IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation

Research Article

Broadband eight-element dielectric rod ISSN 1751-8725

Received on 13th May 2018
Revised 16th November 2018
antenna array using the simple micro-strip Accepted on 28th December 2018
E-First on 19th February 2019
slot feeding doi: 10.1049/iet-map.2018.5289
www.ietdl.org

Chandra Shekhar Prasad1 , Animesh Biswas1, M. Jaleel Akhtar1

1Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India
E-mail: csprasad.rf15@gmail.com

Abstract: An 8-element broadband novel antenna array based on the dielectric rod using a very simple micro-strip slot feeding
technique in Ku-band (12–18 GHz) is proposed. The proposed dielectric rod array is designed to obtain enhanced gain in the
specified frequency band using the compact size element as compared to that of the single dielectric rod. It is observed that for
a single dielectric rod, the radiating rod should be ∼5λ0 long in order to obtain the gain of ∼15 dBi. Additionally, the side lobe
levels and the fluctuation in gain also start increasing with an increase in the dielectric rod length. To this end, the proposed
dielectric rod array appears to be the optimum choice as it uses only 1.25λ0 long rods and provides a measured peak gain of
19 dBi with the minimum gain fluctuation and the side lobe levels over the operating bandwidth. The proposed array possesses
the impedance bandwidth of ∼40% which is comparable to the single-element antenna bandwidth. The structures are simulated
using the HFSS, to optimise various parameters. Finally, the eight-element antenna array is fabricated based on the optimised
parameters and the testing is carried out in the anechoic environment.

1 Introduction radiative dielectric (NRD) image guide is used to feed a dielectric

The fast growing demand of high data rates in the field of wireless
communication in the last few years has imposed the requirement
to design wide-band communication systems. The frequency
spectrum <6 GHz currently available to the mobile systems has
become quite concentrated due to the growing number of channels
for various applications. Therefore, the world is moving towards
the upper Ku and millimetre wave frequency bands. However, at
higher frequencies, there are many challenges at the design and the
propagation levels. The atmospheric attenuation increases with the
frequency which increases the difficulty of long-range
communication. Therefore, to counter this large atmospheric
attenuation, high-gain and high-radiation efficiency antennas are
required at the front end of the communication system. To ensure
the high data rate transmission, the travelling wave antennas
exhibiting wide impedance bandwidth have traditionally been used.
In the last few years, the dielectric waveguide (DW)-based
travelling wave antenna has emerged as a suitable candidate due to
low loss (only dielectric loss) and high-gain characteristic.
Although there are many advantages of using the DW travelling
wave antenna, there are many challenges at the design and
fabrication levels to make it compatible with the existing planar
technology. The first and foremost challenge is to design a proper
planar feeding network. Conventionally, the DW antenna is fed
using a metallic horn antenna or a three-section metal waveguide
feeding structure [1], which makes the overall structure bulky and
incompatible with the existing planar technology. The other
challenges in designing the DW antenna include the increase in
side lobe levels and fluctuation in gain in the operating band due to
an increase in the DW antenna rod length to achieve a higher gain.
Hence, if the broadband DW antenna using the planar feeding
structure is designed without having significant gain fluctuation
with minimum side lobe levels in the operating frequency band,
then this structure can suitably be used for many applications in the
higher microwave and mm-wave frequency band.
Mueller and Tyrrell [2] proposed the first dielectric rod antenna,
known as Polyrod, fed by a complex non-planar feeding network.
Later, Zucker [3] provided the design principle of the DW antenna
for the maximum gain and low side lobe level. In [4], E- and H-
plane tapered dielectric rod antennas with rectangular cross-section
fed by a metallic horn antenna were presented. In [5], a non-
rod antenna, and the NRD is fed by a slot on the side wall of a
rectangular metal waveguide which makes the fabrication very
complex and non-planar. In [6], a dielectric rod antenna fed by a
substrate-integrated NRD waveguide has been presented which
exhibits an impedance bandwidth of only 10% and gain of 10 dBi.
An array of two and four elements of the dielectric rod antenna are
presented in [7]. The measured impedance bandwidth for the two-
element array is only 12% and the side lobe level is ∼6 dB. In [8],
an antenna array of eight elements made up of a double-layered
cylindrical dielectric rod is presented in which the substrate-
integrated waveguide (SIW)-based power divider along with
Vivaldi antennas designed at each output ports to feed the double-
layered cylindrical rods has been used. An antenna array of two
elements along with four parasitic elements fed by the coplanar
waveguide (CPW) has been presented in [9]. This structure is
fabricated on high resistive bonded silicon wafers though an 11-
step fabrication process. The impedance bandwidth and gain are
19% and 10.8 dBi, respectively. In [10], a 16-element antenna
array of a dielectric rod has been proposed using the micro-strip
(MS) line feeding structure. This antenna exhibits an impedance
bandwidth of only 7.7% and a peak gain of 20.3 dBi for each rod
length of 2.13λ0. Recently, an antenna array of four elements of a
dielectric rod has been presented in [11], which exhibits a gain of
16.9 dBi.
From the above discussion, it can be noticed that most of the
above DW antennas either use non-planar feeding or are narrow
band. The bandwidth of few DW antennas is increased, but it
employs the multi-layered dielectric rod structures with
complicated design which are quite difficult to fabricate. There are
mainly two major challenges in the design of dielectric rod
antennas. The first and foremost challenge is to design a broadband
and planar feeding network for the dielectric rod antenna which
can be compatible with the existing planar technology. The second
problem is to maintain a constant radiation pattern over the large
bandwidth. Another problem with most of the earlier proposed DW
antennas is that they usually radiate along the end-fire direction. It
is mainly due to this reason that in this paper we have designed an
eight-element broadband dielectric rod antenna array with the
enhanced gain and minimum side lobe levels using the simple
planar feeding network. The proposed antenna array radiates along
the broadside direction with minimum variation in its gain in the

IET Microw. Antennas Propag., 2019, Vol. 13 Iss. 4, pp. 472-477 472
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Fig. 1  Proposed structure. w1 = 1.6, w2 = 1, w3 = 0.65, l1 = 6.5, l2 = 3.7,
l3 = 6.3, l0 = 2, ls = 4, ds = 0.65, t = 0.5, d1 = d2 = 5, d = 1.5, Lant = 25
(Units: mm), ɛr1 = 6.45, ɛr2 = 2.2
(a) Bottom view of the feeding structure, (b) Top view of feeding structure, (c) Top
view of the proposed design
operating frequency band. Further, the performance of the
proposed array is compared with that of a single-dielectric rod in
order to show the effectiveness of the dielectric rod array structure.
2 Design of a dielectric rod antenna
The proposed dielectric rod antenna is shown in Fig. 1 along with
its feeding structure and the co-ordinate system. In any antenna
design, there are mainly two parts to be considered: firstly, the
design of the radiating part and, secondly, the feeding part. In the
following sections, we will discuss the design of each part of the
proposed antenna.
2.1 Design of the radiating rod
The first part of the dielectric rod antenna design is the selection of
a suitable dielectric rod and its dimensions. The radiating rod's
relative permittivity and dimensions should be selected carefully
such that it can radiate efficiently. To achieve broadband
performance, we need to design the rod in such a way that any
standing wave formation on the structure can be avoided.
Therefore, in this design, we have opted to design the rod
according to the principle of optimum radiation characteristics.
According to this principle, the ratio of the free-space wavelength
to the guided wavelength at the feeding end should be 1.1 (λ0/λg = 
1.1). In this, it is assumed that the rod is matched to free space at
the radiating end so that no reflection takes place and wave travels
smoothly through the rod into space. For this, the ratio of the free-
space wavelength to the guided wavelength at the tip of the rod
should be 1.0 (λ0/λg = 1.0). The approximate formula of the cross-
sectional areas at the feed end (Amax) and radiating end (Amin) are
given as [12]
λ02
Amax =
4 εr − 1
λ02
Amin =
10 εr − 1
IET Microw. Antennas Propag., 2019, Vol. 13 Iss. 4, pp. 472-477
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where ɛr is the relative permittivity of the dielectric rod. This
antenna is designed in the Ku-band (12–18 GHz), and substrate
Rogers RT/duroid 6006 having design relative permittivity of 6.45
and loss tangent of 0.0019 is used to fabricate the antenna. The
area of the radiating rod at the feeding end (Amax) calculated using
(1) is 18.518 mm2 at the centre frequency (15 GHz) of the
operating band. The cross-section of the rod at the feeding end of
the rod is Amax = d1 × d2 as depicted in Fig. 1c, where d1 and d2 are
the length and width of the cross-section at the feeding end,
respectively. If we consider square cross-section (d1 = d2) at the
feeding end, then the value of d1 = d2 is 4.3 mm. As the substrates
of all thicknesses are not available commercially, the width (d2) is
achieved using adding two substrates of thickness of 2.5 mm
available commercially, so in this design d2 = 5 mm and d1 is taken
accordingly and optimised whenever needed for matching. The
calculated value of the rod cross-section (Amin) using (2) at the end
is 7.4 mm2. This cross-sectional area is d2 × d = 7.4 mm2, as shown
in Fig. 1c, so the value of d is 1.5 mm.
2.2 Design of the feeding structure
In this design, an MS line slot is used to feed the dielectric rod. The
bottom and top views of the feeding structure are shown in Fig. 1a
and b, respectively. The MS line is designed on a PTFE low-loss
substrate having relative permittivity (ɛr2) of 2.2 and loss tangent
of 0.0009, and the thickness (t) of the substrate is 0.5 mm.
The length and width of the feeding MS line are l3 and w3,
respectively, and the length and width of the slot are ls and ds,
respectively, and it is at a distance of l0 from the open end of the
MS line. The input impedance at the centre of the slot can be
calculated as the summation of the slot impedance and the
impedance of the open ended line having length l0:
1
Zin = Zs − jZ0 (3)
tan(βl0)
where Zs is the impedance of the slot and β and Z0 are the
propagation constant and characteristics impedance of the MS line,
respectively. The slot impedance is a function of the slot
dimensions and the parameters of the MS line beneath the slot, so it
can be optimised using these parameters. The reactive part of the
input impedance can be optimised using the length of the MS line
at the open end as indicated in (3).
To achieve a broadband impedance matching between the slot
and the dielectric rod, we need a non-resonating slot in the
operating band. So, as a thumb of rule, the slot length (ls) to be
<λmg/2 at the highest frequency of operation, where λmg is the
wavelength of the MS line. It should also be <d1 to avoid any
radiation by the slot outside the dielectric rod. The width (ds) of the
slot should be electrically small so that the field distribution on the
slot aperture is uniform, which is desirable for the uniform power
coupling to the dielectric face at the bottom. These parameters are
optimised in the final structure.
2.3 Final antenna architecture
The final proposed antenna structure is shown in Fig. 1c. In the
final design, the parameter d1 is optimised for better matching,
keeping the value of d and d2 same as calculated in the previous
section. Similarly, the parameters related to the MS line, w3 and l0,
and the parameters related to the slot, ls and ds, are optimised in
HFSS. In the last step of the design, the MS line (w3) beneath the
slot is matched with the 50 Ω line (w1) using a line of width w2 and
(1) length l2.
The simulated S-parameter response of the proposed antenna is
depicted in Fig. 2. From this figure, one can see that the proposed
antenna is exhibiting a wide impedance bandwidth (|S11| < −10 dB)
(2)
from 12.5 to 18 GHz that is ∼40%.
473

Fig. 2  Simulated S-parameter response of the proposed single-element
antenna
Fig. 3  Gain variation with the radiating rod length in the operating band
The peak gain of the dielectric rod antenna is dependent on the
length of the antenna. Hence, a study between the peak gain and
length of the antenna is done, as shown in Fig. 3. The figure shows
the gain variation with frequency in the entire Ku-band (12–18 
GHz) from 1λ0 to 6λ0 rod length. From this figure, we see that the
gain variation for the 1λ0 long rod is from 8 to 10 dBi and the same
for the 6λ0 long rod is from 10 to 16 dBi. So the gain variation is
increasing with antenna length. From this figure, we also see that
the peak gain is relatively low above 15 GHz for all antenna length
>2λ0.
To understand the reason behind such type of gain variation
with frequency in the operating band, the 3D radiation patterns at
two frequencies of 13.5 and 17 GHz are plotted for a 5λ0 long
radiating rod, as shown in Fig. 4. To compare the radiation
patterns, the scaling range (30 dB) is kept equal at these two
frequencies. From the radiation pattern at 17 GHz (Fig. 4b), we see
that there are some conical shaped radiating beams around the
dielectric rod and a main beam along the broadside direction but
with comparatively larger beam width. These conical beams are the
combined effect of side lobe and the radiation due to some higher
order and spurious modes generated at the feeding side mismatch.
These spurious and higher order mode radiations increase with
frequency. As the gain of the antenna increases with length, the
side lobe levels also become high for the long radiating rod.
Therefore, due to these combined effect, the gain fluctuation
increases in the operating band with rod length.
Hence, there is limitation to design a dielectric rod antenna to
achieve a high gain with low-gain fluctuation in the operating
band. To achieve a gain of 15 dBi, we need a 5λ0 long rod which is
too long for some application and the fluctuation in the gain is ∼5  this figure, only the phases at Ports P2 and P6 are shown for the
dB in the operating band as shown in Fig. 3. Therefore, in the next
section, we will design an antenna array to achieve a better gain
474
Fig. 4  3D radiation patterns of a 5λ0 long radiating rod at
(a) 13.5 GHz and, (b) 17 GHz
Fig. 5  Bottom view of 1–8 way power divider feeding network. w3 = 0.65,
w4 = 2.6, w5 = 2, w6 = 2.6, w7 = 0.57, l = 5.125, l4 = 3.2, l5 = 4, l6 = 3.2,
y1 = 1.3, y2 = 1.3, y3 = 0.47, cx = 4.5, cx1 = 1.6, cx2 = 4.5, ar = 21, wg = 
38, lg = 80. Units: mm
performance with low-gain fluctuation in the operating band using
only 1.25λ0 long radiating rods.
3 Eight-element antenna array design
In the design of an antenna array, the first task is to design a
suitable power divider with appropriate performance. In this
design, an eight-element antenna array is proposed in such a way
that it enhances the directivity and minimises the gain fluctuation
and side lobe levels in the operating band.
3.1 1 × 8 power divider
The top view of the 1–8 way power divider (bottom view of the
antenna array) is depicted in Fig. 5. The coupling slots beneath the
MS line are shown by the dotted lines. The separation (ar) between
the adjacent slots in both the directions is equal to antenna element
spacing in the array. The arms of the power divider (location of
slots) are designed in such a way that the current reaches to each
slot in the same phase and orientation. This arrangement ensures
that the radiation polarisation of each element is in the same
direction at any instant of time. The antenna element separation is
taken around 1λ0, so that the radiation from each element is added
up in the phase.
To check the performance of the 1 × 8 way power divider, the
slots are removed and ports are inserted there in the simulation
model. The S-parameter response of the power divider is depicted
in Fig. 6a. From this figure, one can easily see that the return loss (|
S11|) is better than 10 dB and the insertion losses (|Si1|) are around
10 ± 0.5 dB in the entire Ku-band, which is good enough for the 1–
8 way power divider.
To understand the phase behaviour at the terminals of the power
divider, the ports are numbered from P1 to P9 as shown in the inset
of Fig. 6a. The phases at ports P2 and P6 with respect to P1 are
plotted as shown in Fig. 6b. From this figure, we see that the
phases at Ports P2 and P6 are the same in the entire Ku-band. In
clarity of the graph. To visualise the power division, the magnitude
of the E-field is plotted on the structure at 15 GHz and shown in
the inset of this figure, from where one can see that the power is
diving equally to all ports and reaching the ports in the same phase.
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 Fig. 7  Effects of elements spacing on the performance of the antenna
Fig. 6  Performance of the 1–8 way power divider
array
(a) S-parameters along with magnitude of electric field distribution in the structure, (b)
(a) Effect on gain performance, (b) Effect on matching
Phase response of the power divider

3.2 Antenna array performance

The performance of the eight-element antenna array is optimised
for the element spacing (ar) parameter which influences the gain
and the side lobe level performance of the antenna. To study the
effects of elements spacing on the performance of the antenna, we
have simulated the array for three different values of element
spacing. The effect of spacing on gain is depicted in Fig. 7a, from
which we can see that the overall gain of the array is increasing
significantly for the spacing from 15 to 20 mm. However, there is
no significant improvement in the gain performance beyond 20 
mm. The effect of spacing on the impedance performance is shown
in Fig. 7b, from where we can see that the matching is poor for
element spacing of 15 mm and it is better for 20 mm. This
disturbance in the impedance matching is mainly due to the mutual
coupling effects between the elements.
In the final design, the element spacing is taken to be 21 mm
and the mutual coupling effect between the elements is studied. To Fig. 8  Mutual coupling between the elements in two obvious positions
study the mutual coupling effects, two single-element antennas are
fabricated and the mutual coupling is measured in the two obvious
arrangements, as shown in Fig. 8. From this figure, we can see that
the measured mutual coupling in the head-on position is better than
−15 dB, and in the parallel position it is better than −30 dB in the
entire operating band. Therefore, we see that the mutual coupling
performance is good enough to design an antenna array for the
selected parameters.
The 3D radiation patterns of the array for optimised data are
shown in Fig. 9 at three different frequencies 13.5, 15, and 16.5 
GHz. In this figure, the scaling of the magnitude is done in such a
way that the side lobe levels <10 dB at these frequencies are
visualised. From this figure, we see that the peak gain at 13.5, 15,
and 16.5 GHz are 16.55, 19.17, and 18.85 dBi, respectively, and
the main beams are oriented in the broadside direction in the Fig. 9  3D radiation patterns of the optimised antenna array at
operating band. The beam width in the yz-plane is relatively wide (a) 13.5 GHz, (b) 15 GHz and, (c) 16.5 GHz
as compared to the beam width in the xz-plane. This type of beam-

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Fig. 10  Fabricated antenna array
(a) Top view of the proposed antenna array, (b) Bottom view of the proposed antenna
array

Fig. 11  Measured and simulated S-parameters and gain responses of the
proposed antenna

width asymmetry is expected as the number of radiating elements

in the xz-plane is 4, while there are only two elements in the yz-
plane.

4 Fabrication and measurement Fig. 12  Measured and simulated radiation patterns
(a) H-plane at 13 GHz, (b) H-plane at 15 GHz, (C) H-plane at 16.5 GHz, (d) E-plane
A prototype of the proposed eight-element antenna array is
at 13 GHz, (e) E-plane at 15 GHz, (f) E-plane at 16.5 GHz
fabricated and measured using the optimised data to validate the
design concept. The top and bottom views of the fabricated antenna
array are shown in Fig. 10a and b, respectively. Due to the Table 1 Performance comparison with the literature
unavailability of 5-mm thick substrate, two dielectric rods of Ref. Feed Subs. No. of Lant BW Peak Main
thickness 2.5 mm are pasted together to achieve the required (ɛr) rad. (%) gain, beam
thickness. Fevi kwik adhesive is used to paste the rods together and elem. dBi dir.
at the feeding slots. [4] NRD 2.08 2 10.6λ0 1.4 20.5 90°
The measured and simulated return loss and gain data are [7] SIW 3.15 8 1.17λ0 40 16.5 90°
plotted in Fig. 11. From this figure, one can easily see that the 2.1
measured data are in fair agreement with the simulated data in the
3.38
operating band. The simulated return loss is better than 10 dB from
12 to 17.7 GHz, and the corresponding measured range is from [8] CPW 11.9 2 + 4 para. 1.65λ0 16 11 90°
11.4 to 17.1 GHz. Thus, the proposed antenna array is exhibiting 4 elem.
an ultra-wide impedance bandwidth performance which is similar [9] MS 2.08 16 2.13λ0 7.7 20.3 0°
to the single-element antenna performance. The simulated gain in 2.65
the broadside direction is from 15.5 to 19.2 dBi, and the [10] DW 2.53 4 4.75λ0 21 16.9 90°
corresponding measured gain is from 15 to 19 dBi in the operating
[this MS 6.45 8 1.25λ0 40 19.2 0°
band
work] 2.2
The simulated and measured radiation patterns of the proposed
antenna array at 13, 15, and 16.5 GHz are shown in Fig. 12. From MS: micro-strip, DW: dielectric waveguide.
this figure, we can see that the measured and simulated radiation
patterns in both the planes are in fair agreement and the beam
width in the H-plane (xz-plane) are narrower than the given in Table 1. From this table, we see that the impedance
corresponding E-plane (yz-plane) as expected in the design. The bandwidth is better than most of the designs listed in the table. The
cross-polarisation levels in the main beam direction are better than gain is also better than most of the designs, although the radiating
18 dB in operating band in both the planes. The simulated cross- rod length is only 1.25λ0. The design and fabrication of the
polarisation levels in the operating band in both the planes are proposed antenna are easiest among all of them presented in
better than 25 dB, which are not plotted for the clarity of the figure. Table 1.
The side lobe levels are comparatively higher in the upper part of
the operating band but are in an acceptable limit. 5 Conclusion
There are some differences in the measured and simulated data
in S-parameters, gain and radiation patterns which are mainly due A simple dielectric rod antenna fed by an MS line slot has been
to the lack of control over dielectric permittivity, adhesive used to proposed. The detailed study has been carried out to observe the
paste the rods together, and on the coupling slots manually. influence of the radiating rod length on the radiation
Finally, the performance of the proposed antenna is compared characteristics. It has been found that the gain of the antenna
with the existing similar types of structures in the literature and increases with the rod length; however, the fluctuation in the gain
and side lobe levels also increases. The antenna exhibits a typical
476 IET Microw. Antennas Propag., 2019, Vol. 13 Iss. 4, pp. 472-477
© The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2019
gain of 15 dBi for a rod length of 5λ0 with 40% gain fluctuation. To
minimise the gain fluctuation and to enhance the gain, an antenna
array of eight elements having rod lengths of only 1.25λ0 has been
proposed in the same frequency band (12–18 GHz). The measured
results show that the proposed antenna array exhibits ∼40%
impedance bandwidth and the peak gain in the operating band is
19 dBi with only 20% gain fluctuation having low side lobe levels
over the full operating band. The proposed dielectric rod antenna
array uses the simple planar feeding networks, which is easy to
design and fabricate. The proposed array can find potential
application in radar, remote sensing, imaging, point to point
wireless communication etc.
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