Ores and Minerals

❑ What are Ores?

Ores are depositions in the earth’s crust of one or more valuable
minerals.
For example: Aluminium is usually found in the Ore called Bauxite.
❑ Iron Ore is the 2nd most abundant metal on earth.
❑ Most valuable Ore deposits contain metals like- Copper, Gold,
Iron.
❑ What are minerals?
Minerals are naturally occurring substances which provide us with
several materials such as metals.
Examples: Iron, Copper, Aluminium, Gold, Silver, Mica,
Limestone, Diamonds etc.
❑ They are non-renewable resources.
 INDIA’S GLOBAL POSITION IN MINERAL PRODUCTION
❑
S.NO. MINERAL GLOBAL RANK
1 COAL 3

2 CHROMITE 3

3 IRON ORE 4

4 BAUXITE 6

5 MANGANESE ORE 5
DEVELOPMENTS OVER THE YEARS:

Mineral base which was 20 at the time of independence has

grown to 64 comprising of 4 fuels, 11 metallic and 49 non-
metallic minerals.

In 1947 only few minerals were exported, mostly in raw form

as extracted from mines; but today export of mineral based
products constitute around 20% of all merchandise export
from India.
Since1993, MNCs are attracted for investments in
mineral exploration and mining in Indian market, due to
the launch of LPG policy in the year 1991.

Exports of minerals in India increased to 15.88 INR

Billion in September from 11.80 INR Billion in August
of 2016.
State-wise production of minerals
S.NO. STATES MINERALS
1 ODISHA MANGANESE
2 ODISHA IRON ORE
3 RAJSATHAN LEAD & ZINC
4 ANDHRA PRADESH LIMESTONE
5 RAJASTHAN CALCITE (SOURCE OF MARBLE)
6 ANDHRA PRADESH MICA
7 MADHYA PRADESH DIAMOND
8 MADHYA PRADESH COPPER ORE
9 KARNATKA GOLD
10 ASSAM NATURAL GAS
11 KARNATKA ALUMINIUM
CORUNDUM (SOURCE OF
12 MAHARASHTRA RUBY, SAPPHAIR)
Country-wise production of minerals
S.NO. COUNTRIES MINERALS
1 SOUTH AFRICA MANGANESE
2 CHINA IRON ORE
3 CHINA LEAD & ZINC
4 SOUTH AFRICA PLATINUM
5 INDIA MICA
6 RUSSIA DIAMOND
7 CHILE COPPER ORE
8 CHINA GOLD
9 USA NATURAL GAS
10 CHINA ALUMINIUM
11 MEXICO SILVER
12 PHILIPPINES NICKEL
13 AUSTRAILA TITANIUM
14 AUSTRAILA ZINC
Problems associated in the trade of minerals

❑ Limited availability of resources

❑ Expensive process of extraction
❑ Problems due to bulky nature of product
❑ Some areas remain unexplored due to reasons like- odd
geographical location or lack of knowledge.
❑ Environmental pollution
❑ Exploitation of scares resources
❑ High production requires investments
❑ Uneven distribution of mineral all over the globe
Development of mineral resources:

In the past 4 years government has laid the foundation for the
mineral development:
❑ Announcement of mineral policy was made for making
mining more structured.

❑ Expansion of geological survey of India for implementing

a programme of mineral exploration & development.

❑ Establishment of bureau of mines for securing

coordinated development with due regard to conservation
of the country’s mineral assets.
Agencies involved in exploration in India

Systematic surveying, prospecting, and exploration for minerals is

undertaken by :

❑ Geological survey of India (GSI)

❑ Central mine planning & design institution (CMPDI)
❑ Oil & natural gas corporation (ONGC)
❑ Hindustan copper Ltd. (HCL)
❑ Indian bureau of mines (IBM)
❑ Mineral exploration corporation Ltd. (MECL)
❑ Indian mineral & development corporation (NMDC)
FUTURE GROWTH:

EXPLORATION TRENDS: Emerging economies’ share of

exploration has increased from around 40% to 60% in the past
recent years.
MAJOR MINING MARKETS: Emerging market economies
China, Russia, along with Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Finland,
Turkey, accounted for 4th largest budget share in mineral
trade.
▪ Africa’s and Latin America’s share of global exploration
spending rose 17% and 25% respectively.
M&A TRENDS: Emerging economies have accounted for a
significant portion of M&A deals in mining and metals
targeting assets during 2007-12.
CHALLENGES IN THE INDIAN MINING SECTOR:

❑ RULES AND REGULATION : Very strict and lengthy.

❑ FRAUD AND CORRUPTION
❑ INFRASTRUCTURE : Poor
❑ LICENSE TO OPERATE
❑ COMPETITION
❑ LABOUR HEALTH : Health are hazards are not paid adequate
attention while extractions and processing.
FUTURE OF MINING IN INDIA

❑ Despite the slowdown, India is still the 2nd fastest growing

economy, after china.

❑ Demand for minerals, as well as for mining services, is

very high in the country; and is increasing with every
passing year.

❑ Mining in India is becoming more and more structured.

❑ The largest mining company in India i.e., COAL INDIA
LIMITED (CIL), plans to invest around INR 254 billion
during the period 2012-2017.

❑ Contract mining is adopted to solve the earlier problem of

coal deficit in the country.

❑ Further the mining industry is focusing on adapting the

international level of technologies.
USES OF MINERALS:

Agriculture: phosphate rock, potash and lime are used in

agricultural fertilisers and other mineral products are used to
improve soil.
Iron(steel) used in the framework of large building
Clay used in bricks and roofing
Shale and gypsum in cement
Silica are used in window glasses
Copper for pluming and wiring
utensils
Jewellery
Talc is used in making baby powder
Graphite is used in pencils, lubricant in machineries
THANK YOU