approximately 0.125-inch thick and are extremely dense.

The third layer is almost 0.5-inch thick and appears to be

highly porous, while the internal layer is about 0.75-inch
thick and is almost crystalline in gross appearance. The
general orientation of the two inner layers is perpendicular
to the pipewall and the fluid flow. Color variations between
the layers indicate variations in impurities or occlusions at
the time of the deposition.
Figure 1.1f is a sample of barium sulfate scale from a surface line in an oil field
in southern Oklahoma. This deposit
is extremely dense and is characterized by two distinct
layers. The layer next to the pipe wall is dense and does not
appear to have any porosity. The top layer has some porosity as exhibited by
elongated holes that run perpendicular to
the pipe wall.
Figure 1 . 1 ~ .Complex silicate scale from steam generator,
California.
Figure 1.lg is a sample of calcium carbonate scale from a
4.5-inch line out of a Frasch process operation used to mine
sulfur. Hot water is used in this process and one of the main
problems is scale deposition. This sample also shows banding. The first small layer
adjacent to the pipe wall is composed of some iron oxide along with the calcium
carbonate.
The next layer is about 0.375-inch thick and is almost a pure
white calcium carbonate. The third layer is a little over 0.25-
inch thick and is made up of a series of very thin
alternating bands of iron oxide and calcium carbonate
deposits. The inner layer is extremely thin and is covered
with an outer layer of almost pure iron oxide. The entire
deposit is quite dense and the protective layers of iron oxide
make this kind of deposit react more slowly with acids used
to remove them