SELECTION

It is the process of selecting a right type of candidate out of all the

candidates who have applies for the job after fulfilling the requisite
qualifications.
A candidate has to pass through a number of stages, tests, interviews etc..
After selection a job is offered with some conditions.

PROCESS OF SELECTION

1) Job Analysis- clear and detailed understanding of the job is called job
analysis.
2) Advertisement- it attracts large number of eligible candidates. Mostly
given in newspapers or internet.
3) Application Form-Used to collect information on various aspects of
applicants. It contains following contents-
 Personal data- i.e address, phone no.
 Marital data-single or married
 Educational data - i.e. formal education
 Employment data-past experience, reason for leaving previous
job,etc.
 Extra curricular activities- i.e sports, hobbies
 References- name of two persons who certify an applicant to the
advertised position.
 Language known- i.e Hindi , English , Punjabi etc.
4) Initial Interview-
 An initial interview is planned by large organizations to cut the
cost of selection process.
 It helps in screening out unsuitable candidates.
 if candidate is suitable then a blank application form is given to be
filled by him/her.
5) Selection Tests- are called employment tests.Some commonly used are
 Intelligence Tests- Also called mental ability tests. ex- reading and
summarizing a paragraph.
 Aptitude Tests-to measure an individual capacity to learn the skill
required.
 Personality Tests- they are used in the selection of supervisors and
higher executives.
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candidates.
Recruitment
1. Searching candidates for vacant jobs
and making them apply for the same.
2. It attracts more and more

3.There is communication of vacancies

only.
4.It is a positive process.
5.It notifies vacancies through various
sources and distribute application
forms to candidates.

PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL/PERFORMANCE EVALUATION

terms of quality, cost, time etc)


Selection
Selecting right type of candidate and
offering them jobs.
It rejects unsuitable candidates and
picks up the most suitable
It follows recruitment and it leads to
contract of services.
It is a negative process.
It asks the candidate to pass through
number of stages tests, interviews, etc.

 It is used to measure the employee's performance.

 There is always difference between the quality and quantity of the same
work done by two different people.
 it is a method by which job performance of an employee is evaluated ( in

Methods of Performance Appraisal

a) Critical incident method-

 The manager writes down positive and negative performance behaviour of
employees throughout the performance period.
For Ex. on the same date the sales assistant patiently attends the customers
complaining and he solves problems politely (example of a good critical
incident)
  on the very same day if the assistant fails to answer the store manager's call
and he stayed more than his given break on the busiest part of the day.
( (example of a bad critical incident)
b) Weighted Checklist Method
 A checklist represents the employee and his behaviour.
 under this the value of each question weights equally.
 example-does the employee respect his superiors? yes/no
does he makes mistakes usually? yes/no
c) Essay Evaluation Method
 the manager is asked to write an essay on the employee expressing strong and
weak points of the employee's behaviour.
 For ex.-potential of the employee, employee's relationship with co-workers,
attitude of employee, employee understanding the company policies etc.
d) Graphic Rating Scale Method-
 Oldest method.
 A printed form is used to evaluate the performance of an employee
 A variety of traits are given in this form-most common are quantity and
quality of work.
e) Confidential Report-
 Is mostly used in government organizations.
 At the end of year , a report is prepared by the superior.
 it highlights the strength and weaknesses of the subordinate.
f) Performance Ranking Method-
 To assess the working performance of employees from the highest to lowest
level.
 In this manager makes comparison of an employee with the others.
g) Management by objectives-
 Manager of employees set a list of objectives to check the performance.
 it is based on the results achieved but not on the ways how the employee
achieved it.
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h) 360 Performance Appraisal-
 Modern method of performance appraisal.
 It is not based on the views of superior but also his sub-ordinates, co-
workers ,etc.
 Views regarding the employee are taken from his peer-groups, superiors, sub-
ordinates.

i) Behavioural Observation Scale

 to access the performance of workers during their working time on a regular
basis.
 mostly common in factories.
 MATERIAL AND STORE MANAGEMENT

 The material required for the production purposes are normally stored in
raw material warehouses.
 The aim of material management is to provide material with minimum
total cost.
 It is the planning and controlling those activities ,which are concerned
with materials.
 Advantages- a) Better co-ordination
b) Better performance
c) Better accountability
d) Better accounting

OBJECTIVES OF MATERIAL MANAGEMENT

 To keep sufficient materials to help perform production and sales

activities smoothly.
 To minimise investment in materials.
 To ensure continuous supply of materials.
 To reduce losses by theft and wastage.
 To make arrangements for sales of slow moving items.
 To minimize the production cost.
 To meet the production targets in time.
 To maximise profitability.
 Effective handling of materials.
 keeping inventory (raw materials) according to product demand.
 To maintain good relationship with the suppliers of materials.
 To bring good quality materials.
 FUNCTIONS OF MATERIAL MANAGEMENT

a) Material Planning-
includes-
o Preparing budget
o Scheduling the orders
o Forecasting of individual requirements
o Monitoring the performance.
b) Material Purchasing-
o It plays an important role in the success of business.
o It involves more than 50% of capital expenditure by the firm
o The different parameters of purchasing are-
i) purchasing items with right price.
ii) purchasing items with right quality.
iii) purchasing items with right time.
iv) purchasing items with right suppliers.
v) purchasing items with right quantity.
c) Stores Management-
o It is responsible for proper storage of the material and then issuing
it.
o Storekeeping is to keep proper record of all the materials ,
stationery, furniture, tools etc.
d) Inventory Control-
o consists of a list of goods and materials available in stock.
o "Too much" and "Too little" balanced materials are to be avoided.
o It is important in the production-oriented enterprises.
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 PURCHASING

It is getting goods and services at minimum costs from competent reliable

sources.

PURCHASING PROCEDURE
 JUST- IN- TIME (JIT)

 It is Japanese Management Philosophy practiced since the early 1970s in

many Japenese Manufacturing organization.
 It was first developed within the Toyota manufacturing plants by Taiichi
Ohno
 It is a philosophy rather than a technique-by eliminating all wastes and
seeking continuous improvement.
 It is a means of meeting consumer demands with minimum delays.
 Toyota realized this is only successful -
i. if every individual is involved and committed to it.
ii. if the plant and processes were arranged for maximum output and
efficiency.
iii. if quality and production programs were scheduled to meet
demands exactly.
 The Japanese work ethics involves-
1) workers are highly motivated to seek constant improvement.
2) Companies focus on group effort which involves combining of
talents and sharing knowledge, ideas and the achievement of a
common goal.
3) it is not unusual for a Japanese employee to work 14-hours a day.
4) Employees tend to remain with one company throughout the course
of career span.
 SEVEN WASTES

Waste of over-production
Waste of waiting
Waste of transporting
Waste of Inappropriate Processing
Waste of Stocks
Waste of excess motion
Waste of Defects

i. Waste of over-production-
 It refers to producing more than what is needed.
 over-production is considered as waste but it costs the company
money to produce it and it lowers the quality of the product if it
is not used.
 It can be eliminated by reducing the -set up time, timing
between processes and make only what is needed now.

ii. Waste of Waiting-

 It refers to waste of goods that are not moving.
 It can be reduced by eliminating bottle necks and balance
uneven loads by flexible manufacturing systems.

iii. Waste of Transportation-

 Many products are damaged or lost during transportation.
 It can be reduced by establishing layouts and locations that
reduce handling and shipping.

iv. Waste of Inappropriate Processing-

 Question regarding the reason for existence of all product and
why each product is necessary.

v. Waste of Stocks/Unnecessary Inventory-

  Excessive inventory is a direct result of overproduction and
waiting.
 it will lead to limited floor space and poor communication.

vi. Waste of excess motion-

 Steady motion and consistency to be maintained.

vii. Waste of Defects

 Defects in the manufacturing process are a tremendous cost to a
company.
 a minor defect can cost the company more than the entire
manufacturing cost to begin with.
 Develop production Process to prevent defects from products
being produced.

BENEFITS OF JIT
a) Product cost is greatly reduced.
b) Quality is much more improved because of continuous quality
improvement programme.
c) Employee who possess multiple skills are used more efficiently.
d) It provides better scheduling and work hour consistency.
e) Productivity improvement.
f) Administrative ease and simplicity.
 MARKETING AND SALES

Marketing is the process of identifying the need of the target

consumers and provide them products with exchange of some value.
Marketers are there to produce the goods and services and consumers are
there to consume the product providing some money in return.

MARKETING MANAGEMENT
Is the art and science of choosing target markets and getting, keeping
and growing customers through creating, delivering and
communicating superior customer value.

NECESSITY OF MARKETING MANAGEMENT

It promotes product awareness to public.
Helps to boost the product sales
It builds public reputation

MARKETING FUNCTIONS
A. Buying-
 It is an important function of marketing.
 This function includes what to buy, what quality ,how much,
from whom, when and at and at what price.
 It also comes up with the alternative products.
 Then based on their uses and benefits they purchase the one
that they think is the best.

B. Selling-
 it is the basic reason for the operation of business concerned that
more sales must be obtained at less cost.
 This function is expensive as it involves many activities like
creating demand, finding buyer, negotiating price and
transferring the title.

C. Financing-
 it involves use of capital to meet financial requirements.
 No person can think of conducting business without finance.
  Product distributing and consuming requires large funds and
banks and other financial institutions provides money for the
production and marketing of products.

D. Storage and Warehousing-

 it involves the utilization of substantial manpower and capital
resources.
 Storage products must be stored and protected until they are
needed.
 Warehouses are required to store the goods for adjustment of
supply to demand.
 This function is especially important for products like fruits
and vegetables.

E. Transportation-
 Goods are moved from places where they are produced to those
they are needed for consumption.
 It may include rail road, ship, airplane, truck etc.

F. Market Information-
 As the demand of various products in National and
International level has increased , the important of
information needed helps the business man to secure
information regarding quality of goods, method of packing,
prices of goods and procedure of distribution.
 Market information is given by television, net and phone.
 it enables the producers to carry out selling policies.

G. Risk Taking-
 Loss due to some unforeseen circumstances in future.
 The goods may be lost or damaged while transporting or
destroyed by flood, fire, storm, sea perils or change in
temperature.
 The businessmen think of minimizing the risks and shifting
them to other's shoulders like Insurance companies provide
coverage to protect producers and marketers from loses due
to fire, theft or natural disasters.
H. Grading and Standardizing-
 Standardization means establishment of certain standards or
specifications which may involve quantity (weight or size) or
it may involve quality(colour, shape, appearance, material, taste,
sweetness etc)
 Grading means classification of standardized products into
certain well defined classes or groups. For ex. if you are
purchasing US No.1 potatoes ,you know you are buying the
best potatoes in the market.
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MARKETING AND SELLING
Sno. Marketing Selling
1 Emphasise on human needs Emphasise on the product.
2 Starts with the buyer and Selling starts with the seller
focuses constantly on buyer's and is preoccupied all the time
need. with the seller's need.

3 Seeks to convert 'customer Seeks to convert Product into

needs' into products. "cash"
4 It is Profit Oriented. It is sales volume oriented.
5 Planning is long-run oriented. Planning is short-term
oriented.

6 Marketing includes many Selling is a part of Marketing.

activities like marketing
research, product planning,
pricing, promotion,
distribution, selling etc.
7 Analytical skills are required Conversational skills are
required.

ADVERTISEMENT
 It is the name given to the process of commercial promotion of
goods and services in order to increase its sales.
 It can be done by means of a number of mediums like television,
newspapers, wall paintings, magazines, internet, by word-of-
mouth and many other ways.
 Reasons for advertisement are-
i. Increasing the usage of a certain product.
ii. Creating new customers.
iii. To obtain feedback from customers.
iv. To indicate introduction of new products or replacement of
old ones.
 ADVERTISEMENT MEDIUMS

Print Media
 It is a process for reproducing text and image , typically
with ink on paper using a printing press.
 It is often carried out as a large scale industrial process .
 It includes newspapers, magazines, posters, brochures,
catalogs, yellow pages, etc.
TYPES OF PRINT MEDIA
1. Newspapers-
 We can choose from a daily newspaper or weekly
tabloid.
 One can select particular category of newspaper.
 Advertisers then design Press advertisements where
in size is decided as per the budget of client.
2. Magazines-
 Give a more specific target group to the client.
 Client may make a choice of the particular magazine
as per the product.
3. Newsletters-
 These target specific group of audience and give
information on the product.
4. Brochures-
 Give detailed information about the product.
5. Posters -
 Are forms of outdoor advertising.
 The message of the poster has to be brief and eye
catching as it targets a person on the move.
 ADVANTAGES OF PRINT MEDIA
 Many Print media like newspapers and magazines have a loyal
readership so this can be very useful for advertisers.
 Targeting a particular geographical area, where there is ease
through print media.
 Magazines are read for a period of a month , which brings
more attention to an advertisement.
 Advertisements through Brochure or leaflets can be done
depending upon the target audience. Brochure is in detail
and leaflet is helpful for a brief message.

DISADVANTAGES OF PRINT MEDIA

The cost incurred can sometimes be expensive.

The shelf life of any particular print medium is limited.
This medium may not always give the wide reach.
There is a limitation in terms of the kind of people who may
actually read the message.
You may have to plan months in advance to advertise in
print media. It does not offer the flexibility when you are faced
with a tight deadline.
Advertisements may get lost in all the clutter .
 ELECTRONIC MEDIA-
 It is defined as the means of communication characterised by
the use of technology.
 Eg.- radio, Television and Internet.
USES OF ELECTRONIC MEDIA
 Journalism- News
 Marketing- Advertising and Graphic Design
 Educational- Professional Training
 Entertainment- Television, Movies, Music
 Government- infrastructure and Military.

ADVANTAGES OF ELECTRONIC MEDIA

 Creativity
 Impact
 Coverage and cost effectiveness-can be accessed from
anywhere.
 Selectivity
 Attention

DISADVANTAGES OF ELECTRONIC MEDIA

o Short lived message
o clutter
o Limited attention by viewers
 MARKET SURVEY

 It is a technique to help minimize risks and increase the probability of

success.
 market is changing rapidly so it is becoming more complex and
competitive .

DURING A MARKET SURVEY , ONE NEEDS TO FOCUS ON

 Size of the market- in terms of volume and value

 Pattern of Demand- seasonal or fluctuating
 Buying habits
 Unique selling proposition
 Market structure
 Past and present trends

DON'TS OF CONDUCTING MARKET SURVEY

Do not prejudiced-must be open minded and confident

Do not be impatient or argumentative
Do not write while discussing- Make notes immediately after an
interview.
Don't interview without preparation and sequencing of questions is very
important.
Do not reveal privilege information to others.
Don't approach competitors but meet them as Potential clients to get best
results.

ADVANTAGES OF SURVEY METHOD

 Questioning is faster and cheaper

 Data is reliable
 Low cost
 Automation and real time access-respondents input their own data , and
it is automatically stored electronically
 Less time- rapid deployment and return times are possible with online
surveys
 Convenience of respondents - they can answer questions at their
desirable time or schedule.
 DISADVANTAGES OF SURVEY METHOD

 Unwillingness of respondents to provide information.

 Limited availability of respondents.
 Inability of respondents-Lack of knowledge and lapse of memory
 Human Biases of the respondents are there, for eg. - "Ego"

SALE PROMOTION

 Any step taken for increasing sales is known as sale promotion.

 it means providing information to consumers towards commodities
and services.
 It may include distribution of free samples, free gifts, exhibitions,
competitions.

SALES PROMOTION METHODS/ DEVICES

1. Price Discount/ Price Off deals-
 It is most commonly used product techniques.
 It means reduction in the price of the promoted product.

2. Price Pack Deals-

 Also called value packs:
 it is of two types-
1. Bonus Pack- an additional quantity of same product is
offered free when the standard size of the product is
purchased at regular price. eq-Bisleri get 20% extra free
2. Banded Pack- contains special pack of product
containing more quantity but the price is proportionally
low . this is done to increase consumption, for
introduction of new quantity. eq. Dove soap buy 3 get 1
free.
3. Refunds and Rebates-
 refund is the repayment of total money paid for purchase.
 Rebate means payment of only one part of the money paid for
the purchase.
 Refunds guarantees the trial of a service or product since no risk
involved for the customer.

4. Coupon-
  entitles the customer for specified saving on the purchase of a
specified product.
 coupons are widely used.
 they bear an expiry date and cannot be redeemed after the cut-off
date.
 advantages- encourage brand switching, stimulate trial of a
product, take off the attention from price.

5. Contests-
 can draw attention of a brand like no other sales.
 contests offer prizes based on skill or ability.
 winners are panelled by a panel of judges.
 it was very earlier used where people were asked to write a
slogan , poem or story like why they like the product.

6. Free Samples-
 sampling is a sales promotion technique
 it is particularly useful for new products, but should not be
produced for new products only.
 can be very useful for established brands with weak market in
specific geographic areas.

FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT

 It is the life blood of an organisation .it implies funds

necessary for carrying the activities of an organisation
 funds include-
Fixed Capital-required for purchasing fixed assets i.e plant,
machinery, equipments etc.
Working Capital-required for purchasing raw materials ,
payment of wages etc.

OBJECTIVES OF FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT

 i. Profit Maximization-
o it is the main objective.
o A business must earn profit to cover its costs.
ii. Wealth Maximisation-
o finance manager should follow a policy which increases the
earnings per share in the long run.
o every decision should be made on cost - benefit- analysis.
benefit should be more than cost
iii. To maintain liquid assets-
o firms should have adequate cash to meet the obligations at all the
times
iv. To build up reserves for growth and expansion
v. To increase maximum efficiency by efficient utilisation of finances.
 EVALUATION OF INVESTMENT PROPOSALS

 The most important basis of making an investment or capital

budgeting decision is to determine whether a particular capital
project will earn the desired rate of return.
 A number of methods for evaluating capital investment projects are
available.
 Most of these evaluate projects on one criteria besides profitability
such as its public image , market share , future growth, excellence in
quality

The commonly used methods are -

a) Net Present Value (NPV)

b) Internal Rate Of Interest (IRR)

NET PRESENT VALUE (NPV)

 It is a modern method of evaluating.
 This method takes in consideration the time value of money.
 It recognises a rupee earned today is worth more than the same
rupee tomorrow.
 The net present values of all inflows and outflows of cash
occurring during the entire life of the project is determined
separately for each year.
 The following are the necessary steps-
a) The first step is to determine the rate of discount. this
discount rate is the rate of return /Interest desired by the
firm on its investments.
b) Once this discount rate is determined - the present value
of rupee 1 due in any no of years can be found with the
use of following mathematical formula.

PV=1/ (1+ r)n

PV=Present Value

r= rate of interest/ rate of return

n= no. of years
 The present value for all the cash inflows for a number of years is thus
found as follows- (A1= Future net cash flow)

PV= A1 + A2 + A3 + .............. + An

(1 + r) (1 + r)2 (1 + r)3 (1 + r)n

c) The third step is to determine the present value of cash inflows

expected to be generated . In estimating the cash inflows,
depreciation is disregarded. All other direct and indirect expenses
are deducted from the total cash receipts

Thus cash inflows = Total revenue receipts - All cash expenses

d) The fourth and final step in capital project evaluation is to compare the
present value of cash outlays with the present value of cash outflows
.The difference is the NPV

IF NPV IS NEGATIVE , THE PROJECT RESULTS INTO A

FINANCIAL LOSS AND IF NPV IS POSITIVE , IT RESULTS
INTO FINANCIAL GAIN AND IF ITS ZERO IT IS NO PROFIT
NO LOSS SITUATION.

ADVANTAGES OF NPV

 It recognises time value of money

 it takes into consideration the objective eg maximum profitability.

DISADVANTAGES OF NPV

 It is more difficult to understand and operate.

 It may not give good results
 It is not easy to determine an appropriate discount rate.
 INTERNAL RATE OF INTEREST (IRR)
 Is the investors required rate of return at which present value of cash
outflows equals the present value of expected cash inflow.
 In other words, IRR is the rate at which the difference between initial
cash outlay and present value of inflows is zero.
 It is determined internally so it is called internal rate of return method.
 If investment outlay occurs only once and that too at time zero then IRR
is computed by this formula-

A0= A1 + A2 + A3 +............................................. + An

(1+ r)1 (1 + r)2 (1 + r)3 (1 + r)n

A= net cash flow

r= rate of discount =IRR

n= total no. of period during which cash flow is expected

ADVANTAGES OF IRR

 Like NPV Method, it takes into account the time value of money and can
be usefully applied in situations with even cash flow in different periods
of time
 it considers profitability of the project.
 it is better than NPV.
 It is considered as more reliable technique of capital budgeting.

DISADVANTAGES OF IRR

 It is difficult to understand
 The results of IRR and NPV may differ when the projects under
evaluation differ in their size, life and timings of cash flows.
 COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS

 It is done to determine how good or poorly, a planned action will turn out.
 it can be used for almost anything.
 This analysis relies on the addition of positive factors and the subtraction
of negative ones to determine a net result.
 In a cost benefit analysis make sure you include all the costs and all the
benefits and properly quantify them .
Example-
As a product manager, you want to propose a stamping machine for
your company .Before you can present the proposal you need to go to
Vice President , you know you may need some facts ,so you decide to do
a cost benefit analysis
With new machine you can produce 100 more units per hour. The
three workers can be replaced who are carrying out stamping. The units
will be of higher quality as they will be more uniform.
Cost to purchase the machine will consume some electricity.
Calculate the selling price of 100 additional units per hour multiplied
by the number of production hours per month.
Add monthly salaries of three workers . That's a good total benefit.
Then you calculate the cost of machine ,dividing the purchase price
by 12 months and divide that by the 10 years the machine would last.
The manufacture will tell you the consumption of power and you can
get power cost numbers (cost of electricity) and get a total cost figure.
Subtract your total cost figure from your total benefit value and your
analysis shows a good profit.
 INCOME TAX

 Definition- The direct tax which is paid by individuals to the Government of

India is known as Income Tax.
 It is imposed on our income.
 Most important source of income of the Government.

SALES TAX

 It is an indirect tax.
 it is levied at the time when sale or purchase of goods takes place.
 The dealer must deduct sales tax from bill and deposit it in govt. within a month or
quarter as applicable.
 Definition- The tax which is levied on sales of goods and services is known as
sales tax.

EXCISE DUTY

 Is the tax levied by the central govt. on the goods produced or manufactured in India.
 It is an important source of revenue to the government.
 It is an indirect tax like sales tax on producer/ manufacturer at factory level.
 The manufacturer passes this tax on the customer as a part of the price on the goods
sold by increasing the price of the goods.
 Definition - Excise duty is a tax on production of an item imposed by the central
govt. on the manufacturer or producer of a commodity.

CUSTOM DUTY

 It is a type of indirect tax imposed on goods imported into India as well as on goods
exported from India.
 Import of goods means bringing goods into India and export of goods means taking or
sending goods out of India.
 it is generally based on the value of goods or upon the weight , dimension or other
criteria of the item .
 It is the major source of revenue.
 The central govt. has emergency powers to increase import or export duties whenever
necessary after a notification in the session of Parliament.
 Definition- a tax levied on imports or exports by the custom authority of a
country to raise State revenue and to protect domestic industries from more
efficient competitors from abroad.
 PROVIDENT FUND
 It is for the benefit of employees who as it provides a sense of security to the industrial
workers.
 It mainly provides retirement benefits or old age benefits.
 Both employer and employee contribute a fixed percentage of his salary or wages.
 The Government passed an act in 1952 called Employees Provident Fund Act.
 This act is possible to factories and establishments which have been in existence for
atleast 3 years when the number of employees is 50 or more than 5 years when the
number of employees is from 20-50.
 It takes care of the following needs of the members-
a) Retirement
b) Housing
c) Medical Care
d) Education of children
e) Family obligation
f) Financing of Insurance Policies

MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT

 May be defined as scientific and systematic up keep of machines, equipment's and

other plant facilities.

OBJECTIVES OF MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT

 Minimizing the loss of productive time.

 Minimizing the loss due to production stoppages.
 The prime objective is to keep fit the plant item such as machinery ,equipment etc at
lowest possible cost.
 To minimize accidents in repair of safety device.
 To maximize the useful life of the equipment.

PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE

 The principle of preventive measure is 'Prevention is better than cure'.

 The primary goal is to avoid failure of equipment.
 This may be by preventing the failure before it actually occurs.
 Four aspects are very important- Inspection (I), Cleanliness(C), Lubrication (L)
and Routine Repairs (R)
 BENEFITS OF PREVENTIVE MEASURES

 Prevent problems before they occur.

 Ensure personnel safety.
 Lower overall maintenance cost.
 Improve system reliability.
 Extend the life of equipment.

TYPES OF PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE

a) Running Maintenance :
it can be performed while the item is in service. For example- lubrications of
moving parts.
b) Scheduled Maintenance:
is a procedure aimed at avoiding breakdowns. It incorporates inspections,
lubrication, repair which if neglected can result in break down. This practice is
followed for overhauling of machines, cleaning of water, white washing of
buildings etc.
c) Shut Down Maintenance-
This maintenance is performed during shut down period of plant when the
production system is not working. Shut down maintenance is performed generally
after 3-6 months.