Origins and Insertions

• The origin is typically found on the

less moveable bone
• The insertion is typically found on the
more moveable bone

• Ultimately depends on the type of

motion being performed

• For this class, don’t worry about

which one is the origin and which one
is the insertion – I won’t try to trick
you.
Marieb, Fig 6.12
 Agonists and Antagonists
• Agonists are muscles that have the same action
• Antagonists are muscles that have the opposite action

http://shywmobile.com/2014/11/01/how-agonist-antagonist-muscles-work-yoga/
 Masseter
• Origin: Zygomatic Arch

• Insertion: Mandibular
Ramus/Angle

• Innervation: Trigeminal
Nerve (CN V)

• Function: Jaw elevation

https://44wj5q2j6wo23s4mp6owjohh-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-
content/uploads/2014/09/masseter-muscle.jpg
 Temporalis
• Origin: Parietal, Frontal,
Sphenoid, and Temporal Bones

• Insertion: Coronoid Process of

Mandible

• Innervation: Trigeminal Nerve

(CN V)

• Function: Jaw elevation

 Sternocleidomastoid
• Origin: Manubrium and
Medial Clavicle

• Insertion: Mastoid Process of

Temporal Bone

• Innervation: Spinal Accessory

Nerve (CN XI)

• Function: Contralateral
cervical rotation, ipsilateral
cervical sidebending, cervical
flexion if contracted bilaterally.
https://www.howtorelief.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Sternocleidomastoid.jpg
 Scalenes
• Origin: Transverse Process of
Cervical Vertebrae

• Insertion: 1st rib (Anterior and

Middle Scalenes) and 2nd rib
(Posterior Scalene)

• Innervation:

• Function: Cervical sidebending, can

also elevate 1st two ribs if spine is
fixed
https://www.physio-pedia.com/Scalene
 Erector Spinae
• Origin: Common Tendon (Lower Thoracic and
Lumbar Vertebrae, Sacrum, PSIS) S–L–I
• Insertion:
Spinalis: Spinous Process of T1-T8, C2, and
Occipital Bone
Longissimus: Transverse Process of C2 – T12 and
Mastoid Process
Iliocostalis: Angle of the Rib and Transverse
Process of Cervical Vertebrae

• Innervation:

• Function: Lateral flexion of the trunk/neck,

extension of the trunk/neck if contracted
bilaterally
 Rectus Abdominis
• Origin: Pubic Symphysis

• Insertion: Xiphoid Process and Costal

Cartilage of Ribs 5-7

• Innervation:

• Function: Trunk Flexion

https://www.123rf.com/photo_58756495_stock-illustration-rectus-abdominis-abdominal-muscles-anatomy-
muscles-isolated-on-white-3d-illustration.html
 External Obliques
• Origin: Ribs 5-12

• Insertion: Anterior Iliac Crest, Pubic

Symphysis, and Linea Alba

• Innervation:

• Function: Contralateral trunk rotation, trunk

flexion

http://www.kingofthegym.com/image-files/external-obliques.jpg
 Internal Obliques
• Origin: Anterior 2/3 of Iliac Crest

• Insertion: Ribs 10-12 and Linea Alba

• Innervation:

• Function: Ipsilateral rotation, trunk flexion

http://www.kingofthegym.com/image-files/external-obliques.jpg
 Transversus Abdominis
• Origin: Iliac Crest, Costal Cartilage of Ribs 7-
10, and Thoracolumbar Fascia

• Insertion: Linea Alba

• Innervation:

• Function: Increase intraabdominal

pressure/stabilize the core

https://thumbor.kenhub.com/NhZzz-m-YwuRA_x37lg_1QoHL-
w=/260x260/filters:fill(FFFFFF,true):format(jpeg)/images/video/en/the-transversus-abdominis-
muscle/h6oTtGqs5RUSMWHZolKuA_Transversus_abdominis_muscle.png
Layering of the Abdominal
Muscles:

• External Obliques are most

superficial

• Rectus Abdominus and

Internal Obliques are in the
same layer

• Transversus Abdominus is the

deepest layer
 Trapezius
• Origin:
Occipital Bone, Spinous Processes of C7-T12

• Insertion:
Acromion, Lateral Spine of Scapula, Lateral
Clavicle

• Innervation:
Spinal Accessory Nerve (CN XI)

• Function:
• Upper Trapezius = Shoulder elevation,
cervical extension
• Middle Trapezius = Shoulder retraction
http://ee_ce_img.s3.amazonaws.com/cache/ce_img/media/remote/ce_i
mg/https_ee_channel_images.s3.amazonaws.com/article-
figures/22311/trapfig1_400_387.jpg

• Lower Trapezius = Downward rotation of

scapula (do not worry about)
 Deltoid
• Origin:
Acromion, Lateral Spine of the Scapula,
Lateral Clavicle

• Insertion:
Deltoid Tuberosity of Humerus

• Innervation:
Axillary Nerve

• Function:
• Anterior Deltoid: Shoulder flexion
• Middle Deltoid: Shoulder abduction
• Posterior Deltoid: Shoulder extension
http://www.innerbody.com/assets/Deltoid-Muscle%20(1).png
 Supraspinatus
• Origin:
Supraspinous Fossa of Scapula

• Insertion:
Greater Tubercle of Humerus

• Innervation:

• Function: Shoulder Abduction

http://www.kingofthegym.com/image-files/supraspinatus.jpg
 Infraspinatus
• Origin:
Infraspinous Fossa of Scapula

• Insertion:
Greater Tubercle of Humerus

• Innervation:

• Function: Shoulder external

rotation

http://groundupstrength.wdfiles.com/local--files/muscles%3Ainfraspinatus-muscle-location-actions-
trigger-points/infraspinatus-muscle.jpg
 Teres Minor
• Origin:
Upper 2/3 of Lateral Scapular
Border

• Insertion:
Greater Tubercle of Humerus

• Innervation:
Axillary Nerve

• Function: Shoulder external

rotation, shoulder extension https://thumbor.kenhub.com/GYETTbOFZ3EQW5YjTDQ_FmJFl3o=/260x260/filters:fill(FFFFF
F,true):format(jpeg)/images/video/en/teres-minor-
muscle/LJwsCqQ3pHLLpCTF9X8qA_Teres_minor.png
 Teres Major
• Origin:
Lower 1/3 of Lateral Scapular
Border and Inferior Angle of Scapula

• Insertion:
Medial Lip of Intertubercular
Groove

• Innervation:

• Function: Extension, Adduction, and

Internal Rotation of the Shoulder
https://i.ytimg.com/vi/1Z-A-Cqsw54/maxresdefault.jpg
 Subscapularis
• Origin:
Subscapular Fossa of Scapula

• Insertion:
Lesser Tubercle of Humerus

• Innervation:

• Function: Internal rotation and

adduction of the shoulder
https://www.howtorelief.com/subscapularis-muscle-origin-insertion-nerve-supply-action/
 The Rotator Cuff

• Consists of Supraspinatus,
Infraspinatus, Teres Minor,
and Subscapularis

• Cause most of the motion at

our shoulder and hold the
head of the humerus against
the shallow glenoid

https://www.sportsinjuryclinic.net/images/shoulder/shoulder_rotator_cuff474.jpg
 Latissimus Dorsi
• Origin: Thoracolumbar fascia, Spinous
Process of T7-L5

• Insertion: Intertubercular Groove of

Humerus

• Innervation:

• Function: Extension, internal rotation,

and adduction of the shoulder
https://www.yoganatomy.com/latissimus-dorsi-muscle/
 Serratus Anterior
• Origin: Ribs 1-8

• Insertion: Anterior surface of

medial border of scapula

• Innervation: Long Thoracic Nerve

• Function: Holds the scapula

against the rib cage during
shoulder motions, guides
scapular motion
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-
qxPwRYoUnYk/UsCuoknem9I/AAAAAAAAAS4/6iWj0cEHI8c/s1600/serratus-
anterior1-13F737E61BE31A96863.jpg
 Pectoralis Major
• Origin: Medial 2/3 Clavicle,
Sternum, Ribs 1-6 costal cartilage

• Insertion: Lateral Lip of

Intertubercular Groove

• Innervation:

• Function: Horizontal adduction,

internal rotation, and adduction
at the shoulder
https://i.ytimg.com/vi/as9Ked5qhXw/maxresdefault.jpg
 Pectoralis Minor
• Origin: Ribs 3-5

• Insertion: Coracoid Process

• Innervation:

• Function: Shoulder
protraction

http://www.eastwestmassageboston.com/pectoralis-minor-treatment.html
 Biceps Brachii
• Origin: Supraglenoid tubercle of
scapula (long head) and coracoid
process of scapula (short head)

• Insertion: Radial Tuberosity and

Bicipital Aponeurosis

• Innervation: Musculocutaneous
Nerve

• Function: Shoulder flexion, elbow

flexion, forearm supination
https://18kxerroa80uqzne1b7qmoje-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-
content/uploads/2015/11/biceps-brachii.jpg
 Brachialis
• Origin: Shaft of humerus

• Insertion: Coronoid
process of ulna

• Innervation:
Musculocutaneous Nerve

• Function: Elbow flexion

https://18kxerroa80uqzne1b7qmoje-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-
content/uploads/2015/11/biceps-brachii.jpg
 Brachioradialis
• Origin: Lateral Supracondylar Ridge
of Humerus

• Insertion: Radius, just proximal to

radial styloid

• Innervation: Radial Nerve

• Function: Elbow flexion, especially

in handshake position
https://18kxerroa80uqzne1b7qmoje-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-
content/uploads/2015/11/biceps-brachii.jpg
 Triceps Brachii
• Origin: Infraglenoid Tubercle of
Scapula (Long Head) and
Posterior Shaft of Humerus
(Medial and Lateral Heads)

• Insertion: Olecranon of Ulna

• Innervation: Radial Nerve

• Function: Shoulder extension,

elbow extension
 Extensor Digitorum
• Origin: Lateral Epicondyle of
Humerus

• Insertion: Middle and Distal

Phalanges of Digits 2-5

• Innervation: Radial Nerve

• Function: Extension of the wrist,

MCP’s, PIP’s, and DIP’s
https://18kxerroa80uqzne1b7qmoje-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-
content/uploads/2015/11/supinator.jpg
 Flexor Digitorum Superficialis
• Origin: Medial Epicondyle of
Humerus, also Anterior Surface
of Radius and Ulna

• Insertion: Medial and Lateral

Aspects of Middle Phalange for
Digits 2-5

• Innervation: Median Nerve

• Function: Flexion of the elbow,

wrist, MCP’s, PIP’s, and DIP’s
https://18kxerroa80uqzne1b7qmoje-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-
content/uploads/2015/11/flexor-digitorum-superficialis.jpg
 Flexor Digitorum Profundus
• Origin: Proximal Ulna

• Insertion: Distal Phalanges 2-5

• Innervation: Median and Ulnar

Nerves

• Function: Flexion of the wrist,

MCP’s, PIP’s, and DIP’s

https://18kxerroa80uqzne1b7qmoje-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-
content/uploads/2016/04/FlexorDigitorumProfundus.jpg
 Pronator Teres
• Origin: Medial Epicondyle of
Humerus and Coronoid Process of
Ulna

• Insertion: Lateral Surface of the

Mid-Radius

• Innervation: Median Nerve

• Function: Forearm Pronation

https://18kxerroa80uqzne1b7qmoje-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-
content/uploads/2015/11/pronator-teres.jpg
 Flexor Carpi Radialis
• Origin: Medial Epicondyle of
Humerus

• Insertion: Base of 2nd Metacarpal

• Innervation: Median Nerve

• Function: Wrist flexion, radial

deviation

https://rad.washington.edu/muscle-atlas/flexor-carpi-radialis/
 Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
• Origin: Medial Epicondyle of
Humerus

• Insertion: Pisiform, Hook of

Hamate, 5th Metacarpal

• Innervation: Ulnar Nerve

• Function: Wrist flexion, ulnar

deviation

https://rad.washington.edu/muscle-atlas/flexor-carpi-radialis/
 Psoas Major
• Origin: Transverse Processes and
Vertebral Bodies of T12-L5

• Insertion: Lesser Trochanter of

Femur (Joins with Iliacus Tendon)

• Innervation:

• Function: Hip flexion

https://i.ytimg.com/vi/cHWjpQ06-cE/maxresdefault.jpg
 Iliacus
• Origin: Iliac Fossa of Ilium

• Insertion: Lesser Trochanter of

Femur (joins with Psoas Major
tendon)

• Innervation: Femoral Nerve

• Function: Hip Flexion

https://i.ytimg.com/vi/cHWjpQ06-cE/maxresdefault.jpg
 Gluteus Maximus
• Origin: Posterior 1/3 of the Iliac
Crest, Posterior Sacrum

• Insertion: Gluteal Tuberosity of

Femur and Iliotibial Tract (IT Band)

• Innervation:

• Function: Hip Extension, Hip

External Rotation

https://i.ytimg.com/vi/tA-goIvoAcw/maxresdefault.jpg
 Gluteus Medius
• Origin: Gluteal Surface of the Ilium
(just below the iliac crest)

• Insertion: Lateral Greater

Trochanter

• Innervation:

• Function: Hip Abduction

https://i.ytimg.com/vi/jmwLJ1OQKJM/maxresdefault.jpg
 Gluteus Minimus
• Origin: Lateral Surface of Ilium

• Insertion: Medial Greater

Trochanter

• Innervation:

• Function: Hip Abduction

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=irU6Qmtw99I
 Tensor Fascia Lata

• Origin: Anterior Superior Iliac Spine

(ASIS), Anterior Iliac Crest

• Insertion: Iliotibial (IT) Band

• Innervation:

• Function: Flexion, Abduction, and

Internal Rotation of the hip

https://khohealth.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/tensor-fascia-lata-muscle-
iliotibial-band-syndrome-it-band-stretchs-exercises-treatment-
e1535280933155.jpg
 Sartorius

• Origin: Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (ASIS)

• Insertion: Superior Medial Tibia

• Innervation: Femoral Nerve

• Function: Flexion, Abduction, and External

Rotation of the Hip
Also knee flexion
 Adductor Magnus

• Origin: Ischial Tuberosity, Inferior Pubic Ramus

• Insertion: Linea Aspera of Femur, Adductor

Tubercle of Femur

• Innervation: Obturator Nerve and Sciatic Nerve

• Function: Adduction and Extension of the Hip

https://i.pinimg.com/originals/f9/53/bd/f953bd16d203246c657c060d59974848.
png
 Rectus Femoris
• Origin: Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine
(AIIS)

• Insertion: Superior Patella

• Innervation: Femoral Nerve

• Function: Hip Flexion and Knee

Extension

https://c8.alamy.com/compde/actj5y/rectus-femoris-actj5y.jpg
 Biceps Femoris

• Origin: Ischial Tuberosity (long head), Linea

Aspera (short head)

• Insertion: Head of the fibula

• Innervation: Sciatic Nerve

• Function: Hip Extension and Knee Flexion

https://quizlet.com/69569201/muscles-of-the-posterior-thigh-flash-cards/
 Semitendinosus

• Origin: Ischial Tuberosity

• Insertion: Upper Medial Tibial Shaft

• Innervation: Sciatic Nerve

• Function: Hip Extension and Knee Flexion

https://www.teachpe.com/images/muscles/kneejoint/semitendinosus300.jpg
 Semimembranosus

• Origin: Ischial Tuberosity

• Insertion: Posterior Medial Tibial

Condyle

• Innervation: Sciatic Nerve

• Function: Hip Extension and Knee

Flexion
https://www.teachpe.com/images/muscles/kneejoint/semimebranosus300.jpg
 Vastus Lateralis

• Origin: Anterior Greater Trochanter and

Lateral Lip of Linea Aspera (wraps
around)

• Insertion: Superior Patella

• Innervation: Femoral Nerve

• Function: Knee Extension

https://www.teachpe.com/images/muscles/kneejoint/vastus-lateralis300.jpg
 Vastus Intermedius

• Origin: Anterior and Lateral Femoral

Shaft

• Insertion: Superior Patella

• Innervation: Femoral Nerve

• Function: Knee Extension

https://www.teachpe.com/images/muscles/kneejoint/vastus-lateralis300.jpg
 Vastus Medialis

• Origin: Intertrochanteric Line and Medial

Lip of the Linea Aspera (wraps around)

• Insertion: Superior Patella

• Innervation: Femoral Nerve

• Function: Knee Extension

https://www.teachpe.com/images/muscles/kneejoint/vastus-lateralis300.jpg
Quadriceps Muscle Group
 Gastrocnemius

• Origin: Poster Medial and Lateral Femoral

Condyles

• Insertion: Calcaneus via Achilles Tendon

• Innervation: Tibial Nerve

• Function: Ankle Plantarflexion and Knee

Flexion
https://rad.washington.edu/muscle-atlas/gastrocnemius/
 Soleus

• Origin: Poster Tibia and Fibula

• Insertion: Calcaneus via Achilles Tendon

• Innervation: Tibial Nerve

• Function: Ankle Plantarflexion

https://rad.washington.edu/muscle-atlas/soleus/
 Fibularis Longus
• Origin: Superior Lateral Fibula

• Insertion: Plantar Aspect of Medial Cuneiform

Bone and Plantar Aspect of Base of 1st Metatarsal

*The tendon runs posterior to the lateral

malleolus and underneath the foot

• Innervation: Superficial Fibular Nerve

• Function: Ankle Plantarflexion and Foot Eversion

https://rad.washington.edu/muscle-atlas/peroneus-
longus/
 Extensor Digitorum Longus
• Origin: Anterior Lateral Tibial Condyle and
Upper Anterior Fibula

• Insertion: Middle and Distal Phalanges of

Digits 2-5

• Innervation: Deep Fibular Nerve

• Function: Ankle Dorsiflexion and Extension of

the MTP’s, PIP’s, and DIP’s for digits 2-5
https://anatomy.elpaso.ttuhsc.edu/images/muscles/fle
xor-digitorum-longus.jpg
 Tibialis Anterior
• Origin: Anterior Lateral Tibial Condyle, Upper
2/3 of Anterior Tibia

• Insertion: Medial Aspect of Medial Cuneiform

Bone and Medial Aspect of Base of 1st
Metatarsal

• Innervation: Deep Fibular Nerve

• Function: Ankle Dorsiflexion, Foot Inversion

https://rad.washington.edu/muscle-atlas/tibialis-
anterior/