g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df n]vg snfsf] pTklQ / ljsf;

ljifok|:yfg M
k"/fn]vg(Paleography) cGt{ut k|frLgsfndf k|rlnt lnlkx? n]vg sfo{df k|of]u
ul/g] pks/0fx? ,n]vg sfo{sf] pTklQ / ljsf; ;DalGw ;"Id cWoog ,ljZn]if0f
ul/G5 . n]vg sfo{sf] ;'?jft s;/L eof] < / sxfFaf6 eof] eGg] 7]6 cfwf/ xfdL;Fu
5}g ,ljleGg cWoog cg';Gwfgaf6 sl/ag\ sl/a O{zfk"j{ %))) cuf8L b]lv ePsf]
dflgG5 . n]vgsnfsf] ;Gbe{df bz{gzf:qx?n] cf–cfkm\gf dtx? cuf8L ;f/]sf 5g\ .
k"jL{o j}lbs 1fgn] n]vgsnfsf] ;'?jft ug]{ a|Dxf / o;sf] lj:tf/sdf ** xhf/
Clifd'lgx?nfO{ dfg]sf] 5 eg] kfZrfTo hut\n] ;[li6stf{ k/d]Zj/nfO{ dfg]sf] 5 .h]
h:tf] ljrf/x? bz{gn] cuf8L ;f/]klg n]vgsnf dfgj hLjg;Fu} pTklQ ePsf] xf]
eGg] s'/fdf b'O{ dt 5}g . d];f]kf]6fldog ;Eotf ,ld>L ;Eotf / ef/tLo k"jL{o
;Eotfdf ljleGg k|sf/af6 o;sf] ;"qkft eof] . d];f]kf]6fldogx?n] df6fsf
va6fx?df lrqfÍg ug]{ uy]{ eg] ld>Lx?n] cfkm"n] kfn]sf] e]8fx? uGg bfp/fsf
dl;gf lemFu6Lsf] / eF'O{df w;f{ agfP/ c1ft?kdf g} o;sf] ;'?jft u/] .k|fu}ltxfl;s
sfndf dfgj a;f]af; ePsf bfbf]{Ug] , cNtfld/f ,Sofl:6nf] ,SofG6f]lk|of ,chGtf
,Pnf]/fsf] u'kmfsf] cWoog ubf{ tTsfnLg dfgjn] lrqsf dfWodaf6 cfkm\gf dgsf
efjgfx? cleJolQm u/]sf] kfOG5 . t/ To; r/0faf6 cfh jt{dfg;Dd cfOk'Ubf
o;n] ljleGg cj:yfx? Kff/ u/]sf] 5 .
!_ e|'0f lnlk (Embryo Writing)
kfiff0fo'uLo cflb dfgjx?sf] lrqfTds ,k|tLsfTds lnlknfO{ k"jf{Eof;sf ?kdf
,k|f/lDes r/0fdf lng] xf] eg] e|'0f lnlk n]vgsnfsf ;'?jft xf] . o;sf] ljsf;
ld>df a9L dfqfdf ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 .
@_ lrqfTds jf d"lt{k"hfTds lnlk (Pictographic and Iconographic Writing)
dfgjdf qmlds ?kdf a9\b} uPsf] r]tgfsf] :t/;Fu} lnlkn] klg clncln ub{}
cu|udgtf ckgfpg yfNof] . cfkm\gf] af;:yfgdf d"lt{ agfP/ ;+s]t hgfpg] ,s'Fb]/
lrq agfpg] nufotsf sfdx? ldl>x?n] ug{ yfn] . ldl> ;Eotfsf] b]jb]jtfsf
dlGb/df ;+:s[lt / klxrfg emlNsg] lrqx? sf]g]{ rng ePsfn] To; ;dodf
dlGb/sf leQfx?df k|z:t lrqx? sf]l/Psf x'Gy] .
#_ ;f+s]lts lnlk (Ideographic Writing)
lrqs} dfWodaf6 cg]s yf]ssf] j0f{g ug{ Ps} rLhsf] ;f+s]lts k|of]uaf6 ;f+s]lts
lnlksf] ljsf; ePsf] xf] . jftfj/0f a'emfpg ?v, lbg/ft agfpg cw{rGb|;"o{ ,ufO{sf]
aufn a'emfpg Pp6f ufO{sf] k|of]u x'g yfNof] . o; lnlksf] ljsf; x'g' eg]sf]
dflg;sf] lqmofzLn a'l4sf] k|efj xf] h;n] ;dofjlwnfO{ clt Go"g ;dodf ;DkGg
u/fpg yfNof] .
$_ WjGofTds lnlk (Phonetic Writing)
lrq tyf ;+s]taf6 dfq} cleJolQmdf sl7gfO{ ePsfn] dfG5]n] s07Lo WjlgnfO{ k|of]u
ug{ yfNof] .pRrf/0fnfO{ dfWod agfP/ k|fs[lts :j/nfO{ klg lnlkdf hgfpg yfNof] .

ca g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df n]vgsnfsf] pTklQ / ljsf; x]g]{ xf] eg] ,g]kfnL hghLjgdf
leh]sf] lnlk k"0f{?kdf ef/tjif{sf] cfo{ ;dfhdf pTklQ ePsf] b]lvG5 . hd{g ljåfg
DofS; d"n/n] kfl0fgLsf] ci6fWofoLnfO{ Ozfk"j{ rf}yf}F ztfAbLsf] dfGb} Tof] eGbf k5L
g} ef/tdf lnlksf] ljsf; ePsf] xf] eGg] tYonfO{ clu ;f/]sf 5g\ . ef/tLo
ljåfgx?n] eg] j}lbssfn b]lv g} lxGb"x?n] n]Vg] sfo{ ;'? u/]sf] dfGb5g\ . kfl0fgLn]
lzjhLn] ahfPsf] 8d?af6 !$ j6f gfbx? l6k]/ l;ª\uf] Jofs/0fsf] l;h{gf u/]sf]
dflgG5 . oxL !$ gfb nfO{ Psh'6 u/]/ em+s[t ug{' eg]sf] æçÆ sf] pRrf/0f ug{' xf] .
oxL æçÆ nfO{ k"jL{o ;gftg j}lbs bz{gn] gfb a|Dxsf] ?kdf lnG5 . pko'{Qm
ts{dWo] h'g;'s} ;To /x] klg O{zfk"j{ @%)) jif{ cuf8L b]lv g} lxGb"x?n] n]vg sfo{
;'? u/]sf] s'/f csf6\o ;To xf] lsgeg] l;Gw'3f6Lsf] lrq lnlk o;sf] k|df0fsf] /kdf
/x]sf] 5 .
g]kfndf k|rngdf /x]sf lnlkx?
!_vf/f]li6 lnlk
vf/f]li6 lnlksf] pTklQ O{/fgL efiffsf] æv/kf]:tÆ eGg] zAbaf6 ePsf] xf] h;sf] cy{
vfn eGg] x'G5 . lrgL k/Dk/fdf eg] of] lnkLsf] cfljisf/ Clif vf/f]i7 x'g\ eGg] hg
ljZjf; 5 . xfd|f] g]kfndf of] lnlk lj:tf/} rLg / ef/tLo pQ/ klZrd If]qaf6
;~rfl/t xF'b} k|rngdf cfPsf] xf] . vf/f]li6 lnlk k|:t/lzNk , wft' lgld{t kq , efF8f
,l;Ssf , d"lt{ ,ef]hkq , tf8kqdf pknAw ePsf 5g\ . O{=k"= rf}yf] ztfAbLdf of]
dxfsfnL gbLsf] cf;kf;sf] If]qdf a9L k|rngdf cfPsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . t/ o;sf] d"n
pTklQ eg] O/fgdf ePsf] xf] . jt{dfg kmf/;L j0f{x? klg s]xL Go"g xb ;Dd o;;Fu
ldNbf]h'Nbf] 5g\ . of] lnlkdf k|To]s Jo~hg j0f{df æcÆsf] ljBdfgtf b]lvPsf] 5 .
;+oQm cIf/ ,bL3{ :j/ / :j/ dfqfsf] clt Go"g k|of]u o;df 5 . of] lnlk
Jofkf/Lx?sf] lnlk lyof] . ltAatLx?n] k|rng ug]{ of] lnlk a|fDxL lnlksf] ;dsfnLg
lnlk xf] .

@_ a|fDxL lnlk
a|fDxL lnlksf] pTklQ t];|f}F ztfAbLdf df}o{ j+zsf] zf;gsfndf a|fXd0fåf/f ePsf]
lyof] . a|fXd0fx?åf/f pTklQ / ljsf; ePsf] eP/ g} o; lnlksf] gfd g} a|fDxL lnlk
eof] . of] k"0f{?kdf ckf}?ifo]o j]b;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . af}4u|Gy ænlntlj:t/Æ, h}gu|Gy
æ;djfofË ;"qÆ / æk00ffa0ff ;"qÆ ,gf/b :d[lt cfbL dxTjk"0f{ u|Gydf a|fDxL lnlksf]
rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 eg] O{zfk"j{ t];|f] ztfAbLsf lznfkqx?df klg a|fDxL lnlk g}`sdf
klg a|fDxL lnlk g} pTsL0f{ 5g\ . of] lnlkn] k"/f Pl;ofnL If]q g} cf]u6]sf] 5 . of]
lnlkaf6 b]jgfu/L , blIf0f Pl;ofnL , blIf0fk"j{ Pl;ofnL ,ltAatL / sf]l/ofnL
nufotsf lnlksf] klg ljsf; ePsf] xf] . csf]{ nfcf] , yfO ,Oyf]lkofO{ lnlk klg
o;sf] kl/dflh{t :j?k xf] . a|fDxLaf6 ljsl;t oL lnlkx?df cfs[lt / pRrf/0fdf
;dfgtf b]lvG5 . ;a} eGbf k'/fgf] a|fDxL lnlk M czf]s :tDe -O{zfk"j{ @&#_df o;sf]
k|of]u ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . a|fDxL lnlk cfof{jt{ If]qsf] dxTjk"0f{ lnlk xf] h;n] g]kfn
,ef/t / o;sf cf;kf;sf If]qdf cfkm\gf] k|efj hdfPsf] 5 . of] lnlk afFofaf6 bfFof
tkm{ n]lvGYof] eg] o;df clws dfqfdf ;+o'Qm cIf/ ,Jo~hgdf dfqfsf] k|of]u x'GYof] .
of] lnlk j}lbs lzIffdf cfwfl/t 5 .
#_ lsF/ft lnlk
of] lnlksf] ljsf; ( cf}F ztfAbLdf lsF/ft g/]z lz/hª\ufaf6 ePsf] xf] . of] lnlk
l;lSsdaf6 pTklQ eP/ xfn a'9f;'Aaf cf;kf;sf If]qdf k|r'/ dfqfdf k|of]udf 5 .
oxL lsF/ft lnlk lsF/ft ;d'bfosf] wd{u|Gy d'Gw'ddf klg k|of]u ePsf] 5 . lsF/ft
lnlknfO{ rGb|k'lnË lnlk klg elgG5 . ltAatL lnlk / a|fDxL lnlksf] ;lDd>0f o;df
/x]sf] 5 . jt{dfgdf oxL lnlkaf6 lnDa' ,/fO{, n]Krf cflb h:tf hfthfltsf] lnlk
ag]sf] 5 . of] lnlk lsF/ftsfndf r/d?kdf k|of]u ePsf] lyof] .
$_ u'Kt lnlk
a|fDxL lnlk u'Ktx?sf] zf;gsfndf cfP/ lj:tf/} kl/dflh{t x'Fb} uof] / o;n]
u'Ktlnlksf] kl/ro kfof] . of] k"j{ lnlR5jL sfnLg lnlk xf] . lj=;+=sf] $cf}F ztfAbLsf]
pQ/fw{;Dd o;sf] k|of]u ePsf] dflgG5 . pbfxf/0fsf] ?kdf xfdLn] g]kfnsf] ;a}
eGbf k'/fgf] dfgb]]j k|yd -lj=;+=$((–%!)_sf] rfFu'gf/fo0fsf] lznfn]v -lj=;+ $((_
nfO{ lng ;lsG5 . of] lnlk k"j{ lnlR5jL sfnsf] z}lIfs lnlk lyof] .
%_ s'l6nf lnlk
pQ/ lnlR5jL sfn & cf}F ztfAbL b]lv !@ cf}F ztfAbL ;Dd sl/a %)) jif{ of] lnlkn]
cf]u6]sf] 5 . o; lnlknfO{ ef/tdf ljs6fIf/ elgG5 / sxLFsxLF l;4dft[sf lnlk klg
eGg] ul/G5 . c+z'jdf{ -O{=;+=^)%–^@!_n] o;nfO{ k|of]udf NofPsf] dflgG5 . of] a|fDxL
lnlksf] pRr sf]6Lsf] kl/dfh{g xf] . s'l6nf eGgfn] afª\uf] cyjf 3'dfp/f] eGg]
a'lemG5 . o;sf] k|efj ltAat, rLg , d+uf]lnof, hfkfg ,>Ln+sf ,e'6fgsf ljxf/ /
r}Todf a9L ePsf] 5 . pbfxf/0f :j?k xfdLn] /fhf g/]Gb| b]j -lj=;+=^#$–^&!_ /
hob]j låtLo -lj=;+=&)$–&$)_ sf] kz'kltsf] rf}lubf leqsf] lznfn]vnfO{ lng ;S5f}F
. t'ngfTds ?kdf u'Kt eGbf s'l6nf lnlksf] km}nfj6 cln ljzfn ?kdf b]lvG5 .

^_ dWosfnLg lnlk
g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df lj=;+=(#& b]lv !*@% ;dosf] ;dofjlwnfO{ dWosfn elgG5 .
dWosfnnfO{ @ v08df ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 Mk"j{ dWosfn / pQ/ dWosfn . k|frLg
sfndf a|fDxL b'O{ ?kdf ljeQm lyof] eg] ;dorqmsf] k|efj;Fu} dWosfndf em08} @
bh{g eGbf a9L lnlkx?sf] ljsf; eof] . tL dWo] s]xL tn ;+If]kdf j0f{g ul/Psf 5g\
.
c_ b]jgfu/L lnlk
g]kfnL ,lxGbL ,;+:s[t ,k|rlnt g]jf/L efiffsf] lnlk b]jgfu/L xf] . of] a|fDxL lnlksf]
t];|f] ?kdf s'l6nf /~hgf lnlksf] ;lDd>0faf6 ag]sf] lnlk xf] . of] lnlk b]jgfu/Ldf
ePsfn] b]jgfu/L jf b]jtfsf] lnlk ePsfn] b]jgfu/L lnlk /x]sf] cg'dfg 5 . o;sf]
n]vfOsf] ;Gbe{df a9fpFb} nluPsfn] o;nfO{ gGbLgfu/L lnlk klg elgG5 . gjf}F
ztfAbL b]lv kGw|f}F ztfAbL ;Ddsf] cjlwnfO{ k|frLg b]jgfu/L lnlk / ;qf}F ztfAbL
b]lv xfn;Dd b]jgfu/L lnlk ul/ of] lnlk @ v08df afFl8Psf] 5 .
s_ e'lh+df]n÷dlIfd'08 lnlk
g]jf/Ldf e'lh+ eg]]sf] dfvf]÷lemFuf / df]n eg]sf] 6fpsf] ePsf] xf] . o; lnlksf
cIf/x? lemFufsf] 6fpsf] h:t} zLif{o'Qm ePsfn] o;nfO{ e'lh+df]n lnlk elgof] .
;+:s[tdf o;nfO{ dlIfd'08 lnlk klg elgG5 .
v_ uf]ndf]n÷uf]nd'08 lnlk
Tolt w]/} k|rngdf gcfPsf] t/ zLiff{s[lt c+lst eO{ uf]nfsf/ cIf/x? ePsfn]
o;nfO{ uf]ndf]n lnlk elgof] . o;nfO{ ;+:s[tdf uf]nd'08 lnlk elgG5 .
u_ lnGt'df]n÷gtd'08 lnlk
of] lnlkdf zLif{/]vf tn kmls{Psf] / cIf/x? jqm k|s[ltsf x'g] ePsfn] o; lnlknfO{
lnGt'df]n elgG5 .wc . ;+:s[tn] o;nfO{ gtd'08 lnlk eg]/ lrgfPsf] 5 .
3_ Sj+o\df]n÷Sj]df]ns ÷k/fd'08 lnlk
o; lnlkdf ;a}1 zL{if/]vfx? tnlt/ kms]{sf x'G5g\ . o;nfO{ To;}n] k/fd'08 lnlk
elgG5 .
ª_ s'df]n÷sf]0fd'08 lnlk
zLif{lrXg sf]0ffsf/ ePsfn] o;nfO{ sf]0fd'08 elgG5 . of] lnlk vf;} k|rngdf
gePsf] xfdLn] hfGg ;S5f}F .
r_ lxdf]n÷j]li6td'08 lnlk
zL/fs[lt a6fl/P/ afª\uf] cIf/ x'g] lnlknfO{ j]li6td'08 lnlk elgG5 . of] lnlk klg
clncln dfq k|rngdf cfP/ xfn n'Kt cj:yfdf 5 .
5_ kf+r'df]n÷;dd'08 lnlk
;f]emf] lsl;dn] l;wf l;wf n]lvg] cIf/x?nfO{ kf+r'df]n lnlk elgG5 .of] lnlk
jt{dfgdf k|rngdf g} 5}g .
o;sf cltl/Qm dWosfndf d}lynL, a+ufnL, zf/bf ,pTsn ,tldn ,u'h/ftL cfbL
lnlkx? k|rngdf cfPsf lyP . k|frLgsfndf lnlk c+lst ug{ lznfsf] k|of]u ul/
lznfn]v jf lznfkq ,tfd|kq ,ef]hkq ,/hf]kq ,tf8kq, sfuh cflbsf] k|of]u x'GYof] .
lnR5jLsfndf ;+:s[t a9L dfqfdf k|of]u x'GYof] eg] dWosfndf g]jf/L a9L dfqfdf
k|of]u x'GYof] . o;sf ;fy} ;+:s[t ,g]kfnL ,d}lynLsf cltl/Qm ef/tLo efiffsf] klg
k|of]u ul/ n]vgdf snfTdstfsf] k|of]un] ubf{ b]jgfu/L lnlkaf6 /~hgf ,e'lh+df]n
,uf]ndf]n ,lnGt'df]n cfbL h:tf gofF lnlksf] hGd ePsf] lyof] .
cf_ ;KtfIf/L s'6fIf/
af}4 wd{sf] ah|ofg ;Dk|bfodf /x:ojfbsf] k|fb'ef{j eP kl5 cfkm\gf] cf/fWob]j /
;fwgfdGqnfO{ uf]Ko /fVg dGqsf cIf/x?nfO{ Pp6} cIf/sf] cfsf/ k|sf/df n]Vg]
rng ;'? ePkl5 o:tf] n]vgnfO{ ;KtfIf/L s'6fIf/L eGg] gfd lbO{of] . /x:odo
tl/sfn] n]lvg] ;ft cIf/x? æx ,If ,d ,n ,j ,/ ,oÆ x'g\ h;nfO{ ah|ofg ;Dk|bfosf
u|Gyx?n] sfnrqm Pjd\ of]ufDa/sf] cfTdf ;d]t eGg] u/]sf 5g\ .
O_ g]jf/L lnlk
dWosfnsf clwsf+z g]jf/L efiff / ;flxTosf lstfax? g]jf/L lnlkdf g} n]lvPsf
5g\ .of] lnlk k|frLg g]jf/L / k|rlnt g]jf/L ul/ @ efudf afFl8Psf] 5 . k|frLg g]jf/L
lnlk lnlR5jLsfn b]lv g} ;'? ePsf] lyof] eg] k|rlnt g]jf/L lnlk rf}wf}F ztfAbL b]lv
xfn ;Dd klg k|of]udf 5 .
O{_ ltAatL lnlk
kfFrf} jf 5}7f}F ztfAbL lt/ ltAatsf /fhfn] cfkm\gf] wd{ / ;+:s[lt k|rf/ ug{ g]kfnL /
ef/tdf k|rlnt lnlkx?nfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ lnlk ljsf; u/]sf lyP . ltAatL / g]kfnL
af}4 ljåfgx? cfjthfjt ug]{ qmddf o; lnlk g]kfndf lznfkq / x:tlnlvt
u|Gyx?df b]lvPsf] 5 .
p_ /~hgf lnlk
g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df P3f/f}F ztfAbL b]lv kGw|f}F ztfAbL ;Dd ljz]if ?kdf / To;kl5
c7f/f}F ztfAbL b]lv kmf6km'6?kdf k|rlnt /~hgf lnlk /+ufP/ jf snfTds kf/fn]
a'§]bf/ agfP/ cfsif{s 9Ën] obfsbf ;'g / rfFbLsf] w'nf] ldl>t d;Ln] rxlsnf]
agfO{ n]lvGYof] . /~hgf eGgfn] /+ufpg' , /dfpg' ,cfsif{s agfpg' eGg] ePsf] / oL
cIf/ o:t}6 cfsif{s ePsfn] o;sf] gfd /~hgf lnlk /Xof] . of] lnlk g]kfnsf
cltl/Qm rLg ,hfkfg ,ltAat ,cflb dxfofg af}4 wd{ dfGg] b]zdf ;d]t k|rlnt lyof]
.

efiff / lnlk Ps csf{df cGt{;DalGwt x'G5g\ . oL lnlk t d'VotM g]kfnL ;dfhdf

a9L dfqfdf k|rngdf ePsf jf /x]sf lnlk dfq x'g\ . oL lnlk h:t} cGo slt
lnlkx? g]kfnL s'gfsGb/fdf l;lh{P / sltdfqfdf nf]k ePsf 5g\ / xF'b} u/]sf 5g\ .
g]kfnsf] Olt hp ehpq89o;sf] vf]h cg';Gwfgdf ;DalGwt lgsfosf] Wofg hfg
h?/L 5 .