1) According to literature published in 2018 by Rachana Vidhi and Prasanna Shrivastava from Harvard,

Industries will play a big role in implementing India’s vision of 100% EVs by 2030. While several new
industries will be created, several influential industries, such as oil and gas, will suffer. Transport
optimization algorithms, technology advancements and demand for lower battery prices will drive most
of the innovation while implementing mobility as a service. Industries for mining Lithium, and
manufacturing batteries will have to mature to ensure cheap supply of batteries. Electricity demand will
increase due to increased number of electric vehicles on the road. Right now petrol and diesel are
conveniently available at pumping stations, but in a country where power outages are common, electric
vehicle may be deemed an unreliable source of transportation. (1)

2) According to report published in Sept 2018 by NITI Aayog Council, ICE vehicles are a major contributor
to pollution in cities and their replacement with EVs will definitely improve air quality. If we assume that
each of these vehicles uses a little more than half a litre of petrol per day or about 200 litres per year,
the total amount of petrol used by such vehicles is about 34 billion litres. At ₹70 per litre, this would cost
about ₹2.4 lakh crores. Even if we assume that 50% of this is the cost of imported crude (as tax and
other may be 50%), one may save ₹1.2 lakh crores worth of imported oil. This would however require
innovations, a policy regime that encourages access to latest technologies and a concerted effort by the
Indian industry to achieve global competition through acquiring the necessary scale and using cutting
edge technology. (2)

3) According to newsletter published by Energy Efficiency Services Limited in April 2019,4 th Edition, the
e-cars procured by EESL are 5-Seater Sedans, that are powered by a lithium ion battery. They can travel
more than 130 Km1 in a single charge and have regenerative breaking. The largest advantage of e-cars is
that they have zero tailpipe emissions and produce almost no sound while running. The e-cars can be
charged by AC or DC chargers, as specified under Bharat Charging Standards. An AC charger charges e-
cars in 6-7 hours and charges 3 e-cars simultaneously while on other hand DC charger charges e-car in
90 minutes and charges 1 e-car at a time. The programme implementation began in the National Capital
Region but has now expanded beyond Delhi. The e-cars and chargers have been deployed in
government offices in Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, Haryana, Maharashtra,
Madhya Pradesh, Telangana and Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The e-cars provide multiple benefits to
the users and officers have expressed their delight at using the electric vehicles. (3)

4) According to journal published in Feb 2018 by Mohamed M, Dept. of Electrical and Electronics
Panimalar Engineering College Chennai, Battery prices have declined from $600 in 2012 to $250 in 2017
and are expected to fall to $100 by 2024 making it cheaper than capital cost of petrol vehicles. But on
the other hand availability of materials such as lithium, graphite, aluminum, cobalt are scarce and the
amount of these materials available may not be able to produce enough batteries to power the
expected amount of electric vehicles to be produced. The increasing demand for lithium around the
globe given its scarcity on the Earth’s surface will make it challenging to meet India’s EV requirement. (4)
References:

1) Rachana Vidhi and Prasanna Shrivastava, Harvard Extension School. Harvard University, Cambridge,
MA 02138, USA; Prs695@g.harvard.edu . Correspondence: rachana@mail.usf.edu. Published: 25
February 2018.

2) Zero Emission Vehicles(ZEVs):Towards a policy framework, Global Mobility Summit, September 7 &
8,2018, NITI Aayog Council.

3) Energy Efficiency Services Limited, published April 2019,4 th Edition, Ministry of Power.

4) Mohamed M, Dept. of Electrical and Electronics Panimalar Engineering College Chennai , published
in Feb 16, 2018.