GROUND AND SURFACE

WATER POLLUTION AND

SOLID WASTE
Taken from
Environmental Planning and Management
by David H.F. Liu
Chapter 9 Groundwater and Surface Water Pollution Reporter
9.1 – 9.5 Principles of Groundwater Flow Vinc Renan
Macalindong
9.6 – 9.10 Hydraulics of Wells Alberto Dorupa
9.11 – 9.13 Principles of Groundwater Contamination
Corazon Agpasa
9.14 – 9.15 Groundwater Investigation and Monitoring
9.16 – 9.18 Groundwater Cleanup and Remediation
Tyrone John Rafol
9.19 – 9.23 Storm Water Pollutant Management

Chapter 10 Solid Waste Reporter

10.1 - 10.2 Source and Effect
Kennedy Incomio
10.3 - 10.5 Charcterization
10.6 – 10.5 Resource Conservation and Recovery
Pedvil Dueñas
10.6 – 10.14 Treatment and Disposal
Vinc Renan Macalindong
 GROUNDWATER is that
portion of subsurface
water which occupies
the part of the ground
that is fully saturated
and flows into a hole
under pressure greater
than atmospheric
pressure.
 vadose zone or zone of aeration is the zone between the
ground surface and the top of groundwater. This zone
contains water which is held to the soil particles by capillary
force and forces of cohesion and adhesion.
 The groundwater table, sometimes called the free or phreatic
surface, is free to rise or fall
 Groundwater is contained in geological formations, called
aquifers, which are sufficiently permeable to transmit and
yield water. Sands and gravels, which are found in alluvial
deposits, dunes, coastal plains, and glacial deposits, are the
most common aquifer materials
 confined aquifer is a layer of water-bearing
material overlayed by a relatively impervious
material.
 If the confining layer is essentially impermeable,
it is called an aquiclude.
 If it is permeable enough to transmit water
vertically from or to the confined aquifer, but not
in a horizontal direction, it is called an aquitard.
 An aquifer bound by one or two aquitards is
called a leaky or semiconfined aquifer.
 An unconfined aquifer is a layer of water-bearing
material without a confining layer at the top of
the groundwate
 POROSITY (n)—A measure of the amount of pores in the
material expressed as the ratio of the volume of voids (Vv)
to the total volume (V). For sandy soils n = 0.3 to 0.5; for
clay n > 0.5.
𝑉𝑉
n=
𝑉

 VOID RATIO (e)—The ratio between Vv and the volume of

solids.
𝑉 𝑛
e= 𝑉 relationship to porosity ; 𝑒 =
𝑉𝑆 (1−𝑛)

 WATER CONTENT (ω)—The ratio of the amount of water in

weight (WW) to the weight of solids (WS.
𝑊𝑊
ω=
𝑊𝑆
 DEGREE OF SATURATION (S)—The ratio of the volume of water
in the void space (VW) to Vv. S varies between 0 for dry soil
and 1 (100%) for saturated soil.
𝑉𝑤
𝑠 = (100)
𝑉𝑣
 COEFFICIENT OF COMPRESSIBILITY (α)—The ratio of the
change in soil sample height (h) or volume (V) to the change
in applied pressure (sv).
 The density of a material is defined as the
mass per unit volume. The density (ρ) of
water varies with temperature, pressure, and
the concentration of dissolved materials and
is about 1000 kg/m3 . Multiplying ρ by the
acceleration of gravity (g) gives the specific
weight (γ) as γ = ρg. For water, γ = 9.8 kN/m
 DYNAMIC VISCOSITY (µ)—The ratio of shear
stress in x direction, acting on an x–y plane
to velocity gradient.
µ𝑑𝑣𝑥
τ=
𝑑𝑦
FOR WEATER µ= 1023 kg/m * s.

 KINEMATIC VISCOSITY (ν)—Related to µ:

µ
ν=
ρ
Its value is about 1026 𝑚2 /s for water
 COMPRESSIBILITY (β)—The ratio of change in
density caused by change in pressure to the
original density.
 The specific retention is then the amount of
water retained against the force of gravity
compared to the total volume of the soil
when the water from the pore spaces of an
unconfined aquifer is drained and the
groundwater table is lowered.
 Hydraulic conductivity, analogous to electric or thermal
conductivity, is a physical measure of how readily an aquifer
material (soil) transmits water through it. Mathematically, it is
the proportionality between the rate of flow and the energy
gradient causing that flow as expressed in the following
equation.
 Transmissivity is the physical measure of the
ability of an aquifer of a known dimension to
transmit water through it. In an aquifer of
uniform thickness d, the transmissivity T is
expressed as
 Storativity, also known as the coefficient of storage or specific
yield, is the volume of water yielded or released per } d ^ n
m51 }K dm m } unit horizontal area per unit drop of the water
table in an unconfined aquifer or per unit drop of the
piezometric surface in a confined aquifer. Storativity S is
expressed as