649 0.83663 1.75050 1.71617 0.00571 1262.431 1179.680 0.3045 0.02097
2362.5 0.65247 0.80633 0.80468 1.64337 1.61115 0.00641 1084.618 1013.523 0.3296 0.01993
1968.8 0.67542 0.84617 0.78482 1.53625 1.50613 0.00749 906.805 847.365 0.3615 0.01856
1575.0 0.70066 0.88602 0.78497 1.42913 1.40111 0.00934 728.992 681.208 0.4040 0.01692
1181.3 0.72876 0.92586 0.80982 1.32201 1.29609 0.01281 551.179 515.050 0.4642 0.01521
787.5 0.76047 0.96571 0.85695 1.21489 1.19107 0.02022 373.366 348.892 0.5584 0.01368
393.8 0.79614 1.02437 0.91689 1.10777 1.09605 0.04248 195.553 182.735 0.7355 0.01242
0.0 0.82922 1.16493 0.99606 1.00033 1.00012 1.28227 0.000 0.000 1.3946 0.01124
Bubble Point pressure
Reservoir 56
• Report:
57
• Report:
58
• Report:
ROLLING BALL
VISCOMETER 59
• Report:
60
• Report:
61
• Report: Hydrocarbon Analysis of Liberated Gas from Differential Vaporization at 191.7 oF
975.6 836.3 696.9 557.5 418.1 278.8 139.4 0.0

Liquid Density, psi psi psi psi psi psi psi psi
Component MW
gm/cc Mole % Mole % Mole % Mole % Mole % Mole % Mole % Mole %
Hydrogen Sulphide 34.080 0.801 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Carbon Dioxide 44.010 0.817 0.584 0.820 1.056 1.292 1.529 1.765 2.106 2.945
Nitrogen 28.013 0.809 0.241 0.338 0.436 0.533 0.631 0.728 0.869 1.215
M ethane 16.043 0.300 87.046 81.812 76.579 71.345 66.112 60.878 53.310 34.710
Ethane 30.070 0.356 2.691 3.779 4.866 5.953 7.041 8.128 9.700 13.564
Propane 44.097 0.507 5.912 8.301 10.689 13.078 15.466 17.855 21.309 29.797
i-Butane 58.123 0.562 0.958 1.345 1.732 2.119 2.506 2.893 3.452 4.828
n-Butane 58.123 0.583 1.825 2.562 3.299 4.037 4.774 5.511 6.577 9.197
Neo-Pentane 72.150 0.597 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
i-Pentane 72.150 0.624 0.554 0.777 1.001 1.225 1.448 1.672 1.995 2.790
n-Pentane 72.150 0.631 0.047 0.066 0.086 0.105 0.124 0.143 0.170 0.238
Hexanes 86.180 0.633 0.107 0.150 0.193 0.237 0.280 0.323 0.385 0.539
M e_Cyclo_Pentane 84.160 0.753 0.011 0.015 0.020 0.024 0.028 0.033 0.039 0.055
Benzene 78.110 0.882 0.003 0.004 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.010 0.012 0.016
Cyclo_hexane 84.160 0.783 0.009 0.012 0.015 0.019 0.022 0.026 0.031 0.043
Heptanes 100.200 0.687 0.007 0.009 0.012 0.015 0.018 0.020 0.024 0.034
M e_Cyclo_hexane 98.190 0.774 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.009 0.011 0.013 0.015 0.021
Toluene 92.140 0.873 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Octanes 114.230 0.706 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.003
EthylBenzene 106.170 0.874 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
M /P-Xylene 106.170 0.867 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001
O-Xylene 106.170 0.884 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Nonanes 128.260 0.721 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001
1,2,4-TM B 112.210 0.880 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002
Decane 134.000 0.733 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Undecanes_Plus 147.000 0.789 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Total= 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 62 100.000
SEPARATOR TEST
4. SEPARATOR TESTS
• These separator tests are performed only on the original oil at the bubble point.
1. To determine the changes in the volumetric behavior of the reservoir fluid
as the fluid passes through the separator (or separators) and then into the
stock tank.
2. Determine the optimum surface separation conditions and optimum
number of separation stages, to maximize the stock-tank oil production
3. To provide a basis for converting differential - liberation data from a
residual oil to a stock-tank oil basis and to determine the number of
separators and the conditions that maximize stock-tank oil production. In
fact, by considering the degrees of freedom, there is only one variable to
be optimized, the pressure.
PVT Experiments 64
4. SEPARATOR TESTS
• Test Procedure:
PVT Experiments 65
4. SEPARATOR TESTS
• Test Procedure:
1. Initially, the reservoir sample is brought to saturation conditions and the volume is
measured.
2. Then, it is brought to the pressure and temperature of the first-stage separator. All of the
gas is removed and the oil volume at the separator stage is noted, as well as the volume,
number of moles, and specific gravity of the removed gas. If requested, the composition of
gas samples can be measured by gas chromatography.
3. The oil remaining after gas removal is brought to the conditions of the next separator stage.
The gas is again removed and quantified. Oil volume is noted, and the process is repeated
until stock-tank conditions are reached. The final oil volume and specific gravity are
measured at standard conditions. Gas removed at each stage is quantified as standard gas
volume ((𝑉𝑔)𝑠𝑐 (𝑠𝑐𝑓)) per volume of stock-tank oil ((𝑉𝑜)𝑠𝑐 (𝑆𝑇𝐵)): 𝑅𝑠=(𝑉𝑔)𝑠𝑐(𝑉𝑜)𝑠𝑐
4. It is usually recommended that four or five of these tests be used to determine the
optimum separator pressure, which is PVTusually considered the separator pressure that
Experiments 66
results in minimum oil formation volume factor
• Report:
• The optimum conditions at:

• Max. API
• Min GOR
• Min Oil formation factor 67
for
Gas-Condensate reservoir sample
Be Careful !!!
• Dry Gas vs. Wet gas and gas condensates
• Dry Gas – single phase everywhere (surface & Subsurface)
• Wet Gas – single phase in reservoir, two phases in the wellbore and surface
facilities
• Gas Condensates – act like wet gas until reservoir pressure below dew point,
then two phases everywhere
PVT Experiments 69
PVT Laboratory Procedures and Report: Gas – condensate systems
In the laboratory, a standard analysis of a gas-condensate sample
consists of:
1. Recombination and analysis of separator samples
2. Measuring the pressure-volume relationship, i.e., constant-composition
expansion test
3. Constant-volume depletion test (CVD)
PVT Experiments 70
RESERVOIR FLUID COMPOSITION
DETERMINATION
• Recombination and Compositional Analysis of the system of
separator samples:
1. Subsurface sampling is seldom used in gas-condensate reservoirs. Instead,
surface sampling techniques are used, and samples are obtained only after
long stabilized flow periods.
2. During this stabilized flow period, volumes of liquid and gas produced in the
surface separation facilities are accurately measured, and the fluid samples are
then recombined in these proportions.
3. The hydrocarbon composition of separator samples is also determined by
chromatography or low-temperature fractional distillation or a combination of
both.
PVT Experiments 72
Com positional Analysis of Flashed Oil & Gas and Calculated Wellstream to C36+
Laboratory reservoir fluid studies Component
H2
H2S
CO2
Flashed Stock Tank oil
Mole %
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
Weight %
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
Mole %
0.0000
0.0000
0.8142
Flashed Gas
Weight %
0.0000
0.0000
1.7440
Mole %
0.0000
0.0000
0.8013
Wellstream
Weight %
0.0000
0.0000
1.5897
PVT Laboratory Procedures and Report: Gas – condensate systems N2
C1
C2
C3
0.0000
0.0000
0.0212
0.2835
0.0000
0.0000
0.0051
0.1006
0.0042
83.2298
7.8030
4.4881
0.0057
64.9888
11.4201
9.6326
0.0041
81.9147
7.6800
4.4217
0.0052
59.2366
10.4097
8.7890
• Report:
iC4 1.8256 0.8539 0.8302 2.3486 0.8459 2.2163
nC4 4.8110 2.2503 1.1992 3.3924 1.2563 3.2914
C5 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
iC5 6.7881 3.9412 0.5044 1.7713 0.6037 1.9633
nC5 6.9055 4.0094 0.2938 1.0317 0.3983 1.2953
C6 10.2316 7.0957 0.3848 1.6140 0.5404 2.0992
1.5263 1.0337 0.0454 0.1860 0.0688 0.2610
2.0153 1.2668 0.0578 0.2197 0.0887 0.3124
1.1901 0.8060 0.0912 0.3736 0.1086 0.4118
Atmospheric Flash Data at Standard Conditions C7 8.0424
0.1955
6.4849
0.1545
0.0974
0.0821
0.4750
0.3924
0.2229
0.0839
1.0069
0.3713
0.2561 0.1899 0.0060 0.0269 0.0100 0.0413
C8 8.0850 7.4320 0.0604 0.3358 0.1872 0.9639
0.6081 0.5195 0.0052 0.0269 0.0147 0.0705
Flashed Gas Oil 2.8246 2.4133 0.0019 0.0098 0.0465 0.2225
Pressure, psi Temperature, o F Oil Density, gm/cm3 Oil API, gravity

0.0454 0.0388 0.0009 0.0047 0.0016 0.0077
Ratio, SCF/STB C9 7.8852 8.1386 0.0000 0.0000 0.1246 0.7204
0.0498 0.0481 0.0000 0.0000 0.0008 0.0043
C10 7.3861 8.4571 0.0000 0.0000 0.1167 0.7485
C11 4.7887 5.6647 0.0000 0.0000 0.0757 0.5014
C12 4.7254 6.1222 0.0000 0.0000 0.0747 0.5419
0 60 49397.6120 0.738600 C13 59.89

4.5164 6.3603 0.0000 0.0000 0.0714 0.5630
C14 4.3080 6.5868 0.0000 0.0000 0.0681 0.5830
C15 3.4047 5.6441 0.0000 0.0000 0.0538 0.4996
C16 2.0127 3.5957 0.0000 0.0000 0.0318 0.3183
C17 1.9860 3.7877 0.0000 0.0000 0.0314 0.3353
Pressure base, psi 0 C18 1.9564 3.9517 0.0000 0.0000 0.0309 0.3498
Standard Conditions C19
C20
1.0024
0.0548
2.1215
0.1213
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0158
0.0009
0.1878
0.0107
Temperature base, °F 60 C21 0.0440 0.1030 0.0000 0.0000 0.0007 0.0091
C22 0.0345 0.0848 0.0000 0.0000 0.0005 0.0075

Flashed Gas-Oil Ratio, SCF/STB 49397.612 C23 0.0255 0.0652 0.0000 0.0000 0.0004 0.0058
C24 0.0167 0.0445 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 0.0039
Condensate-Gas Ratio , STB/MM SCF 20.244 C25 0.0151 0.0420 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0037
C26 0.0151 0.0437 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0039
C27 0.0143 0.0431 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0038
C28 0.0123 0.0383 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0034
C29 0.0115 0.0373 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0033
C30 0.0108 0.0362 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0032
C31 0.0101 0.0349 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0031
C32 0.0094 0.0335 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0030
C33 0.0087 0.0319 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0028
C34 0.0079 0.0301 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0027
C35 PVT Experiments

0.0072 0.0282 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001
73 0.0025
C36+ 0.0252 0.1079 0.0000 0.0000 0.0004 0.0095

• Frequently, the surface gas is processed to remove and liquefy all hydrocarbon
components that are heavier than methane, i.e., ethane, propanes, etc.
• These liquids are called plant products.
• These quantities of liquid products are expressed in gallons of liquid per
thousand standard cubic feet of gas processed, i.e., gal/Mscf, or GPM.
• McCain (1990) derived the following expression for calculating the anticipated
GPM for each component in the gas phase:
• McCain pointed out that the complete recovery of these products is not feasible.
• He proposed that, as a rule of thumb, 5 to 25% of ethane, 80 to 90% of the
propane, 95% or more of the butanes, and 100% of the heavier components can
74
be recovered from a simple surface facility.
• Report:
PVT Experiments 75
Constant Composition Expansion
CCE/CME/CMD/FV/PV-Expansion
2. Constant-Composition Test
• is designed to provide the following:
1. the dew-point pressure pd at reservoir temperature and the total relative volume Vrel of
the reservoir fluid (relative to the dew-point volume) as a function of pressure. The
relative volume is equal to one at pd.
2. Liquid drop as a function of cell volume
3. The gas compressibility factor at pressures greater than or equal to the saturation
pressure is also reported. It is only necessary to experimentally measure the z-factor at
one pressure p1 and determine the gas deviation factor at the other pressure p from:
PVT Experiments 77
• Constant-Composition Test Report:
Constant Mass Depletion at T= 184.04 oF
Pressure Relative Retrograde Liquid Density Deviation Calculated
(psig) Volume Volume % (g cm-3) Factor Z Gas Viscosity
3250.00 0.6875 0.19312 0.86970 0.02319
3000 0.7341 0.18085 0.85760 0.02204
2852 0.7668 0.17315 0.85170 0.02136
2500 0.8648 0.15352 0.84270 0.01976
2250.0 0.9587 0.13849 0.84130 0.01865
2158 1.0000 0.000 0.13277 0.84190 0.01826
2000 1.0683 0.563
1750 1.2052 1.192
1500 1.3935 1.455
1250 1.6639 1.506
1000 2.0776 1.474
750 2.7764 1.378
500 4.1768 1.211

PVT Experiments 78
• Constant-Composition Test Report:
PVT Experiments 79
• Note:
• PVT cell for gas condensate is different from
black oil PVT cell as it has an eye window
• Pd of condensates is very difficult to be
recognized by sharp change in P-V relation
and the liquid amount is very small so the
window used to see liquid droplet.
PVT Experiments 80
Constant-Volume Depletion
(CVD)
3. Constant-Volume Depletion (CVD) Test
• is designed to approximate gas condensates and volatile oils reservoir depletion
performance and compositional variation
1. Subsurface reservoir fluid and Surface production composition variation
with time and depletion
2. The plant production capacity through reservoir depletion.
3. Liquid drop-out in the reservoir (Average oil saturation in the reservoir
during pressure depletion) to evaluate condensate recovery projects
according to condensate quantity.
4. Recovery factor for the gas and condensate
PVT Experiments 82
WHY ESPECIALLY CVD FOR

VOLATILE OIL
AND
GAS CONDENSATE
RESERVOIRS ONLY?
KEEP THIS QUESTION

WITH YOU TILL THE
END!!!
PVT Experiments 83
• Test Procedure:
1. Initially, the saturation pressure, Pb/Pd, of the reservoir sample is established visually
and the cell volume, Vcell, at saturated conditions is recorded.
2. The pressure is then reduced just below the saturation pressure.
3. The cell is agitated until equilibrium is achieved and volume that occupies each phase is
measured.
4. At constant pressure, sufficient gas is removed to return the cell volume to the original
saturated volume.
5. In the laboratory, the removed gas is brought to atmospheric conditions, where:
1. the compressibility is measured
2. Surface compositions 𝑦 ̅ and 𝑥 ̅ of the produced surface volumes from the reservoir sample are
measured
3. the volumes 𝛥𝑉 ̅ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛥𝑉𝑂
4. densities 𝜌𝑔 ̅𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜌 ̅
5. oil molecular weight 𝑀 ̅
6. From these quantities, it can be calculated the moles of gas removed, Δng.
84
• Test Procedure:
PVT Experiments 85
• Test Procedure:
PVT Experiments 86
• Calculations:
1. The initial gas compressibility factor is calculated from the real gas
equation
PVT Experiments 87
• Calculations:
2. During the process, a second phase (retrograde liquid) is formed. the retrograde liquid
saturation SL:
3. The corresponding moles of gas produced can be calculated from the expression
4. The gas compressibility factor at cell pressure and temperature is calculated
Vol of vented gas at PVT sample

(Vol before vent – Vol after vent)
PVT Experiments 88
• Calculations:
5. The two-phase compressibility factor represents the total compressibility of
all the remaining fluid (gas and retrograde liquid) in the cell
PVT Experiments 89
Note: The two-phase z-factor is a
significant property because it is used
when the p/z versus cumulative-gas
produced plot is constructed for
evaluating gas-condensate production
In case of using usual z-factor it will lead
to error in calculations
PVT Experiments 90
• Calculations:
6. The volume of gas produced as a percentage of gas initially in place (Recovery) is
OR
The above experimental procedure is repeated several times until a minimum test
pressure (abandonment pressure) is reached, after which the quantity and
composition of the gas and retrograde liquid remaining in the cell are determined.
The test procedure can also be conducted on a volatile oil sample. In this case, the
PVT cell initially contains liquid, instead of gas, at its bubble-point pressure.
PVT Experiments 91
• Report:
PVT Experiments 92
• Report:
PVT Experiments 93
• Report:
• In addition to the composition of the produced
well stream at the final depletion pressure, the
composition of the retrograde liquid is also
measured.
• The composition of the liquid is reported in the
last column of the Table at 700* psi.
• These data are included as a control composition
in the event the study is used for compositional
material-balance purposes.
PVT Experiments 94
• Report:
PVT Experiments 95
• Report:
96
• Report:
PVT Experiments 97
• Report:
Summary of Data From Constant Volume Depletion at T= 184.04, °F
Deviation Factor Z Density Produced Retrograde Calculated
Pressure 2-Phase (g cm-3) Well stream Liquid Gas Viscosity
(psig) (cumulative Volume% (2) (cP) (3)
(1) mole%)
2158 0.84190 0.13277 0.0000 0.0000 0.01826
2000 0.86360 0.12762 9.6020 0.5576 0.01788
1750 0.86694 0.11692 21.1244 1.1439 0.01703
1500 0.85517 0.10078 31.3666 1.3893 0.01600
1250 0.80401 0.08374 39.0482 1.4536 0.01504
1000 0.72078 0.06690 45.4495 1.4004 0.01416
750 0.60813 0.05052 51.2747 1.2811 0.01337
500 0.43419 0.03303 54.0657 1.1146 0.01273
PVT Experiments 98
• Report:
99
• Report:
Compositions of Produced Wellstreams From Constant Volume Depletion at 261°F to C11+
Component 2158 2000 1750 1500 1250 1000 750 500 0
H2 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

H2S 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
CO2 0.801 0.800 0.789 0.782 0.776 0.768 0.741 0.638 0.400
N2 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.005 0.005
C1 81.915 81.802 80.796 80.176 79.584 78.902 76.670 68.843 49.752
C2 7.680 7.669 7.762 7.890 8.020 8.139 9.040 13.494 21.943
C3 4.422 4.416 4.500 4.604 4.707 4.805 5.495 8.849 15.285
iC4 0.846 0.847 0.868 0.884 0.900 0.916 0.994 1.328 2.030
nC4 1.256 1.261 1.329 1.379 1.429 1.482 1.720 2.722 4.856
C5 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
iC5 0.604 0.612 0.671 0.701 0.728 0.763 0.829 0.942 1.441
nC5 0.398 0.407 0.474 0.510 0.543 0.585 0.683 0.934 1.718
C6 0.540 0.554 0.639 0.679 0.716 0.764 0.830 0.830 1.261
C7 0.223 0.234 0.297 0.324 0.349 0.382 0.403 0.252 0.302
C8 0.187 0.198 0.261 0.287 0.311 0.343 0.358 0.173 0.160
C9 0.125 0.135 0.196 0.221 0.243 0.274 0.282 0.072 0.003
C10 0.117 0.127 0.184 0.207 0.228 0.257 0.264 0.066 0.000
C11+ 0.459 0.499 0.723 0.814 0.895 1.009 1.037 0.261 0.000
100.000 100.000 PVT Experiments
100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100
• For volatile oil reservoirs, not only the produced well stream is reported but
also the composition of the oil in the cell.
• As you can determine the composition of produced stream then substract from the
initial composition to get the residual oil composition.
• It is very rare to perform this experiment for volatile oil reservoirs.
PVT Experiments 101

• Report:
PVT Experiments 102

• Report:
PVT Experiments 103

WHY ESPECIALLY CVD FOR VOLATILE OIL AND GAS CONDENSATE
RESERVOIRS?
1.The gas condensate is the
only gas reservoir that can be
exist as two phases at the
reservoir conditions so we
need to know the liquid drop
out quantity in reservoir
2.The gas condensate has the
highest tendency for
producing high amount of
plant products PVT Experiments 104
RESERVOIRS?
1.When we investigate the

phase plot and shrinkage for
volatile oil, we can see that
after reservoir reaches Pb, a
sharp shrinkage occurs to
liquid state (50-60%)
PVT Experiments 105

RESERVOIRS?
This sharp decrease in
saturation of liquid will be
translated to very low
mobility (lower production
from the liquid phase &
higher production from gas
phase) at the Kr curve
PVT Experiments 106

RESERVOIRS?
So the flow from the volatile oil

reservoir will be as gas with
vaporized oil/condensate and then
we need again CVD to know the
amount of condensate that can be
produced
PVT Experiments 107

PVT Analysis Workflow
108

PVT Modelling Fundamentals

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Day_2

PVT & EOS Modelling

• Correction for Separator GOR:

• Correction for Separator GOR:

• Example for Separator GOR Correction :

hole flowing pressure

Analysis & PVT-model

Flashed gas vol

Oil mole weight

• Note: Multiple recombination can be made according to separation stages.

This Test commonly called:

3. Plotting hydrocarbon volume versus

Physical Properties of Reservoir Fluid above Saturation Pressure at T=191.7 oF

Bubble Point Pressure 1115.0 10.6971 0.87539 1.1212 49

975.6 836.3 696.9 557.5 418.1 278.8 139.4 0.0

• The optimum conditions at:

Laboratory reservoir fluid studies Component

PVT Laboratory Procedures and Report: Gas – condensate systems N2

nC4 4.8110 2.2503 1.1992 3.3924 1.2563 3.2914

C5 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

iC5 6.7881 3.9412 0.5044 1.7713 0.6037 1.9633

nC5 6.9055 4.0094 0.2938 1.0317 0.3983 1.2953

C6 10.2316 7.0957 0.3848 1.6140 0.5404 2.0992

1.5263 1.0337 0.0454 0.1860 0.0688 0.2610

2.0153 1.2668 0.0578 0.2197 0.0887 0.3124

1.1901 0.8060 0.0912 0.3736 0.1086 0.4118

Atmospheric Flash Data at Standard Conditions C7 8.0424

0.2561 0.1899 0.0060 0.0269 0.0100 0.0413

C8 8.0850 7.4320 0.0604 0.3358 0.1872 0.9639

0.6081 0.5195 0.0052 0.0269 0.0147 0.0705

Flashed Gas Oil 2.8246 2.4133 0.0019 0.0098 0.0465 0.2225

Pressure, psi Temperature, o F Oil Density, gm/cm3 Oil API, gravity

Ratio, SCF/STB C9 7.8852 8.1386 0.0000 0.0000 0.1246 0.7204

0.0498 0.0481 0.0000 0.0000 0.0008 0.0043

C10 7.3861 8.4571 0.0000 0.0000 0.1167 0.7485

C11 4.7887 5.6647 0.0000 0.0000 0.0757 0.5014

C12 4.7254 6.1222 0.0000 0.0000 0.0747 0.5419

0 60 49397.6120 0.738600 C13 59.89

C14 4.3080 6.5868 0.0000 0.0000 0.0681 0.5830

C15 3.4047 5.6441 0.0000 0.0000 0.0538 0.4996

C16 2.0127 3.5957 0.0000 0.0000 0.0318 0.3183

C17 1.9860 3.7877 0.0000 0.0000 0.0314 0.3353

Standard Conditions C19

C22 0.0345 0.0848 0.0000 0.0000 0.0005 0.0075

C24 0.0167 0.0445 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 0.0039

C26 0.0151 0.0437 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0039

C27 0.0143 0.0431 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0038

C28 0.0123 0.0383 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0034

C29 0.0115 0.0373 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0033

C30 0.0108 0.0362 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0032

C31 0.0101 0.0349 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0031

C32 0.0094 0.0335 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0030

C33 0.0087 0.0319 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0028

C34 0.0079 0.0301 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0027

C35 PVT Experiments

C36+ 0.0252 0.1079 0.0000 0.0000 0.0004 0.0095

(psig) Volume Volume % (g cm-3) Factor Z Gas Viscosity

3250.00 0.6875 0.19312 0.86970 0.02319

3000 0.7341 0.18085 0.85760 0.02204

2852 0.7668 0.17315 0.85170 0.02136

2500 0.8648 0.15352 0.84270 0.01976

2250.0 0.9587 0.13849 0.84130 0.01865